Western Europe:
1On September 29th, 938, the heads of Germany, Italy, Britain and France signed the Munich Agreement behind the Czech government, and sold the Sudetenland to Germany. The Czech government, which has always regarded Britain and France as "protectors", was forced to accept the Munich agreement within the time limit of Germany. After Hitler annexed the Sudetenland, he stepped up his aggression and occupied the whole of Czechoslovakia. On March 15, the Germans occupied Prague, the capital of Czech Republic. On March 16, Hitler announced that the Czech Republic would be incorporated into German territory. After Germany occupied the whole Czech Republic, it mastered the center of Europe and joined hands with Italy to March north and south, which greatly improved the situation in Germany and significantly enhanced its military strength.
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Eastern Europe:
1941On June 22nd, Germany tore up the Soviet-German non-aggression treaty and suddenly entered the Soviet Union. Germany's strategic attempt is to concentrate its forces, use "blitzkrieg" to carry out a rapid and far-reaching assault on the Soviet Union from several directions, destroy the Soviet main force in the western part of the Soviet Union, then March into the hinterland of the Soviet Union, crush Soviet resistance, reach the front lines of Arkhangelsk and Volga River, destroy the Urals industrial zone with the air force, paralyze the Soviet economy and defeat the Soviet Union.
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China battlefield:
War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory was the first complete victory of China in the anti-imperialist war in 100 years. The people of China paid a heavy price in the war. According to incomplete statistics, China suffered more than180,000 civilian casualties, 3.8 million military casualties, and property losses and war consumption exceeded10 billion US dollars. More than 654.38+0.33 million Japanese troops were annihilated by the China army (excluding the number of casualties in the first six years of Northeast China and the number of China troops killed in the Burma War). After Japan's defeat, the Japanese army surrendered to China's army * * * 1.28 million.
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Pacific War:
After 1940, in order to get rid of the deadlock in the war of aggression against China and improve the strategic situation, Japan decided to seize the colonies of Britain, the United States and the Netherlands in Asia, plunder strategic materials in Southeast Asia and establish the "Greater East Asia Glory Circle". 19411On February 7th, the Japanese joint fleet led by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto attacked Pearl Harbor, the base of the US Pacific Fleet, and achieved great results, which made the US Pacific Fleet lose its fighting capacity. Then the Japanese bombed the Philippines and landed in Malaya, and the Pacific War broke out in an all-round way.
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World War II is the largest war in human history, covering three continents and four oceans. The number of people who participated in the war reached1.1.2000, and the death toll exceeded 51.2000, accounting for about 3% of the total war population of 65.438+700 million. In this life-and-death struggle that determines the fate of mankind, the people of the world finally defeated Germany, Italy and Japan fascism after six years of bloody fighting. Among them, China people War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression played an important role in the anti-fascist war.
The causes of the Second World War
In the 20 years after the First World War, the economic and political forces of capitalist countries developed unevenly, and the industrial development of Germany and Japan was more prominent, and their economic strength was significantly enhanced. Countries such as Britain, France and the United States have been stagnant. 1929 and 1937, two serious economic crises occurred in the capitalist world, which further intensified the contradiction between imperialism and gradually formed two major political and military groups: the United States, Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Japan. The fascist rulers of Germany, Italy and Japan embarked on the road of aggression and expansion, and formed a political and military alliance between Germany, Italy and Japan in 1937, that is, the axis of the three countries, in an attempt to carve up the world again and launched a series of aggressive wars. Japan occupied northeast China in 193 1 and launched a full-scale war of aggression against China in 1937. From 1933, Germany frantically expanded its army to prepare for war. 1936, Germany entered the Rhine military zone and joined the Italian armed forces in the Spanish civil war. From 1938 to 1939, Germany annexed Austria and Czechoslovakia successively. 1936 Italy invaded Ethiopia, 1939 occupied Albania. Capitalist countries such as Britain, France and the United States adopted appeasement policies and "sit on the mountain and watch the tigers fight" against fascist aggression and expansion, trying to lead the war to the Soviet Union. In the end, the three fascist countries of Germany, Italy and Japan provoked the Second World War.
