What good treatment method does osteoporosis have? What good treatment method does osteoporosis have? What good treatment method does osteoporosis have? Osteoporosis is a common metabolic bone disease, which is more common in the skirts of menopausal women. The incidence of osteoporosis in men is only 1/6 of that in women's skirts. Under the action of general external force, people with osteoporosis will have fractures. Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women is related to endogenous estrogen. With the decrease of estrogen, the inhibitory effect on osteoclasts is weakened, osteoclasts are relatively enhanced, and there is an obvious imbalance between osteoclasts and osteogenesis, which leads to an increase in bone reception and a decrease in bone formation, leading to bone loss. In order to improve the quality of life of menopausal women, people have paid more and more attention to alternative therapy in recent years. This paper reviews the progress of drug therapy for correct selection and application. There are two kinds of hormone replacement therapy, namely, simple estrogen administration and combined estrogen and progesterone administration. According to the different combination modes of estrogen and progesterone, it can be divided into two types: periodic medication and continuous medication. The former means that progesterone 10- 14 days are added regularly on the basis of estrogen medication, and bleeding will occur after withdrawal. The latter is a widely used therapy at present, because the bleeding rate of Eriocheir sinensis is low, and it uses low doses of estrogen and progesterone continuously. The main pharmaceutical preparation is (1) conjugated estrogen, and one of the main components is maleestrone, which can quickly relieve various symptoms caused by female hormone deficiency in premenopause. It is reported that the drug can reduce the incidence and disability rate of acute myocardial asphyxia by 465,438+0% and 29% respectively. It can prevent osteoporosis and reduce 60% fractures in postmenopausal women. (2) Combined estrogen/medroxyprogesterone acetate: This preparation has the same function as above, and is characterized by packaging estrogen and progesterone together, which is convenient for medication and improves patient compliance. (3) Estradiol valerate/cyproterone acetate: It is an efficient compound preparation of estrogen and progesterone, which can quickly relieve the menopausal symptoms of women's skirts and has a good preventive effect on osteoporosis. (4) Tibolone: It is a steroid hormone that imitates the brooding hormone in the growing period, and has a comprehensive therapeutic effect on various symptoms after menopause. (5) Nilestriol is a long-acting sustained-release preparation, which can last for 20-25 days once taken orally. Mainly used for climacteric syndrome, postmenopausal osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, atrophic crab inflammation, etc. (6) calcium rehydration: it is composed of ethinylestradiol, methyltestosterone, calcium hydrogen phosphate, vitamin D, inositol, choline bitartrate and ginsenoside, and is mainly used for many diseases and osteoporosis. Although hormone replacement therapy is widely used and effective, long-term use may lead to uterine bleeding, and improper use will increase the incidence of breast cancer. Therefore, people have been looking for a safe and effective complementary therapy of drugs and estrogen. As early as July 1970, some people began to use phosphate to treat osteoporosis, and it was systematically applied to clinic in August 1980, and gradually became an important drug to prevent and treat osteoporosis. The mechanism of bisphosphate in treating osteoporosis is mainly acting on osteoclasts, which can specifically aggregate on the surface of osteoclasts, destroy their cell membranes and make them no longer have the activity of accepting bone, thus inhibiting bone acceptance, reducing bone transformation, and inhibiting the formation of new osteoclasts by changing the properties of bone matrix that activates osteoclasts. At present, there are more than ten kinds of bisphosphonates that have been used in clinic. Alendronate is the third generation diphosphate drug for the treatment of osteoporosis. It is a new and efficient bone resorption inhibitor, which can inhibit the activity of osteoclasts and reduce bone resorption, but does not directly inhibit the activity of osteoblasts. The process of bone formation is not inhibited, which can effectively inhibit bone loss related to the decrease of endogenous estrogen. This is an alternative therapy for postmenopausal osteoporosis. It is reported that 32 cases of postmenopausal osteoporosis were treated with alendronate sodium. After half a year, the density of ulna and radius in all age groups increased obviously, and the total effective rate of bone pain also improved. Xiaomiaofang 1 self-treatment of osteoporosis. By exercising and strengthening bones, the mineral content of bones can be increased. 