Renaissance is a historical period of European culture and thought development from14th century to16th century. It is an important new culture movement in European history, and it is also a moderns full of flowers, fruitful achievements, bright stars and talented people in human history. The core idea (guiding ideology) of the Renaissance is humanism, and its core is that man is the foundation of everything, and it advocates measuring everything by individuals. humanitarianism
Renaissance is a historical period of European culture and thought development from14th century to16th century. It is an important new culture movement in European history, and it is also a moderns full of flowers, fruitful achievements, bright stars and talented people in human history. The core idea (guiding ideology) of the Renaissance is humanism, and its core is that man is the foundation of everything, and it advocates measuring everything by individuals. humanitarianism
Renaissance is a historical period of European culture and thought development from14th century to16th century. It is an important new culture movement in European history, and it is also a moderns full of flowers, fruitful achievements, bright stars and talented people in human history. The core idea (guiding ideology) of the Renaissance is humanism, and its core is that man is the foundation of everything, and it advocates measuring everything by individuals. humanitarianism
Renaissance is a historical period of European culture and thought development from14th century to16th century. It is an important new culture movement in European history, and it is also a moderns full of flowers, fruitful achievements, bright stars and talented people in human history. The core idea (guiding ideology) of the Renaissance is humanism, and its core is that man is the foundation of everything, and it advocates measuring everything by individuals. humanitarianism
Renaissance is a historical period of European culture and thought development from14th century to16th century. It is an important new culture movement in European history, and it is also a moderns full of flowers, fruitful achievements, bright stars and talented people in human history. The core idea (guiding ideology) of the Renaissance is humanism, and its core is that man is the foundation of everything, and it advocates measuring everything by individuals. What is the core idea of the Renaissance?
The Renaissance of Humanism is a historical period of European culture and thought development from14th century to16th century. It is a major new cultural movement in European history, and a moderns with a hundred flowers, fruitful achievements, bright stars and talented people in human history. The core idea of the Renaissance (guiding ideology) ... Renaissance and humanism
14 to 17 The cultural movement in the first half of the century was named because humanists in the 1950s thought it was the second peak in European cultural history after Greece and Rome, and historians thought it was the revival of ancient culture, so it was called the "Renaissance".
With regard to the origin of the Renaissance, historians basically tend to "the theory of multiple origins of the Renaissance", that is to say, the Renaissance was produced under the interaction of political, economic and cultural factors.
Considering the economic factors,14-16th century, the capitalist relations of production appeared in the feudal society of western European countries, and the new capitalism demanded to clear the way for its own development. In order to gain political legitimacy, the emerging bourgeoisie first attacked the theological rule and feudal ideology of the church, and the Renaissance was initiated by capitalist relations of production and humanism. Renaissance originated in Florence, Italy, where handicrafts were developed and commercial trade was large. In order to develop capitalist economy, the development of new culture is bound to break through the shackles of the church and get rid of the world view of scholasticism, so the emerging bourgeoisie struggles with the feudal system and the church from all aspects of culture.
Considering the political factors, Italy became the cradle of the Renaissance, which could not be separated from the support of some city governments. The reign of Italian medici family was the golden age of Florence. Lorenzo Medici is not only a "protector of writers", but also an outstanding scholar. He likes architecture, music and poetry very much. During his reign, Florence's culture reached its peak. Some rulers reuse humanists out of the need of rule. By the middle of the15th century, humanists flooded local government agencies, which undoubtedly played a positive role in promoting the Renaissance.
Considering cultural factors, it has been the center of ancient Roman culture for centuries; Due to its geographical location and historical conditions, Italy took the lead in absorbing ancient Greek culture in western European countries, and the civilization passed down from ancient times continued to be in the leading position; They have a rich collection of classical books and a complete library system. The unique economic development in Europe has produced a series of cultural effects, such as the secularization and non-locking tendency of culture, the city concept of paying attention to cultural and educational investment, and the characteristics of citizens' material consumption returning to culture, which have all become the reasons for the origin of the Italian Renaissance.
The main social trend of thought during the Renaissance was humanism.
The so-called humanism, in its original meaning, is deepened from Latin "Humanus" and translated into "humanitarianism". Renaissance humanism originated from14th century Italian humanist Petrarch. The core of humanism is "man is the foundation of all things", which advocates taking man as the yardstick to measure everything. Humanists attach importance to human value, advocate individuality and human rights, advocate individuality freedom and oppose Catholic theocracy; Advocate hedonism and oppose asceticism; Advocate scientific culture and oppose superstition. Medieval Christian theology denied human nature and reality, and believed that people were born guilty. Humanists believe that it is not God who rules the world, but people. Heaven is not in the afterlife, but in this life Now, humanism has been summarized as a world outlook or ideology that emphasizes the role and status of human beings.
Humanism has been a main line in the development of western ideological history since it rose in the European Renaissance in the14th century. For example, Max Weber was one of the representatives of German humanistic sociology at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century. Weber admits that western capitalism has always depended on technical factors, and he also thinks that certain social ethos (Ethos) is very important for the development of capitalist spirit, especially for its origin. This social ethos is undoubtedly the product of the Renaissance.
The essence of Renaissance: The original meaning of the word "Renaissance" refers to "the regeneration of classical Greek and Roman culture". However, the cultural revolution movement of the emerging bourgeoisie in western European countries at that time included a series of major historical events, including the rise of humanism, the renewal of artistic style, the emergence of utopian socialism, the beginning of modern natural science development, the application of printing and the dissemination of scientific and cultural knowledge. This series of major events is not so much "the rebirth of classical culture" as "the beginning of modern culture"; It is not so much "revival" as "innovation". The Renaissance marked a great turning point in the history of human civilization. It is a new culture, a reflection of the new political and economic requirements of the society at that time, and an anti-feudal struggle of the emerging bourgeoisie in the ideological and cultural field. Simply put, the essence of the Renaissance is the bourgeois ideological emancipation movement.
