19181kloc-0/.On the ruins of the war, under the strong pressure of American President Wilson who insisted on abolishing the monarchy, Germany established the Weimar Republic ruled by the Social Democratic Party.
Weimar * * * and China's small army, together with the army of the far-right party, stifled Karl Liebknecht and rosa luxemburg's efforts to establish the Soviet Union and China in a pool of blood.
19 19, a constitution was passed at the national assembly held in Weimar, which is the Weimar Constitution.
However, under the constraint of the powerful provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, the situation in Germany is getting worse and worse.
1920 In March, a senior German military general and his followers tried to overthrow the government of China. The government was forced to flee from Weimar to Dresden.
On the other hand, after the Paris Peace Conference, the issue of German war compensation has been unresolved, and the Compensation Committee of the Allies made a new decision in 192 1, demanding that Germany compensate the victorious country for a huge sum of $33 billion within 30 years. In the same year, after paying the first indemnity, Germany asked the Allies to postpone the payment of the next year's indemnity.
Since 52% of German reparations will be paid to France, France is very concerned about this issue.
French high-ranking politicians and industrial financial oligarchs are never satisfied with the restrictions imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles, and have been deliberately looking for opportunities for conflict with Germany in an attempt to occupy the most important Ruhr-gebiet in Germany.
192365438+1October 1 1, France occupied the Ruhr area of Germany with Belgium on the pretext that Germany deliberately failed to fulfill its coal supply obligations.
German soldiers swore allegiance to Hitler.
Originally, the Treaty of Versailles had cast a heavy shadow on Germany, which led to the extreme depreciation of the mark. By August of 1920, the German currency had risen from 7000 marks to 100 marks 1 US dollar. The occupation of Ruhr by France and Belgium made the German economy worse.
With the acquiescence and support of Britain and America, Germany adopted a passive resistance policy towards the Ruhr issue. Statement: Stop paying reparations to France and Belgium, and stop providing ore raw materials.
However, Germany soon realized that any resistance to the victorious country would lead to the total collapse of the domestic economy, so it was forced to start paying reparations again.
In fact, France and Belgium did not get any practical benefits from the occupation of Ruhr; On the other hand, under strong international pressure, they finally withdrew from there.
Through the Ruhr incident, both the extreme left and the extreme right in Germany felt the weakness of the government, so riots continued.
The conflict in Bavaria is particularly serious, and the civil war has also promoted the rapid development of right-wing organizations.
It was against this background that Adolf Hitler began his political adventure.
This is the small town of Braunau on the border between Austria and Germany.
Hitler was born in this town from 65438 to 0889.
When he was a teenager, Hitler dreamed of becoming a painter and wandered the streets of Vienna.
This is a watercolor painting of his youth.
The Wall Street stock market plummeted.
During the First World War, Hitler was a corporal in the 16 th Regiment of the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment in Germany. 19 19 He joined the newly established German Workers' Party in Munich, and there were less than 100 people in party member.
Hitler added the word "national socialism" in front of the "German Workers' Party" and became the national socialist German Workers' Party, referred to as the Nazi Party.
Literally, people may mistakenly think that Hitler wants to establish a socialist country.
In fact, the socialist slogan of the Nazi party was just a means for Hitler to win over the bottom people, cheat the workers' votes and finally seize power.
With inflammatory speeches and tough political skills, Hitler quickly became the leader of the Nazi Party. The attack on the Treaty of Versailles won him a lot of support, even the appreciation of former German Chief of Staff ludendorff.
Hitler believed that the time was ripe to seize power by force and rebuild the Great German Empire. So, 1923+06543818 October, he and ludendorff planned a coup.
This is the famous "beer hall coup" in German history.
Hitler and ludendorff had hoped to seize Weimar regime by coup and tear up the Treaty of Versailles.
However, contrary to expectations, the coup failed and they were tried.
Although it was only a short coup lasting for several days, it was a preview of Hitler's coming to the political stage in the future.
After the failed coup, ludendorff was accused of treason, while Hitler was sentenced to five years' imprisonment and held in the fortress of Ransborg on the outskirts of Munich.
Nazi ace pilot commander Goering
Due to the mediation of Nazi sympathizers at the top of the government and ludendorff's special status as a hero of World War I, he was finally acquitted. Hitler's sentence was also reduced from five years to nine months. It was in prison that Hitler dictated his political manifesto Mein Kampf.