2. Get enough calcium from the mouth and abdomen. 3. Adding some vinegar to bone soup can help dissolve calcium in bone. 4. Take calcium supplements, you can put a calcium supplement in vinegar. If it is broken into several pieces, it will dissolve more easily in the stomach. If not, you should change to another brand. 5. Take enough vitamin D to help absorb calcium. 6. Limit drinking. 7. Quit smoking. 8. Limit the amount of caffeine. 9. Don't eat too much meat, lest protein promote calcium excretion and lead to calcium loss. 10. Reduce the amount of salt to prevent more calcium from being excreted with sodium in urine. 1 1. Pay attention to the intake of phosphate. The ideal intake of calcium and phosphoric acid should be 1: 1, because calcium is not easily accepted, so the intake of calcium should be increased. 12. People with family history of osteopathy, Caucasian, fair complexion, small skeleton, less body fat, over 40 years old, having undergone ovariectomy, never having children, having early menstrual period and being allergic to dairy products are more likely to get osteoporosis. Is osteoporosis a disease? Osteoporosis means that the amount of bone tissue per unit volume is lower than normal, resulting in sparse trabecula, although bone morphology exists. This causes a series of dysfunction such as compression, deformation and pain, which is called osteoporosis. At present, there are still different views on whether simple osteoporosis can be regarded as a disease. Some scholars think it is a state of aging, but not everyone will happen when they reach a certain age. It is generally believed that if osteoporosis is accompanied by fractures (including microfractures), obvious low back pain or nervous system symptoms, it should be regarded as a disease. Most of the patients are elderly people, especially menopausal women with low back pain. Pain can be caused by compression fracture of thoracic or lumbar vertebrae; It can also be caused by spinal deformation after fracture and secondary facet osteoarthritis; It may also be caused by protective muscle spasm or muscle ligament strain. The pain can be aggravated when coughing, sneezing and bending over, and relieved after bed rest. Pain can radiate or spread to lumbosacral region along intercostal nerve. Some people have analyzed that osteoporosis complicated with vertebral compression fracture accounts for 44%, which mostly occurs between chest 1 2 and waist 2, and can be caused by minor trauma or heavy objects. This kind of fracture can be cured after bed rest, but it often leaves Luoguo deformity. What causes osteoporosis? The increase of human bone mass reached its peak around the age of 35, and then it received more than the components, showing a so-called negative balance. The etiology of primary osteoporosis is not completely clear, and the known pathogenic factors can not explain all cases alone, which may be the result of the combined action of multiple causes or unknown pathogenic factors. (1) Decreased bone synthesis: both androgen and estrogen are synthesized by protein. Under normal circumstances, the effects of sex hormones on bone synthesis and adrenocortical hormones on bone synthesis are dynamically balanced. Sex hormones in elderly women decrease by 80%, but adrenocortical hormones only decrease by 10%, so bone synthesis decreases, differentiation increases, and osteoporosis occurs after a long time. In addition, estrogen can antagonize the bone acceptance of parathyroid hormone. The decrease of estrogen makes bone tissue sensitive to parathyroid hormone, and parathyroid hormone makes bone tissue release more calcium, which intensifies bone acceptance. ⑵ Calcium metabolism disorder: 1/3 of normal people's daily calcium intake is received, and 2/3 is excreted from feces. If the supply in protein is normal, it will maintain normal activities every day, and generally there will be no calcium deficiency. The increase of adrenocortical hormone not only affects bone synthesis, but also affects intestinal calcium reception, increases fecal calcium excretion, and