New enterprise
(1) Westernization enterprises adopt western technology and equipment for production and belong to modern enterprises.
(2) The military industry founded by the Westernization School in the early stage was funded by the Qing government, and the products were distributed to the army. The management mode is feudal yamen. Although these enterprises used machine production, they were essentially feudal official enterprise with capitalist factors.
(3) The civil industries founded by the Westernization School in the later period mostly took the form of official supervision, commercial operation and joint venture between officials and businessmen. The products are mainly put on the market as commodities, and the management adopts the labor employment system, so it is essentially a capitalist enterprise with feudal factors.
Create newspapers and periodicals
From the 1970s to the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, about 20 modern newspapers and periodicals were run by Japanese people. Except Fuzhou and Xiamen, the rest are mainly in Shanghai, Hong Kong, Guangzhou and Hankou.
During the Westernization Movement, the main newspapers and periodicals were Shen Bao and Wan Guo Bao, both of which were founded during this period. ?
Other newspapers include: Collection of Events in Western Countries, 1873, which was first published in April, and Circular Daily hosted by Wang Tao. ?
New school
1862, Prince Aisingiorro Yixin founded the Shi Jing Wentong Museum for the first time, which opened a chapter in the modernization of education in China.
The main types of new schools established in the Westernization Movement:
(1) Foreign language schools, such as Shi Jing Wentong Museum founded by 1862, and Shanghai Cantonese Museum (added to be a comprehensive school after 1866).
(2) Military schools, such as Fuzhou Ship Administration School and Beiyang Navy School.
(3) Technical schools, such as Shanghai Machinery School and Tianjin Telegraph School.
Characteristics of running a school: Compared with traditional official schools, these new schools have trained a number of new talents, such as translators, military personnel and technical personnel. The teaching content includes western learning, such as western language and western art; Adopt a new teaching organization form, annual curriculum and class teaching system. ?
Students who choose to study abroad
Learning advanced science and technology from the west and changing the backward appearance of the Qing government were the original purpose of the Westernization School to launch the study abroad movement. During the Westernization period, there were two influential studies abroad: young children studying in the United States and students from Fujian Ship Administration School studying in Europe, that is, 1872- 1875, the Qing government sent four periods of *** 120 young children studying in the United States; 1877- 1897 four groups of students from Fujian ship administration school went to study in Europe. ?
On August 1872, 1 1, thirty young children sailed from Shanghai to San Francisco, USA, and began their study abroad for fifteen years. In the history of more than 2,000 years in China, the event of "opening a new era" has been hailed as "the achievement of founding a country, unprecedented". From 65438 to 0877, under the active advocacy of officials such as Shen Baozhen and Li Hongzhang, 33 people selected from the Bureau of Shipping and the School of Shipping Administration embarked on the journey of studying in Europe. 188 1 year, Li Hongzhang advocated that the Maritime Bureau send 10 people to study in Britain, France and Germany. 10 In 886,10 students from Beiyang Navy and other schools went to Europe again.
Translate books
In the 35 years since the Westernization Movement, the development of cultural publishing has reached an unprecedented level. Shi Jing Wentong Pavilion, Shanghai Guangdong Pavilion and Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau Translation Library were the centers of western translation at that time. The translation of books has gone through the process from pure western scientific and technological works and books to natural science, social science, humanities and other works, and even the latter is slightly dominant.
Shi Jing Wentong Museum has translated 36 books in western languages. Among them, China's first Chinese translation of international law: Wheaton's Law of Nations (1864); The first Chinese translation of Diplomacy: Madden's Club of Stars (1876); The First Chinese Version of Economics: Forsyte's Rich Country Policy (1860). The Translation Hall of Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration is the institution with the largest number of western works and the most outstanding achievements in the late Qing Dynasty. It lists many scholars, translators and some foreign missionaries.
The translation and publication of a large number of western works and the emergence of newspapers and publishing institutions in modern China have broken the barriers between Chinese and western cultures and the ice of traditional culture, and greatly promoted the exchange and integration of Chinese and western cultures. ?
