(1) Developing instrument science has become a national strategic measure.
The development level of modern instruments and meters is an important embodiment of national science and technology level and comprehensive national strength, and the manufacturing level of instruments and meters reflects the degree of national civilization. Therefore, developed countries in the world attach great importance to and support the development of instruments and meters. The United States, Japan, Europe and other developed countries and regions have already formulated their own development strategies and locked in their goals, and accelerated the process of invention, development, transformation and industrialization of original instruments with special investment. The development of scientific instruments in developed countries has changed from spontaneous state to conscious and targeted government behavior.
(2) Instrument technology is information technology.
Qian Xuesen, a famous scientist, clearly pointed out: "Information technology is the key to the development of high technology, which includes measurement technology, computer technology and communication technology. Measurement technology is the key and foundation. " Measurement technology is an important part of instrument technology, so instrument technology is information technology.
(3) Instrument technology is the source technology in information technology.
Information technology includes three parts: information acquisition, information processing and information transmission. Among them, information acquisition is realized by instruments. The sensor and signal acquisition system in the instrument are special equipment to accomplish this task. If you can't get information, or you can't get information accurately, then the storage, processing and transmission of information are meaningless. Therefore, information acquisition is the basis of information technology and the premise of information processing and information transmission. Instruments are tools for obtaining information and play an indispensable role as information sources. Without instruments, it is impossible to enter the information age. Therefore, instrument technology is the source technology of "information acquisition-information processing-information transmission" in information technology, and it is also the key technology in information technology.
(4) Instrument technology is the frontier technology of modern science and technology.
Sharp tools can do a good job. The first generation test instrument is an analog pointer instrument based on the basic law of electromagnetic induction. When the electron tube appeared in the 1950s and the transistor appeared in the 1960s, the second generation testing instrument based on the electron tube or transistor, the discrete component instrument, came into being. In the 1970s, integrated circuits appeared, and the third generation of instruments based on integrated circuit chips-digital instruments were produced. With the development of microelectronics technology and the popularity of microprocessors, the fourth generation of instruments with microprocessors as the core-intelligent instruments quickly became popular in the 1980s. With the rapid development of microelectronics and computer technology, the deep combination of testing technology and computer is triggering a new revolution in the field of testing instruments. A brand-new concept of instrument structure led to the emergence of a new generation of instruments-virtual instruments, and then integrated instruments, and then developed from a single instrument subsystem to a large-scale test system composed of multiple instruments. Modern high-tech research and development, such as aerospace, remote sensing, bioengineering, medical treatment, environmental protection, new materials, and various basic scientific experiments, all depend directly on instruments. Modern instrument technology is the foundation of knowledge innovation and technological innovation. The birth of advanced instruments such as electron microscope, mass spectrometry, CT tomography, J-ray material structure analyzer, optical phase contrast microscope and scanning tunneling microscope has played an epoch-making role in human scientific research. Throughout the history of human science and technology development, it is not difficult to see that the achievement of major scientific and technological achievements and the opening up of new scientific fields are often preceded by the breakthrough of testing instruments and methods.
Instrument science and technology are playing an increasingly important role in the development of national economy and science and technology in China. At first, instruments, as measuring instruments, promoted the development of science and technology and production, and at the same time, under the impetus of modern science and technology and productivity, they became a complete instrument science and technology discipline. As the concentrated expression of measurement and testing technology, the discipline of instrument science and technology plays an increasingly important role in the national economy and scientific and technological development of China. It has been generally recognized that instruments are multipliers in industrial production, pioneers in scientific research, combat effectiveness in military affairs and materialized judges in national activities.
In fact, with the development of tools made and used by human beings to be high, large, precise and sophisticated, and the scale and depth of human activities are constantly expanding and deepening, it is impossible for human beings to achieve the set goals by directly observing and operating tools through their senses, thinking and body organs. The connotation of instrument science and technology Instrument science and technology is a scientific and technical discipline that specializes in researching, developing, manufacturing and applying various instruments to extend human senses, thinking and physical organs. Thus, human beings have stronger ability to perceive and operate tools to face the objective material world, and can develop productive forces, conduct scientific research, prevent and treat diseases and engage in social activities in the best or near-best way. As an engineering discipline, the discipline of instrument science and technology focuses on the theoretical research of instrument operation and application, the research and application of new technologies, new devices, new materials and new processes, which embodies the close combination of scientific and technological research and industrial development in the research and industrialization of new instruments and related sensors, components and materials. Recently, according to the international development trend and the present situation in China, the disciplines of instrument science and technology mainly include: industrial automation measurement and control technology and industrial automation instruments and systems; Scientific testing, analytical techniques and scientific instruments; Human body diagnosis and treatment technology and medical devices; Information measurement technology and electrical measuring instruments (mainly electronic measuring instruments and electrical measuring instruments, including instrument calibration devices and measurement benchmarks); Special detection technology and various special measuring instruments, related sensors, components, materials and technologies.