affects renal tubules, reducing calcium reception and excretion, resulting in a negative balance of calcium inoculation. If the calcium content in food decreases, the negative balance of calcium will be more tense. Osteoporosis in the elderly is closely related to the decrease of calcium and phosphorus intake. (3) The result of disuse: People who need to fix their limbs for a long time due to bone diseases can cause osteoporosis, and those who need to stay in bed for a long time due to illness can also cause osteoporosis. It is generally believed that the decrease of muscle activity and the lack of muscle stimulation in bones lead to the decrease of osteoblast activity and osteoporosis. How should osteoporosis be treated? Because the cause of this disease is not very clear, there is no ideal treatment. The treatment of menopause and senile osteoporosis is mainly symptomatic treatment. (1) Sex hormone therapy: Osteoporosis in elderly women can be prevented by supplementing estrogen. Some scholars have proved that taking estrogen can prevent the loss of bone calcium, but it must be used early to have an effect, and it cannot be stopped too late. But hormones can only prevent the negative balance of calcium, but can't become a positive balance. Long-term use will have some side effects, and there are different views on the use of androgen. Some people think that testosterone propionate can promote the storage of calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen, which is effective for bone components, but long-term use will also breed side effects. Some people also advocate combined medication. ⑵ Calcium supplement: Normal people need 10mg/kg of calcium every day, and people with osteoporosis need 17mg/kg of calcium every day to maintain calcium balance. Can be supplemented from the mouth, such as chicken soup, sparerib soup and so on. Milk, shrimp, scallops, tofu, vegetables, etc. They are all calcium-containing foods and can be called as needed. You can also use calcium tablets and take 1 time before going to bed every night to correct hypocalcemia in the middle of the night and in the morning, so as to avoid bone decalcification caused by hypocalcemia stimulating parathyroid gland at this time. For people who can't use sex hormones, high-dose calcium can play the same role as sex hormones, but it should be used with caution for kidney calculi patients or people who may be at risk of kidney calculi. (3) Vitamin D: ineffective for simple osteoporosis. If accompanied by osteomalacia, vitamin D can be supplemented, and it can also be used with calcium supplementation and sex hormones. (4) Inorganic phosphate: it can improve osteoporosis after fracture. During braking, phosphorus can limit the excretion of calcium from urine. When using phosphorus, we should pay attention to the possibility of soft tissue calcification. 5. Calcitonin: It can inhibit the activity of osteoclasts, relieve bone differentiation and metabolism, reduce blood calcium and stimulate new bone formation. (6) Rest and physical therapy: Patients with acute low back pain, confirmed or suspected vertebral compression fractures should rest on a hard bed and take painkillers and sedatives. Physical therapy, acupuncture and other methods can also be used according to the condition. During the remission of symptoms or the recovery period of fracture, abdominal muscles and back muscles can be exercised to stimulate bone synthesis. (7) Prevention: The elderly should actively carry out physical therapy, such as Tai Ji Chuan, jogging and walking. Pay attention to adjusting the mouth and abdomen, and consciously supplement calcium and vitamin D to prevent complications of osteoporosis. What about diabetes and osteoporosis? Diabetic osteoporosis is secondary, which is not only related to the metabolism of sugar, protein and fat, but also closely related to the metabolism of minerals such as calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. According to statistics, more than half of diabetic patients have osteoporosis. In normal adults, about 99% of calcium, 85% of phosphorus and 50% of magnesium exist in bones. The content of magnesium in human body is second only to calcium, sodium and potassium. In adults, about 1/2 magnesium exists in the bone cortex in the form of magnesium phosphate and magnesium carbonate. Hypomagnesemia is often hypocalcemia, which can stimulate parathyroid gland, increase parathyroid hormone secretion and aggravate osteoporosis. Due to a large amount of diuresis, diabetic patients can lose too much