The Boxer Rebellion, also known as the Boxer Rebellion, the Boxer Rebellion and the Boxer Rebellion, was a peasant movement in China at the end of 19 with the slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries". This movement shattered the arrogant plan of the imperialist powers to carve up China, dealt a heavy blow to the reactionary rule of the Qing government and accelerated its demise.

The Boxer Rebellion was originally a folk secret society popular in Shandong and Zhili (now Hebei) for a long time. Some people think that this is related to traditional folk secret groups such as Anbaili. However, some people think that the Boxer Rebellion originated from a loyal vigilante group. They secretly gathered people by setting up altars and drawing symbols to invite God, which is called the "Boxer Rebellion", which is mixed with a lot of foolish elements to teach believers invulnerability.

At first, the Boxer Rebellion, like most secret groups in the Qing Dynasty, opposed the Manchu rule and was suppressed with the slogan of "opposing the Qing Dynasty and regaining sight".

2. Xinhai Revolution

The Revolution of 1911 refers to a national revolution that took place in the year of China Lunar New Year (the third year of Xuan Tong's reign in Qing Dynasty), that is, from 19 1 912 years, aiming at overthrowing the autocratic monarchy system in Qing Dynasty and establishing a * * * regime.

In a narrow sense, the Revolution of 1911 refers to the revolutionary events that occurred in China from the outbreak of Wuchang Uprising on the night of19110 (the 19th day of the eighth lunar month) to 19 12, when Sun Yat-sen became the interim president of the Republic of China on New Year's Day.

In a broad sense, the Revolution of 1911 refers to a series of successful overthrow of China's Qing Dynasty rule from the end of 19/year (generally from the establishment of the Zhong Xing Association in 1894, but some scholars believe that it was from the establishment of the China League Association in 1905).

19 1 1 In the summer of, the road protection movement broke out in four provinces of Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong and Sichuan, especially in Sichuan. On September 25th, Rongxian became independent, becoming the first regime in China to break away from the Qing Dynasty. Push the road protection movement to a climax. On the evening of June+10 10, 65438, the Revolutionary Army of the Eighth Battalion of the New Army Project fired the first shot of the Wuchang Uprising.

The revolutionary armies of Hanyang and Hankou captured Hanyang and Hankou on the night of 65438+ 10/day and 65438+1 0/2 respectively. After the rebels took control of the three towns in Wuhan, the Hubei military government was established, with Li as the viceroy and the title changed to the Republic of China. Within two months after the victory of Wuchang Uprising, fifteen provinces including Hunan and Guangdong declared their independence from the Qing government. On February 19 12, the Qing Dynasty issued the abdication edict.

At this point, the imperial history of 2 132 has come to an end. The Revolution of 1911 was a thorough national democratic revolution in modern China. Politically and ideologically, it has brought immeasurable liberation to the people of China. The Revolution of 1911 opened a modern national democratic revolution in a complete sense, overthrew the autocratic monarchy that ruled China for thousands of years, established a harmonious regime, and ended the autocratic monarchy.

It spread democracy and ideas, greatly promoted the ideological emancipation of the Chinese nation, and promoted the social changes in China with great shock and influence.

3. 1898 Reform Movement

The Reform Movement of 1898, also known as the Reform Movement of 1898, the Reform Movement and the Reform Movement, is a bourgeois reform movement represented by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao in the late Qing Dynasty, which advocated learning from the West, advocating science and culture, reforming politics and education systems, and developing agriculture, industry and commerce through Emperor Guangxu.

The Reform Movement of 1898 was implemented in June 1898+0 1. Its main contents include: reforming government institutions, abolishing redundant staff and appointing reformers; Encourage private enterprises to set up industrial and mining enterprises; Open new schools to attract talents, translate western books and spread new ideas; Establish newspapers and open their opinions; At the same time, it is stipulated that the imperial examination should abolish stereotyped writing, redundant yamen and useless official positions.

However, because the reform harmed the interests of the old school headed by Empress Dowager Cixi, it was strongly resisted and opposed. 1Sept. 2, 8981Empress Dowager Cixi and others launched the coup of the Reform Movement of 1898, Emperor Guangxu was imprisoned, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao fled to France, Japan respectively, and Tan Sitong and other six gentlemen of the Reform Movement were killed, which lasted 103 days and failed.

The Reform Movement of 1898 was a patriotic reform movement, an important political reform in the modern history of China, and also an enlightenment trend of thought, which promoted ideological emancipation, social progress and ideological and cultural development, and promoted the progress of modern China society.

4. Westernization Movement

Westernization movement, also known as self-help movement and self-improvement movement. It was a self-help movement by the Westernization School in the late Qing Dynasty to introduce western military equipment, machine production and science and technology to save the Qing Dynasty from the 1960s to the 1990s. The slogan of the Westernization Movement was "self-improvement" in the early stage and "seeking wealth" in the later stage.

The main guiding ideology of the Westernization Movement is "middle school as the body, western learning for use". The first four words "learning from foreigners to control foreigners" show the relationship between the Westernization Movement and foreign capitalist aggressors, that is, the way to learn western skills to resist western aggression.

Although the Westernization Movement did not make China rich and strong for more than 30 years, it introduced advanced western science and technology, which led to the emergence of the first batch of modern enterprises in China and objectively promoted the emergence and development of Chinese national capitalism.

5. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement

The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement was a peasant uprising war against feudal rule and foreign capitalist aggression initiated by leading groups such as Hong Xiuquan, Yang, Xiao Chaogui, Feng Yunshan, Wei Changhui and Shi Dakai of Jintian Village in Guangxi during the period from the first year of Xianfeng to the third year of Tongzhi (1-1864).

It was the largest anti-Qing movement in China in the middle of19th century. 1864, with the fall of Tianjing, the capital of Taiping Tianjing, the movement failed.

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