According to the connotation and composition of the discipline of instrument science and technology, the development of science and technology and industry in the field of instrument engineering has the following main characteristics:
(1) Various products
According to incomplete statistics, China's instrument science and technology products, such as industrial automation instruments and control systems, scientific instruments, electrical measuring instruments and other measuring instruments, have developed into 13 category, 145 subcategory, more than 800 series and16,000 product varieties. There are 20 categories and more than 2000 product varieties of electric measuring instruments belonging to information technology. There are also 23 categories of medical devices and more than 2,000 product varieties. There are countless kinds of related sensors, components and materials.
(2) The stability, reliability and adaptability of products are required.
The elements of information technology include information acquisition, storage, processing, transmission and utilization. Information acquisition in all walks of life is achieved through instruments and scientific equipment. If the information obtained is inaccurate, unstable and unreliable, it will make the subsequent storage, processing and transmission meaningless, or even make mistakes, resulting in huge losses. In addition, many departments require 24-hour continuous information collection of instruments and scientific and technological equipment, which puts particularly high demands on the stability and reliability of products. In addition, instruments, technologies and equipment run almost anywhere on the earth and its outer space, and often need to perform monitoring tasks under toxic, strong corrosive, explosive or weightless and high-speed conditions, so the products have high environmental adaptability.
(3) Technical indicators and functions are constantly improved.
Just as the slogan of the Olympic Movement is "Higher, Faster and Stronger", the pursuit of instrument science and technology disciplines in improving the level of scientific and technological research and the technical indicators and functions of related instruments is endless. The technical indicators of measurement and control technology and related instruments are quantitative signs of the scientific and technological level of a country's instruments. In terms of expanding the detection range, such as the voltage from nanovolts to million volts; Resistance from superconductivity to1014Ω; Harmonic wave is detected at 5 1 time, and the acceleration is10-4-104g; The measured frequency is1012hz; The pressure is measured to 108Pa, etc. The temperature measurement range is from near absolute zero to 108℃. In terms of improving the measurement accuracy index, the industrial parameter measurement is above 0.02%, and the aerospace parameter measurement is above 0.05%. The measurement accuracy and the accuracy achieved by scientific instruments keep pace with the times. In order to improve the sensitivity of measurement, it is developing to the level of single particle, molecule and atom. Improve the measurement speed (response speed), static 0. 1-0.02 ms, dynamic1μ s. To improve the reliability, the general requirement is (2-5)× 104h, and the high reliability requirement is 2.5× 105 h. Stability (?
(4) A large number of high and new technologies are adopted.
As the first-hand tool for human beings to understand and transform the world, instruments are the most basic tools for human beings to carry out scientific research and engineering technology development. Instrument science and technology, as a discipline of research, development, manufacture and application of instruments, new scientific research achievements and discoveries (such as information theory, cybernetics, system engineering theory, micro and macro world research achievements) and a large number of high and new technologies (such as weak signal extraction technology, computer software and hardware technology, network technology, laser technology, superconducting technology, nanotechnology, etc.) have become an important driving force for the development of instrument science and technology. Instruments have not only become high-tech new products, but also instruments, devices and systems that integrate the latest scientific and technological achievements such as new principles, new concepts, new technologies, new materials and new processes emerge one after another.
(5) Instruments and measurement and control units are miniaturized and intelligent, and can be used independently, embedded and networked.
Instruments and measurement and control units use a large number of new information technology products such as sensors, large-scale and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits, computers and expert systems, and are constantly developing towards miniaturization and intelligence. Judging from the appearance of "chip instrument", "chip laboratory" and "chip system", the miniaturization and intelligence of instruments and measurement and control units will be the characteristics of long-term development. From the perspective of application technology, the embedded connection and networking application technology of miniaturized and intelligent instruments and measurement and control units has been paid attention to.
(6) The scope of instrument measurement and control is expanding to three-dimensional and global, and the measurement and control function is developing to systematization and networking.
With the development of the established field of instrument measurement and control to three-dimensional, global and even planetary, instruments and measurement and control devices are no longer in the form of a single device, but will inevitably develop in the direction of systematization and networking of measurement and control devices. For example, in the measurement and control system of large hydropower stations, there are thousands of sensors that only detect dam safety. In addition, the detection and control points (I/O monitoring points) of the state and water level of each generator set will exceed 1 10,000. In order to realize the normal power generation and transmission of large hydropower stations, it is necessary to form the network structure of the measurement and control devices at each measurement and control point and form an organic measurement and control network system. Another example is the satellite measurement and control system. There are thousands of sensors on the satellite. First, it is necessary to form a complete automatic measurement and control subsystem with various measurement and control equipment on the satellite, and then form a wide-area measurement and control system with the measurement and control systems of multiple ground stations.