calcium and magnesium in urine, increase bone reception and lead to osteoporosis. X-ray film shows that the cortical bone becomes thinner, the trabecular bone becomes thinner and the number decreases, especially the number of beams decreases, so the longitudinal trabecular bone becomes obvious. When X-rays show that bones are loose, the mineral content in bones has been reduced by more than 30%~50% compared with normal people. The treatment of diabetic osteoporosis depends on the control of diabetes, and vitamin D and calcium should be supplemented. Primary osteoporosis includes senile osteoporosis and postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a common and frequently-occurring disease in the elderly, and it is a degenerative willow disease. After menopause, estrogen secretion decreases, leading to the loss of mineral content in the bones of elderly women. The intestinal calcium reception function of the elderly decreased, and calcium metabolism disorder was also a major factor. The clinical symptoms caused by osteoporosis include trunk shortening, Luo Guo, compression fracture, lumbar muscle spasm, low back pain, and bone fractures of limbs are prone to occur, especially femoral neck fracture. You should go outdoors more, but you need to avoid falling. Prescription 1. More sun exposure can increase the synthesis of vitamin D in the skin, which is beneficial to the reception of calcium. 2. Moderate exercise can improve blood supply to bones and increase bone density. 3. Eat more foods containing calcium and protein. Milk and bean products contain high calcium content, while fish, chicken and beef are rich in protein. 4. Avoid smoking and drinking. 5. The elderly should use drugs with caution, such as diuretics, tetracycline, isoniazid, anticancer drugs and prednisone. , will affect bone metabolism. 6. Prevent all kinds of accidental injuries, especially falls that easily lead to wrist and femur fractures. (Professor Yang Ruimin of Shanghai Medical University) What is primary osteoporosis? Primary osteoporosis is a common disease in the elderly and a systemic bone disease. The main reason is that the bone mass is low and the microstructure of bone is destroyed, which leads to the increase of bone brittleness and easy fracture. The minerals and bone matrix of bone tissue decreased. Women are more common than men, especially postmenopausal women and the elderly. They are prone to fracture with little or no trauma, especially among women over 75 years old, and the incidence of fracture is as high as 80%. This disease is related to secretion, heredity, nutrition and disuse. Osteoporosis is mild and usually asymptomatic, and vertebral compression fractures are usually occasionally found by bone X-rays. After the birth of the vertebral compression fracture vacancy, there is a sharp pain in this part immediately, and there is often no obvious history of trauma. It can appear after coughing or sneezing without special treatment, and it can be gradually relieved after 3-4 weeks. Another chronic deep and extensive dull pain in the back, accompanied by general weakness. Pain is usually caused by spinal curvature, spinal compression fracture and hunchback. Vertebral compression fracture causes height shortening and kyphosis, which in turn causes thoracic deformity and affects lung function. The most common fracture sites are vertebral body, hip and distal end of torsion bone. Prevention of osteoporosis is very important. So far, there is no safe and effective method to restore the loose bone tissue to normal. Prevention can reduce postmenopausal and subsequent aging and bone loss. Exercise can increase bone mass, because menopausal women can increase calcium in their bodies by exercising for 3 hours a week, which can achieve ideal results in bone weight bearing and muscle movement, including walking, jogging and standing, and at the same time, they need to consume enough calcium (the availability of various calcium preparations is different, calcium carbonate is 40%, sodium chloride is 27%, calcium lactate is 13%, and calcium gluconate is 9%). It is better to drink 200ml of liquid at the same time, and the calcium in milk is easily accepted. The calcium in 225ml milk is 300mg, and the daily calcium requirement of postmenopausal women is1000-1500mg. At the same time, vitamins D, B6, B 12 and K should be supplemented to reduce the risk of osteoporosis. To prevent falls, elderly people should reduce or eliminate ground obstacles at home when they stand after meals or get up at night. Estrogen and