However, after Hitler was released from prison, he was once forbidden to speak in public.
The international situation also seems to be beneficial to Germany.
1924 in may, Dawes, director of the U.S. budget office, put forward a revised plan for German compensation after the war.
Dawes plans not to grant Germany a foreign loan of 200 million dollars to repay its debts, but only to ask Germany to do its best to pay the reparations stipulated in the treaty.
France and Britain also expressed their support for the Dawes plan.
With the connivance of this revised plan, Germany's economy began to recover and its international status rose steadily.
1926 In September, Germany formally joined the League of Nations. Soon, he became a permanent member of the League of Nations Executive Yuan.
This year, Hitler's ban on public speaking was also lifted. Hitler decided to give up the strategy of seizing power through armed riots and realize his political intention through parliamentary struggle: let the Nazi party become the ruling party and then rule Germany.
However, this road is not as smooth as Hitler imagined-in the parliamentary election in May 1928, the Nazi Party only won 8 10000 votes, occupying only 12 seats in the parliament, making it the ninth smallest party.
However, a year later, the collapse of the American Wall Street stock market brought a golden opportunity to Hitler's so-called national socialist movement.
Hitler made a speech.
1929 10, the stock price of Wall Street in New York plummeted, followed by the bankruptcy of enterprises and banks.
The fragile German economy was hit even harder.
During the whole economic crisis, German industrial production declined by 40.6% and agricultural production by 30%.
By the time Hitler became chancellor in 1933, the German economy was almost at a standstill, and almost half of the country's 66 million people were struggling with hunger and poverty.
However, the sufferings of the Germans became Hitler's chips to realize his ambition.
He turned all this into a political force to support himself.
From 1930 to 1933, he is getting closer and closer to the highest throne of power.
1930, during the German parliamentary elections, the votes won by the Nazi party and the left-wing parties were not enough to form a new government, so Hitler used the stormtroopers to show the strength of the Nazi party.
The election was full of violent clashes between stormtroopers in brown shirts and left-wing parties.
1in the spring of 932, Hitler's strength was strong enough. He took part in the presidential election and won more than one-third of the votes.
This time, his opponent is an elderly but respected field marshal Paul von Hindenburg, who has been re-elected as president for two times since 1925.
Hitler is planning to start World War II.
In this year's parliamentary elections, although the Nazi party did not obtain an absolute majority, it finally established its position as the largest party.
The development of the situation was unexpected.
Von Hindenburg believed that the only way to break the political deadlock was to persuade Hitler to become prime minister.
19331October 30th, Hitler accepted the post of prime minister, but among the cabinet members, the Nazi party only occupied two seats.
A month later, a mysterious fire broke out in the parliament building. It is said that the arsonist is a half-mad Dutchman. Hitler took the opportunity to accuse the left-wing party of being behind the scenes and persuaded Hindenburg to impose political restrictions on it.
However, even though the presidential decree paved the way, the Nazi party still did not win an overwhelming majority in the general election of 1933.
However, Hitler succeeded in solving this problem. He arrested the representative of the left-wing party for the fire in parliament. Subsequently, other political parties were also banned one by one.
1in August, 934, von Hindenburg died, which meant that the last bondage of the Nazi party was completely lifted.
Hitler succeeded the German President, successively serving as President, Prime Minister and Supreme Commander of the Army. Everyone called him "the head of state" and he declared himself "the highest judge of the German people". At this point, Hitler completed the absolute control of the German state power.
Hitler put forward the Nazi Party's 25-point program in a typical politician's way, which was all-encompassing and could meet almost everyone's requirements.
The core of Hitler's thought is blood and soil, in other words, fanatical racism and territorial expansion policy.
Hitler is reviewing the Nazi Air Force.
At that time, Germany not only attracted military and industrial giants, but also deceived and tempted ordinary citizens living in the shadow of a defeated country.
As early as February 1933, on the third day of Hitler's appointment as German Chancellor, he published a letter to German nationals on the radio, claiming that the government wanted to "save German farmers and maintain their materials and survival foundation! Save German workers and launch a large-scale all-round attack on unemployment! "
On the other hand, although Germany was still largely restricted by the Treaty of Versailles, Hitler was ready to rebuild the German armed forces.