(7) Portable, handheld and personalized instruments have made great progress.
With the development of production and the improvement of people's living standards, people pay more and more attention to their quality of life and health. Instruments for detecting the quality of various commodities and foods closely related to people's lives and various medical instruments for preventing and treating diseases are important features of future development. On-site and real-time online scientific instruments, especially the health status and disease early warning instruments used by families and individuals, will be greatly developed. (1) development trend of science and technology in discipline field
The development trend of science and technology in the discipline field is to make use of the latest scientific and technological achievements of various disciplines, especially the combination of materials, microelectronics, optoelectronics, biochemistry, information processing and large-scale integrated circuits, micro-nano processing, networks and other new technologies to develop new weak signal sensitivity, sensing, detection and fusion technologies, atomic and molecular detection technologies of substances, and joint analysis technologies of complex samples. In-situ, in-vivo, real-time, on-line, high-sensitivity, Qualcomm and high-selectivity detection technologies in life sciences, on-line analysis, in-situ analysis, high reliability, high performance and high applicability technologies in industrial automation measurement and control, health status monitoring, early diagnosis and treatment, nondestructive diagnosis, noninvasive and minimally invasive direct vision diagnosis and treatment, precise positioning treatment technology, measurement technology in emerging disciplines, and special, rapid and automatic detection and measurement in various application fields. These trends are reflected in the following aspects.
1) combines microelectronics and MEMS technology to realize the integration of sensor unit and signal conditioning circuit, which is beneficial to the detection, amplification and processing of weak signals of sensor unit, greatly reducing the sensor volume and effectively improving the anti-interference ability of sensor.
2) Combining with nanotechnology, based on the new method of sensor realization, and adopting some typical characteristics of nanostructures or nanomaterials, a trace detection micro-system with high sensitivity is designed.
3) Combined with biotechnology, develop microbial and chemical sensing systems for disease detection, biochemical analysis, toxic and harmful substance detection and other fields.
4) Combining network and communication technologies, we will develop network sensing technology and weak signal fusion technology for useful signal enhancement and in-situ, in-vivo, real-time, online, high sensitivity, Qualcomm and high selectivity detection.
5) Combined with terahertz radiation technology, terahertz spectrum detection, terahertz imaging analysis and terahertz telemetry technology are developed for national defense, safety inspection, material identification and diagnosis, production monitoring, biomedical applications and other fields. Terahertz radiation (T-rays, electromagnetic waves with a wavelength of 30-3000μm) can "see" behind some substances like X-rays. The photon energy of T-rays is extremely low and will not ionize human body and other substances. Most packaging materials, such as paper, carbon plates and plastics, are transparent to T-rays, while metals and water-containing materials are not transparent to T-rays. T-ray imaging can be used to see through the T-ray images of objects inside packaged goods, and can be applied to the security inspection of airports and the inspection of damaged or damaged organs in human bodies.
6) Combined with molecular imaging, the visible light imaging analysis in vivo and optical molecular imaging analysis in small animals are developed, which can realize non-invasive, real-time, in vivo, specific and fine (molecular level) imaging analysis.
7) Combining the surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technology, the tip enhanced Raman microanalysis and biochip SERS analysis technology are developed, which have the characteristics of high sensitivity and little interference, are suitable for studying the interface effect, can solve many detection problems in biochemistry, biophysics and molecular biology, and are expected to solve ultra-high sensitivity analysis problems, even single cell and single molecule analysis.
8) Combining with nuclear magnetic resonance technology, develop new nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging analysis technology to improve sensitivity, spatial resolution and time resolution. Among them, high spatial-temporal resolution imaging technology directly leads to the formation of a new research field of brain functional imaging.
9) Combined with aberration correction technology, electron and particle beam micro-area analysis technology is developed, and the surface morphology, atomic and molecular structure, element composition and chemical state of the sample are detected and analyzed by electron and particle beam. Electron and particle beam microanalysis technology is widely used in materials science, microelectronics, chemistry and catalysis, environmental protection, energy, life science and other fields, and its resolution is constantly improving. The point resolution has exceeded the limit of 1A, and the energy resolution has reached 0. 1eV.
10) combined with life science and technology, developed gene sequencing and gene transcription detection technology, protein identification and large-scale protein interaction detection technology, protein group biological information detection and metabonomics analysis technology.