progesterone are used to prevent or slow down the loss of bone mass in vertebral body and limbs caused by menopause. I hope it can help you eat more onions to prevent osteoporosis. Onion is rich in phytochemicals, which helps to prevent common diseases of modern people, including high cholesterol and osteoporosis. Instead of superstitious about nutritional supplements, Li Shu might as well eat more seasonal fruits and vegetables like onions. Onion can promote the slow crawling of stomach and regulate the ecology of intestinal flora. Recent research shows that onion can prevent calcium loss and osteoporosis. In addition, onion also contains selenium and flavonoids, which can inhibit the growth of malignant cells. If you have time, Li Shu can try onion pie. First, shred the yellow onion, stir-fry it over low heat until it is done, add bacon, thyme and pepper, then stir the eggs, milk and fresh butter with the cheese for later use. Take a cake, bake it in the oven until it is solidified, spread the fried onion, pour in the beaten egg butter, and bake it at 180℃ for 20 minutes. Or spread sushi rice and smoked salmon on seaweed, add chopped onion, add pepper, fruit vinegar, olive oil and shredded perilla to make "smoked salmon with onion", depending on age. The above is generally applicable to osteoporosis. What is osteoporosis? What causes osteoporosis? What symptoms does osteoporosis need to check? How to treat osteoporosis? Osteoporosis is a systemic disorder of bone metabolism, which is characterized by the destruction of bone microstructure, the constant decrease of the proportion of bone mineral components and bone matrix, the thinning of bone, the decrease of bone trabecula, the increase of bone brittleness and the increase of fracture risk. Osteoporosis is generally divided into two categories, namely primary osteoporosis and secondary osteoporosis. Degenerative osteoporosis can be divided into postmenopausal osteoporosis and senile osteoporosis. The prevalence rate of the elderly is 60.72% for men and 90.47% for women. What causes osteoporosis and the factors leading to bone loss in middle-aged and elderly people are very complicated. In recent years, the research thinks that it is closely related to the factors listed below. (1) The decrease of sex hormone secretion in middle-aged and elderly people is one of the important causes of osteoporosis. It is recognized that the decrease of estrogen level after menopause leads to the increase of bone resorption. (2) With the increase of age, the secretion of calcium regulatory hormone is out of balance, which leads to the disorder of bone metabolism. (3) Due to tooth loss, the grammaticalization function of the elderly is reduced, and the intake of bones is insufficient, malnutrition is high, and the intake of protein, calcium, phosphorus, vitamins and trace elements is insufficient. (4) With the increase of age, the decrease of outdoor exercise is also an important reason why the elderly are prone to osteoporosis. (5) In recent years, molecular biology research shows that osteoporosis is closely related to the variation of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene. What are the symptoms of osteoporosis? (1) pain. The most common symptom of primary osteoporosis is low back pain, and patients with pain account for 70%-80%. Pain spreads to both sides along the spine, which is relieved when lying on your back or sitting, aggravated when standing upright or standing for a long time, and aggravated when sitting for a long time. The pain is mild during the day, aggravated when you wake up at night and in the morning, and aggravated when you bend over, exercise your muscles, cough and defecate. Generally, bone pain can occur when bone mass is lost 12% or more. In senile osteoporosis, the trabecular bone of vertebral body shrinks, the number decreases, the vertebral body is compressed and deformed, the spine bends forward, and the psoas major muscle contracts twice to correct the flexion of the spine, resulting in muscle weakness and even spasm, resulting in pain. Recently, thoracolumbar compression fractures can also produce acute pain, and the spine spinous process at the reaction site can have strong tenderness and percussion pain, which can gradually slow down after 2-3 weeks, and some patients can have chronic low back pain. For example, spinal nerve compression reaction can breed radiation pain of limbs, sensory dyskinesia of both lower limbs, intercostal neuralgia, retrosternal pain similar to angina pectoris, and upper abdominal pain