The Three Stages of World War II
1September 1939 to1spring 1942, the world war broke out in an all-round way. At this stage, the Axis countries were in a strategic offensive position, constantly invading and expanding all over the world, and the war gradually expanded from Western Europe to Eastern Europe, North Africa and Southern Europe, and even to the Pacific Ocean, thus becoming a global war. Because the interests of all countries in the world were directly threatened by the fascist war, the contradiction between fascist aggression and expansion and people's opposition to fascist aggression became the main contradiction in the world at that time. In Washington, 26 countries, including the United States, Britain, the Soviet Union and China, signed the declaration that the United States launched an anti-fascist war, forming a world anti-fascist alliance.
1the spring of 9421the spring of 943 was the stalemate and turning point of the great war. At this stage, the three armies of Germany, Italy and Japan launched an all-round battle on various battlefields in the world, and the contradiction between the ever-expanding aggressive ambition of fascism and its insufficient potential was highlighted. The anti-fascist alliance gradually recovered its combat effectiveness, and while stabilizing the front, it launched strategic campaigns in various battlefields, which reversed the passive situation in the early days of the war. The famous battle of Moscow on the Soviet-German battlefield forced the Germans to give up their plan to attack the Soviet Union in an all-round way. 194 1 year, 65438+February, Germany's military victory in World War II reached its peak. That month, Japan attacked the Pearl Harbor base in the United States, dragging the United States into the war. 1July 1942 to 1654381October, the victory of Stalingrad became the turning point of the Soviet-German war and the turning point of the Second World War. 1943 in the second half of the year, the allies completed the fundamental turning point of the war and prepared for an all-round attack. In the Soviet Union and Germany, North Africa, Asia and the Pacific, the Allies began to take the initiative.
From June 1944 to September 1945, it was the final contest and closing stage of the Great War. 1in June, 944, the allied forces launched a comprehensive strategic offensive in Europe and Asia. In the Soviet-German battlefield, the Soviet Union launched a series of large-scale offensive campaigns, pushing the war to the East and Germany. In the battlefield of western Europe, the United States and Britain successfully landed in Normandy, opening up the second battlefield in Europe, and quickly liberated France, entered the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg, and bullied Germany. The people of European countries set off the climax of the resistance movement and the war of liberation, and cooperated with the Soviet Union, the United States and Britain to fight and liberate their territories. On the Pacific battlefield, the allied forces successfully carried out cross-island attacks and air and sea operations, and broke into the Japanese defense circle. In the battlefield of Southeast Asia, the Chinese, American and British allied forces intensified their attack on the Japanese army in Myanmar. On the battlefield in China, it also launched a partial counterattack against the Japanese army. 1945 under the attack of the anti-fascist allied forces, German and Japanese fascists announced their surrender to the allied forces in May and August respectively. On September 2, the signing ceremony of the Japanese surrender was officially held on the USS Missouri anchored in Tokyo Bay. At this point, the Second World War ended with the defeat of fascism and the victory of the Allies.
The four battlefields of World War II
Western European Battlefield 1 September, 9391day, German Blitzkrieg invaded Poland, and World War II officially broke out. 1April 940, the Germans occupied Denmark and Norway; In May, it attacked the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and France, and soon occupied the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. Then, the Germans attacked the English Channel from France, and the British and French allied forces were forced to implement the famous Dunkirk retreat and retreat to the British Isles. 194 1 At the beginning of the year, after Germany induced Romania, Hungary and Bulgaria to join the military alliance of the three countries, Germany and Italy occupied Yugoslavia and Greece respectively. On June 22nd, Germany invaded the Soviet Union. 1942 in may, the Soviet union, Britain and the United States negotiated that the United States and Britain opened a "second front" in western Europe in order to attack Hitler from three sides: east, west and south. 1on June 6, 944, the United States and Britain sent troops to land in Normandy, northwest France, and marched on Germany. In August, American and British troops landed in southern France. In order to save the defeat, the Germans launched a counterattack in the Ardennes region of Belgium, and the American British army and the Germans launched a general war in the Ardennes region. 1in March, 945, American and British troops crossed the Rhine River on the western front and attacked the hinterland of Germany. In April, the Allies joined forces on the Elbe River, and the two battlefields of East and West Europe merged into one.