1933, Germany established the National Secret Police, also known as the Gestapo. By 1939, the secret police had grown to more than 30,000 members, infiltrated and controlled various fields of German society and German-occupied areas, and had a large number of prisons and concentration camps.
The Treaty of Versailles stipulates that Germany must abolish the universal compulsory military service system, and the number of troops must not exceed 65,438+10,000.
However, after Hitler came to power, he simply ignored this provision. The first thing to do was to expand the army and re-implement the compulsory military service system.
One of the most prominent is the three armored divisions established by Hitler.
Moreover, in order to learn the lessons of World War I, Germany's concept of running the army has also been rewritten: every soldier has been carefully selected and accepted the job training that can undertake non-commissioned officers or officers two levels higher than his rank; All soldiers must personally swear allegiance to Hitler.
This established the supreme position of the army in the national defense system and built a platform for the rapid expansion of the army.
Roma, the chief of staff of the stormtroopers, believes that they are the backbone of the Nazi revolution and should be used as a basis to organize an army standing in the front line of national defense and led by him personally.
This is quite different from Hitler's idea that the stormtroopers should be a political force rather than a military force.
Hitler began to doubt the actual motivation of Roma, a potential political opponent, and finally decided to bloodbath the stormtroopers.
1in June, 934, with the help of heinrich himmler and the SS, Hitler quickly arrested and executed the senior leader of the SS.
He accused the Roma of undermining relations between political parties and the National Defence Force.
Since then, the SS has become the embodiment of the socialist ideology responsible for defending the country, an independent institution that transformed Nazi racism into a code of conduct.
This elite killer group, which is more arrogant than the stormtroopers, penetrated into all fields of the German party, government and army, participated in various bloody repression activities at home and abroad, and became an important pillar of Nazi party rule.
In foreign relations, Hitler also stepped up the pace of tearing up the Treaty of Versailles.
The peace treaty stipulates that Germany cannot have an air force.
However, the Labaro Treaty signed between Germany and Soviet Russia in 1922 broke this provision.
During the previous Weimar government, Germany did not have an air force.
However, from 1922, the victorious country allowed Germany to develop civil aircraft, so Germany established Lufthansa National Airlines, and the aircraft industry advanced by leaps and bounds.
1933, after Hitler came to power, he strongly supported the establishment of the gliding club, which set off a flying craze in Germany.
The gliding club helps to infiltrate the concept of developing the air force. The most important thing is that Germany has the opportunity to secretly train Soviet military pilots. At the same time, we can also use Soviet equipment to study the design of military aircraft.
Next, Hitler ordered the secret establishment of the German Nazi Air Force, and appointed his loyal follower Hermann G?ring to be in charge of air force affairs.
Hermann G?ring was an ace fighter pilot during the First World War. After he helped Hitler gain power in 1933, he was in charge of the Gestapo. 1935 served as commander-in-chief of the air force. 1940 was awarded the title of Imperial Marshal, ranking second only to Hitler.
It turns out that according to the provisions of the peace treaty, the German navy can only keep light surface ships, but not capital ships and submarines. This situation changed after Hitler became the Nazi head of state.
1in June, 935, Britain and Germany signed a naval agreement, agreeing that Germany would limit the number of surface ships to one-third of the size of the Royal Navy fleet, while the submarine force was equivalent to that of Britain.
Nazi Germany was in urgent need of strategic materials such as tungsten and antimony because of its commitment to expand its army and prepare for war. China and South China provinces are rich in these mineral resources, which just meet German demand. On the other hand, facing the aggression of Japanese militarism, China needs to import advanced weapons and equipment from Germany. Therefore, in the mid-1930s, there were frequent arms and strategic materials transactions between Nazi Germany and the Nanjing National Government of China.
In the mid-1930s, Hitler ostensibly called for peace, which successfully disturbed his opponent's audio-visual, leading Britain and France to adopt appeasement policy towards him and mistakenly thought that Nazi ambition was still under control.
19331June19, Hitler announced that Germany had withdrawn from the League of Nations, which further showed that the Treaty of Versailles had become invalid for Hitler, and the League of Nations had existed in name only as an institution for maintaining international peace and security after World War I.
Hitler is quietly preparing for the catastrophe in Germany and all mankind.