similar to acute abdomen. If the spinal cord and cauda equina are compressed, the function of bladder and rectum will be affected. (2) the body length is shortened. Most of them appear after pain. The front part of the vertebral body of the spine is almost composed of cancellous bone, which is the pillar of the body, and has a heavy negative weight, especially the 1 1 and 12 thoracic vertebrae, which have a heavy load and are easy to be compressed and deformed, so that the spine leans forward and the dorsiflexion is aggravated, forming Luo Guo. With the increase of age, osteoporosis intensifies and the curvature of Romania increases, which leads to obvious contracture of knee joint. Everyone has 24 vertebral bodies, and the height of each vertebral body in normal people is about 2cm. When osteoporosis occurs in the elderly, the vertebral bodies are compressed, each vertebral body is shortened by about 2mm, and the average body length is shortened by 3-6cm. (3) fracture. This is the most common and tense complication of degenerative osteoporosis. (4) Decreased respiratory function. Thoracolumbar compression fracture, kyphosis and thoracic deformity can significantly reduce vital capacity and maximum ventilation, and patients often have symptoms such as chest tightness, shortness of breath and dyspnea. What tests do osteoporosis need to do? The diagnosis of degenerative osteoporosis depends on the comprehensive analysis and judgment of clinical manifestations, bone mass measurement, X-ray film and biochemical indexes of bone turnover. 1. Biochemical examination: The determination of blood and urine minerals and some biochemical indexes is helpful to judge the bone metabolism and bone renewal rate, which is of great significance for the differential diagnosis of osteoporosis. (1) Bone formation index. (2) Bone acceptance index: 1) urinary hydroxyproline. 2) Urinary hydroxylysine glycoside. 3) plasma tartrate-resistant hydrochloric acid phosphatase. 4) urine collagen pyridine crosslinking (PYr) or type I collagen crosslinking N- terminal peptide (NTX). (3) Determination of bone mineral composition in blood and urine: 1) Serum total calcium. 2) Serum inorganic phosphorus. 3) Serum magnesium. 4) Determination of urinary calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. 2.X-ray examination: X-ray is still a popular method to examine osteoporosis. 3. Bone mineral density measurement: (1) single photon receiving method (SPA). (2) Dual-energy X-ray reception analysis (DEXA). (3) quantitative CT(QCT). (4) Ultrasound (USA). How to treat (1) drug therapy: Primary type I osteoporosis belongs to high metabolic type, which is due to the decrease of estrogen after menopause, resulting in bone loss, so estrogen, calcitonin, calcium preparations and other bone absorption inhibitors should be selected. Primary type II osteoporosis is caused by low bone formation due to aging and imbalance of regulatory hormones. It is treated with bone formation promoters such as active vitamin D, protein anabolic steroids, calcium preparations, fluorinating agents and vitamin K2. 1. Estrogen is the first choice for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. (1) estradiol1-2 mg/d mg/d (2) diethylstilbestrol 0.25mg/ night. (3) compound estrogen 0.625 mg/d, (4) nilestriol 2mg/ half a month. (5) liviai。 2. Calcitonin: (1) calcitonin. (2) Yiganning. (3) dense calcium interest. 3. Vitin: (1) Luo calcium. (2) Alfacalcidol. 4. Calcium preparation: (1) inorganic calcium: 1) calcium chloride. 2) calcium carbonate. 3) calcium carbonate. (2) Organic calcium: 1) calcium gluconate. 2) calcium lactate. 3) Calcium aspartate. (3) active calcium. 4 calcium D.5. Diphosphate: (1) disodium chloromethyl diphosphate. (2) Sodium hydroxyethyl diphosphate. 6. Isopropoxy flavone. 8. Chinese medicine. Attachment: How to treat osteoporosis? Drugs are still the main treatment for primary osteoporosis. There are two purposes of treatment: preventing pathological fractures and getting rid of low back pain. Because osteoporosis is due to the increase of bone reception, and the related bone formation can not be fully carried out. Therefore, drugs that inhibit bone acceptance should be widely used; Such as calcium, estrogen and calcitonin. The other is drugs that promote bone formation, such as fluoride, bisphosphonate and parathyroid hormone. (1) When calcium is used to promote teenagers, the daily intake of calcium (elemental calcium) is 1000- 1200mg, 800- 1000mg for adults and1000-for postmenopausal women. Patients with kidney calculi's disease