Soviet-German Battlefield This is an important battlefield in World War II. At the beginning of the Soviet-German war, the Soviet army lost. 194 1 September1September/1September, the Germans pushed Moscow, the Soviets stubbornly resisted, annihilated 50 German divisions and shattered Hitler's plan to occupy Moscow. 1July, 942, the Germans turned to attack Stalingrad on a large scale, and the Soviet army and civilians fought hard 160 days, annihilating 330,000 Germans. This victory is a turning point. 1In July, 943, the Soviet Union launched an unprecedented general campaign in Kursk, which was the largest armored campaign to date. After the Germans were defeated in this war, they began a 20-month retreat. From the second half of 1944, the Soviets pursued the Germans on a large scale. With the heroic cooperation of the people of Eastern Europe, the Soviet army invaded Germany in 1945, conquered Berlin on May 2, and surrendered unconditionally on May 8, thus ending the war in Europe.
Battlefield in North Africa and Southern Europe 1940 Since September, British and Italian troops have waged a tug-of-war in North Africa. 194 1 February, in order to compete for the Mediterranean and help Italy keep its base in Africa, the Germans went to war in North Africa. From 1942 1 1, the British army defeated the German and Italian troops in the battle of aleman, which reversed the passive situation in the battlefield in North Africa. At the same time, the United States and Britain occupied Morocco and Algeria in landing operation in north africa, which laid the foundation for the victory in the African battlefield. By May 1943, the United States and Britain had launched an attack from the East Road and the West Road. Forcing German and Italian troops to retreat to Tunisia and surrender, the North African War ended. In July, the United States and Britain allied forces landed in Sicily; In September, it landed in southern Italy, forcing Italy to sign an armistice agreement with the United States and Britain and declare its surrender.
The Japanese army in Asia and the Pacific has been under attack because of its long front and insufficient troops in China. In order to get rid of the plight of the battlefield in China and plunder the strategic resources of Southeast Asia, Japanese fascists decided to go south to fight with Britain and the United States. 194 1 65438+February 7, 2008, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, and the United States and Britain declared war on Japan, Germany and Italy also declared war on the United States, and the Pacific War broke out. In the Asia-Pacific battlefield, the Japanese army was invincible at first, and occupied Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, Indonesia, Myanmar and many islands in the Pacific Ocean within six months. However, in China, due to the rapid development of the national anti-Japanese war under the leadership of China's * * * production party, most Japanese troops were restrained, the pressure of Britain and the United States in the Pacific was relieved, and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the people of Southeast Asia, was also inspired. From May 1942, the Japanese strategic offensive was blocked. 1942 In May, the United States and Japan fought in the Coral Sea, and the Japanese army was frustrated for the first time. 1June, 942, in the naval battle of midway between the United States and Japan, the Japanese army suffered heavy losses, lost four aircraft carriers, and soon lost its naval advantage in the Pacific Ocean. The battle for Guadalcanal from August 1942 to February 1943 marked a turning point in the Pacific War. 1943 1 1 year1October, the allied forces launched a comprehensive counterattack against the Japanese in the Pacific. 1944, the allied forces took control of the islands in the central Pacific; 1945, captured Iojima and Okinawa. In Southeast Asia, the Allies recovered India, Myanmar and other countries and regions occupied by the Japanese army. On August 6 and 9, the US military dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. On the 8th, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan. At the same time, the battlefield in China has also turned into a nationwide counterattack. 15, Japan announced its unconditional surrender. On September 2, Japan signed the surrender, and the Second World War ended in the complete failure of German, Japanese and Italian fascists.