Establish a telegram
Main line: 1886, the land route from Fengtian to Hunchun due to the needs of border defense in the three northeastern provinces; 1887, due to the breach of the Yellow River in Zhengzhou, the power line from Jining to Kaifeng in Shandong was set up. 1888, the Guangdong official line was built in Nanxiong, and the commercial line went from Jiujiang, Jiangxi to Ganzhou, reaching Yuling and entering Nanxiong, making the official newspaper well informed. 1890 "Xiangfan is the main road leading to several provinces in Beijing, and the border of bei chu is in an emergency", starting from Shashi to Xiangyang, 1893 added Xiangyang-Laohekou line. 1895 connected an electric wire from Xi 'an to Laohekou. "In this way, the northwest electric wire has to be sent by two lines, and there is no danger of blocking."
Branch line: 1884 Add Tianjin-Jingcheng and Shahe-Jiaozhou power lines; 1898 JIAOZHOU-Qingdao power line, Hubei Wuchang-Daye, Daye-Jiujiang line, "Because the poles on the north bank of the upper reaches of Hankou are flooded every year, in order to prevent false positives, the south bank line is added in case of emergency"; 189 1 Xuzhou-Taizhuang line, 1892 Anqing-Luzhou line; 1898 Jinan-Jining Line in Yellow River Disaster Preparedness, Xuzhou-Suqian Line in Canal Disaster Preparedness and so on.
Function: Telegrams are mainly for the needs of business and economic development. In addition, the official lines of northwest, northeast, southwest and north Korea, which account for about 30% of the total, have played an active role in military and economic aspects, just like the commercial bureau lines. ?
railroading
Since Britain built the earliest railway in the world in 1825, its economic, political and military functions have been more and more recognized by people, so European and American countries have followed suit, and railway construction has made great progress in just over ten years. The advanced intellectuals in the late feudal period of China were deeply attracted by the western capitalist world after observing this amazing new thing.
For example, Lin Zexu's Records of the Four Seas, Wei Yuan's Records of the Sea Countries and Xu Jishe's A Brief Introduction to the World, all of which have made a preliminary introduction to railways. Hong Rengan, on the other hand, put forward specific suggestions on building railways in China in his book "Senior Minister" in 1859. He said: All provinces in China should have railways, "thinking that there is no disease in the whole country". ?
As early as the first year of Tongzhi (1862), 27 British and American foreign firms, such as Jardine Matheson and Qicheng, suggested to Li Hongzhang to build a railway from Suzhou to Shanghai, which was rejected. The following year (1863), another British engineer, Stevenson, suggested to the Qing government to build six railway trunk lines, namely Hankou to Shanghai, Hankou to Guangdong, Hankou to Sichuan, Shanghai to Fuzhou, Zhenjiang to Beijing and Guangdong to Yunnan, which were also rejected.
In the fourth year of Tongzhi (1865), American businessmen built a railway more than a mile long outside Xuanwu Gate in Beijing as a sample, which attracted the attention of Chinese people, but it was demolished by the yamen led by Bujun in a few days. In the sixth year of Guangxu (1880), Jardine Matheson built a railway from Shanghai to Wusong, which aroused unanimous opposition from officials. Finally, under the pretext of crushing a soldier, he bought it for 282 thousand silver and demolished it and threw it into the sea.
Later, due to the increasingly obvious intention of Japanese aggression against China, the 22-mile railway from Tangshan to Xugezhuang was built in the seventh year of Guangxu (188 1), but locomotives were not allowed, and donkeys and horses were used to tow carriages on the railway.
Westernization movement, also known as self-help movement and self-improvement movement. It was a self-help movement carried out by the Westernization School in the late Qing Dynasty in 19, 60-90 to safeguard the rule of the Qing Dynasty and introduce western military equipment, machine production and science and technology. The slogan of the Westernization Movement was "self-improvement" in the early stage and "seeking wealth" in the later stage.
The main guiding ideology of the Westernization Movement is the words "learn from foreigners to control foreigners" and "learn from China and use the West". The first four words "learning from foreigners to control foreigners" show the relationship between the Westernization Movement and foreign capitalist aggressors, that is, the way to learn western skills to resist western aggression.
Although the Westernization Movement did not make China rich and strong for more than 30 years, it introduced advanced western science and technology, which led to the emergence of the first batch of modern enterprises in China and objectively promoted the emergence and development of Chinese national capitalism.
References:
Baidu encyclopedia westernization movement