or high urinary calcium concentration at risk of kidney calculi should not consume too much calcium. All patients with osteoporosis should be properly supplemented with calcium. At present, although there is no clear evidence that calcium supplementation alone can reduce the occurrence of fractures, calcium supplementation should at least be used as an auxiliary treatment for osteoporosis. Mainly to improve the calcium content in the diet. If the food intake is not enough, calcium-containing preparations need to be supplemented. What needs to be explained here is that the dosage of calcium tablets is not equal to its calcium content. When taking it, it should be calculated according to the actual situation. Calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium lactate and calcium gluconate contain 40%, 27%, 13% and 9% of elemental calcium respectively. If it is to supplement calcium after meals, it is better to drink 200 ml of water while waiting. It is better to take it in batches than once. People with gastric acid deficiency should take calcium citrate. ⑵ Estrogen is the first choice to prevent postmenopausal bone loss, which is mainly achieved by inhibiting bone reception and rebuilding bone metabolic balance. It is generally best to start using it after menopause. Estrogen alone may cause breast cancer and endometrial cancer, so the lowest effective dose should be used, supplemented by appropriate progesterone. At present, nilestriol, progesterone, livial and premarin tablets are commonly used. Before and during estrogen therapy, women should have regular gynecological and breast examinations. (3) Calcitonin inhibits the activity of osteoclasts through rapid action and reduces the number of osteoclasts through slow action, which has the functions of relieving pain, increasing activity function and improving calcium balance. Salmon calcitonin, intramuscular injection of 50 units every other day or every day; Spray 200-400 units on the nasal mucosa every day. Eel calcitonin Mingyining, every time 10 unit, twice a week or every time to increase the unit, every week 1 time, intramuscular injection. Adverse reactions include nausea, flushing on face and hands and fever. The disadvantage is that it is expensive and difficult to popularize. (4) Vitamin D and its metabolites can promote calcium acceptance and bone mineralization in small intestine, while active vitamin D can promote bone formation and increase the activities of natural osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase. Active vitamin D consists of calcium (0.25 μ g each time, 1-2 times a day) and α (alpha) -D3 (0.25- 1 μ g per day). ⑸ Bisphosphonate is a new bone resorption inhibitor that has been applied in clinic since 1980s. At present, there are many varieties such as hydroxyethyl phosphonate (also known as etidronate), chloromethyl phosphonate (also known as bone phosphonate), pamidronate, alendronate (also known as fosamax), tirudophosphonate and risedronate. Among them, alendronate was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as 1995 for postmenopausal osteoporosis. In order to facilitate drug acceptance and reduce the irritation to esophagus, it should be taken on an empty stomach and drink 500- 1000 ml warm water half an hour before meals. You should avoid taking it with calcium. Fluoride directly acts on osteoblasts and stimulates bone formation. Monofluorophosphate is slowly released in the small intestine through the action of hydrolase, which can last for 12 hours. At present, Tylenol used in clinic is composed of glutamine monofluorophosphate, calcium gluconate and calcium citrate. Each tablet contains 5 mg of fluorine and element calcium 150 mg, three times a day, each time 1 tablet, and is taken with meals after chewing. (7) A large number of animal experiments have proved that parathyroid hormone can promote osteogenesis. It is still under further study. Professor Kruger and Professor Horobin from the Department of Physiology of Bleteau University said: "Lack of essential fatty acids in the body will lead to osteoporosis and increase the accumulation of calcium in kidneys and arteries; EPA has been proved to help the intestinal tract to receive calcium, reduce the loss of calcium in urine, increase the deposition of calcium on bones, improve the strength of bones and strengthen the synthesis of collagen. According to the editorial published in the March issue of American Journal of Clinical Nutrition: Today in the history of Swedish scientist H: How to produce instant noodles? More details!