1 1) Based on the development of life science, chemical science and information science, the development of biochip detection and analysis technology and microfluidic detection and analysis technology is one of the frontier fields of high technology and science, which is an important technical platform for the development of life science, chemical science and information science in the future, and can provide a microscopic total analysis system of life information; Through the miniaturization, chip and integration of analytical instruments, the analysis efficiency is improved by a hundred times and the consumption of samples and reagents is greatly reduced. Its ultimate goal is to realize all the functions of the chemical laboratory in a chip-sized space, that is, the so-called "chip laboratory", which has been highly valued by the scientific and technological circles.
12) combines control technology, communication technology, computing technology and manufacturing technology, and develops high-performance measurement and control technology, so that instrument science and technology products have high measurement accuracy and rich functions, and industrial control systems have the functions needed to adapt to various complex working conditions such as ultra-large-scale, rapid response and nuclear safety. The combination of software and hardware is developing towards control optimization, management optimization and engineering integration. Large-scale control system has the collaborative application and management function of a large number of industrial automation equipment, and can seamlessly integrate various instruments produced by different manufacturers into a collaborative system to meet the requirements of users.
13) Combining the theories of error correction and self-correction, self-adaptation and self-diagnosis, based on the application of new devices and new materials, we develop high-reliability and high-applicability measurement and control technology and its products, which improve the reliability of instrument technology products by several orders of magnitude and are suitable for complex working conditions and harsh environments such as high temperature, high pressure, high pressure difference, strong corrosion, strong radiation, strong corrosion, strong toxicity and multiphase flow. The complex, fragile and difficult-to-maintain situation of field instruments and meters is changing, and there is no need to adjust and maintain the instruments and technical products during their service life.
14) Combined with the development of nanotechnology, develop nano-measurement technology and establish nano-measurement test standards.
15) Combined with the development of quantum physics, the measurement standards based on quantum physics are established and improved.
(2) the development trend of industry.
The international development trend of instrument science and technology products is miniaturization, digitalization, intelligence, integration and networking, and the product performance is advancing to the goal of high precision, high reliability and high environmental adaptability. Man-machine interface is more convenient for people to operate and use, and various instruments and scientific products related to human life and health are expected to be greatly developed and enter the family. The networking of family, community and hospital will make medical care and disease diagnosis and treatment develop from hospital to community and family.
The development trend of miniaturization of instrument science and technology products mainly depends on micro/nano manufacturing technology of micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) and microelectronic ic manufacturing technology, so that instrument science and technology products can integrate mechanical, sensing, measuring and control components on one chip, and can be manufactured according to batch processing technology of microelectronic IC.
With the development of microelectronic technology, computer technology and artificial intelligence technology, the digital and intelligent development trend of instrument technology products is progressing, which further combines instrument technology products with digital processor, VLSI, PC technology and artificial intelligence technology. The international advanced digital and intelligent instrument system is represented by digital signal processing system (DSPS), with DSP as the core, and with advanced mixed-signal circuits, application-specific integrated circuits, components and development tools, a complete solution of the whole application system is formed. In the development trend of digitalization and intelligence, hardware and software are in the same important position, and hardware is the foundation. The use of new devices and new processes, especially the very large-scale integration of new devices, can make the previously unattainable goals possible, so the adoption of new devices can become an important bargaining chip in product competition. On the other hand, software plays an increasingly important role in the development of intelligent instruments. The workload of software in modern instrument design has accounted for 70%-80%, which determines the function and performance of the instrument to some extent. The software can complete the functions of performance index compensation, automatic test, self-inspection, self-diagnosis, data acquisition, control, transmission and display. Some evaluation tests, such as computers and CDs, are mainly done by software. Software will become an important direction for the development of intelligent instruments in the future. In the coming 10 year, a higher degree of intelligence should include a series of functions such as understanding, reasoning, judgment and analysis, which is the result of the combination of numerical value, logic and knowledge, and the symbol of intelligence is the expression and application of knowledge.
The development trend of integration and networking of instrument science and technology products is based on bus technology, open interconnection standards of instruments and their modules and communication technology, including standardization and normalization of test software, which extends the composition of automatic test system to the fields of mass production and military engineering, and can provide system schemes or system integration capabilities needed for testing.
Instrument technology has always been driven by various high and new technologies, and integrates new instruments and devices by using the latest science and technology such as new principles, new concepts, new technologies, new materials and new processes. The application of a variety of high and new technologies to instruments makes the discipline of instruments and meters most sensitive to high and new technologies, and its interdisciplinary nature and multi-technology integration are becoming more and more distinct.