The core idea of the Renaissance is humanism. Humanism originated in Italy in the second half of the14th century, and then spread throughout western Europe. Humanists use "humanity" to oppose "divinity" and "human rights" to oppose "theocracy". They put forward the slogan "I am a human being, and I am everywhere in all human characteristics". They are very dissatisfied with the church's control over the spiritual world. They demand that man is the center, not God. They praise human wisdom and strength, praise the perfection and loftiness of human nature, oppose religious autocratic rule and feudal hierarchy, advocate individual liberation, equality and freedom, advocate individual development, demand secular happiness and human joy, and advocate scientific and cultural knowledge. Therefore, the concept of humanism focuses on "human", which is the exertion of "human instinct" and the driving force for "human" to pursue truth, goodness and beauty.
The historical role of the Renaissance: Engels once spoke highly of the progressive role of the Renaissance in history. He wrote: "This is the greatest and most progressive change that mankind has never experienced. It is an era that needs giants and produces giants-giants in terms of thinking ability, enthusiasm and personality, versatility and erudition. " The Big Three refers to: Da Vinci (Mona Lisa), Shakespeare (Hamlet) and Dante (Divine Comedy).
First of all, it is human discovery. In the Middle Ages, the ideal man should be inferior, passive and inactive, and his significance in the world is not commendable. Renaissance discovered man and his greatness, affirmed his value and creativity, and put forward that man should be liberated and his personality should be free. (1) attaches great importance to people's value, requires giving full play to people's intelligence and creative potential, opposes a passive attitude towards life, and advocates a positive and adventurous spirit. (2) Pay attention to the worldly life and despise the illusory myth about the afterlife or heaven, so as to pursue material happiness and sensory satisfaction and oppose religious asceticism. In literature and art, people's feelings are required to be expressed and hypocrisy is opposed. Such as: Petrarch's Song Collection, Boccaccio's decameron. (3) Attach importance to scientific experiments and oppose apriorism; Emphasize the use of human reason and oppose blind obedience; Require the development of personality and oppose the imprisonment of human nature; In terms of moral concept, it requires indulgence and opposes self-restraint; Advocate "civic morality" and think that success and wealth are moral behaviors. (4) Advocating an optimistic attitude towards life. These irresistible thirst for knowledge, the spirit of getting to the bottom of the matter, and the optimistic enterprising spirit of striving to create secular happiness liberated people from the shackles of Christian theology in the Middle Ages. It was in this spirit that the bourgeoisie created the modern capitalist world.
Secondly, the Renaissance broke the situation that religious mysticism dominated the whole country, effectively promoted and influenced the religious reform movement, and provided an important boost for this movement. Renaissance advocated attaching importance to secular life and opposing authority, which aroused contemporary people's doubts and antipathy to the Catholic Church and theology. Renaissance humanists satirized and exposed the corruption and ugliness of the Catholic church through literature, art and other forms.
Thirdly, the Renaissance broke the unification of scholasticism with theology as the core, cleared the way for ideological liberation and progress in the future, and made various secular philosophies rise. Among them is British empirical materialism (Bacon). It also promoted the development of political theory, Machiavelli laid the foundation for the later Enlightenment, and a large number of thinkers such as Hobbes and Locke developed theories such as "natural rights", "social contract", "people's sovereignty" and "separation of powers".
Fourth, the feudal privilege was denied. In the Middle Ages, feudal privileges were granted and the concept of family status was deeply rooted. Renaissance made these things lose the weight of the measure of people in the past. People's nobility has been given a new connotation. Petrarch said: "True nobility is not innate, but self-made." In the social life of Italy at that time, talent, means and money replaced birth, and everyone from any birth climbed the high-level ladder of society.
Fifth, get rid of superstition and emancipate the mind. The Renaissance restored rationality, dignity and the value of thinking. Although the Renaissance achieved little in philosophy, it destroyed the rigid scholasticism system, advocated scientific methods and experiments, and put forward that "knowledge is power", which created a new atmosphere for exploring people and the real world. People firmly believe in their eyes and brains, and believe that experiments and experience are reliable sources of knowledge. This realistic attitude, way of thinking and scientific method laid a solid foundation for the great development of natural science from 17 to 19 century.
Sixth, during the Renaissance, a large number of fascinating and exquisite works of art and literary masterpieces were created, which became priceless treasures in the treasure house of human art. The medieval biblical legends flooded the art world, suffocating the life of art. The Renaissance not only turned the Virgin Mary into a human woman (Raphael), but also turned the image into a tribute to the human body, and began a direct description of daily life and real people. Anatomy, perspective and other sciences are also combined with art for the first time. Modern realistic art in western Europe began at that time.
This extensive and lasting ideological and cultural movement broke through the shackles of feudal autocracy and religious theology in the ideological field, liberated people's minds, promoted the prosperity of European cultural and ideological fields, and laid the ideological and cultural foundation for the emergence of European capitalist society. The core idea (guiding ideology) of the Renaissance is humanism, and its core is "man is the foundation of all things", which advocates taking individuals as the yardstick of all things. The core idea (guiding ideology) of the Renaissance is humanism, and its core is "man is the foundation of all things", which advocates taking individuals as the yardstick of all things. Humanism is the core idea of the Renaissance.