Eight Views on Historical Mind Map Picture Complete Collection Appreciating the Knowledge Points of History Review in Grade Eight (Part One) ★ Lesson 18 Strategic Armageddon (September 1948 to June 1949)
1. Three major battles: Liaoshen Campaign, Huaihai Campaign and Pingjin Campaign.
2. Liaoshen Campaign
(1) Time: 65438+September 0948? 1 1 month
(2) Commanders: Lin Biao and Luo Ronghuan.
(3) Significance: Liberating the whole Northeast.
3. Huaihai Campaign
(1) Time: 1948 1 1 month? 1949 1 month
(2) Commanders: Liu Bocheng, Chen Yi, Deng Xiaoping, Su Yu and Tan Zhenlin.
(3) Participating troops: Central Plains People's Liberation Army and East China People's Liberation Army.
(4) Center: Xuzhou
(5) Significance: It laid the foundation for the liberation of Jiangnan provinces. (The largest scale and the most fruitful results)
4. Battle of Peiping and Tianjin
(1) Time: 1948 1 1 month? 1949 1 month
(2) Participating troops: Northeast People's Liberation Army and North China People's Liberation Army.
(3) peaceful liberation of Peiping (Fu is a national hero).
(4) Significance: The victory of Ping Jin Campaign basically liberated the whole of North China.
5. The significance of victory in the three major battles:
The victory of the three major battles wiped out and reorganized more than1500,000 Kuomintang troops, and the main force of the Kuomintang army was basically eliminated, greatly accelerating the victory of the national people's liberation war.
6. Battle of crossing the river
(1) Time: 65438+April 0949
(2) Nanjing Liberation: 1949 On April 23rd, the People's Liberation Army occupied Nanjing, which marked the collapse of the Kuomintang regime that unified China for 22 years (1927- 1949). (The remnants of the Kuomintang retreated to Taiwan Province Province, forming a situation in which Taiwan Province Province has been separated from the mainland of the motherland.)
Lesson 19 The Development of Modern National Industry in China
1. Champion industrialist Zhang Jian
Put forward? Industry saves the country? Slogan, founded a series of enterprises such as Sheng Da cotton mill.
2. The tortuous development of national industry:
(1) Five stages:
A. Since the Westernization Movement, the national industry has sprouted, but it is difficult to survive and develop due to the feudal system; B. The success of the Revolution of 1911 impacted the feudal system, and various industrial groups appeared one after another.
C during the first world war, the imperialist countries were busy with the war and temporarily relaxed their plunder of China's economy, so China's national industry got development opportunities and entered? Golden age? .
D. After World War I, the imperialist economic forces made a comeback, especially Japanese imperialism, which made the national industry frustrated again.
E. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, due to the civil war launched by the Kuomintang and the oppression of bureaucratic capitalism, the national industry failed to recover well.
(2) The national industry is difficult because it is oppressed by imperialism, feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism.
(3) The characteristics of national industrial development in China:
A. The overall level is relatively backward (due to the oppression of three mountains)
B. Uneven development (as shown below)
From the perspective of industry, it is mainly concentrated in the field of light industry.
The development between regions is also very uneven. The national industries in coastal cities along the Yangtze River are relatively developed, but the vast inland areas are very weak.
★ Lesson 20 Changes in Social Life
1. Technology changes life
(1) Ships and trains enter the port:
/kloc-at the beginning of the 0/9th century, ships and trains were invented in the west. Later, it was introduced to China one after another, which greatly accelerated people's travel speed and promoted the circulation of goods.
(2) Introduction of telegrams, photos and movies:
/kloc-in the 1970s of 0/9, China began to establish wired telegrams. Since modern times, photography and movies have also been introduced to China, enriching people's spiritual life.
2. Changes in etiquette:
After the Revolution of 1911, the government of the Republic of China promulgated decrees such as editing and changing clothes, and abolished humiliating worship ceremonies. Master? 、? My Lord. Instead, a title like this? Sir? 、? Jun? An equal.
★ Lesson 2 1, Lesson 22 Science and Technology and Ideology and Culture
1. Modern famous scientists
(1) Railway engineer? Zhan Tianyou: The Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway is the first railway trunk line designed and built by China people themselves. In order to ensure driving safety, he designed? People? Zigzag orbit.
(2) the famous chemist? Hou: He uncovered the mystery of making alkali and wrote a book "Making Alkali". His method of making alkali was named? Hou Shi soda ash process? .
2. Thinkers who open their eyes to see the world
(1) A thinker during the Opium War? Yuanwei
Advocate the establishment of factories to manufacture ships, guns and civilian industries; Learn western training methods and equip the army with new weapons. He compiled a book called Atlas of the Sea and Countries, which systematically introduced the history and geography of Southeast Asia, Europe and America, and explained the purpose of writing this book. Control foreigners like foreigners? .
(2) Enlightenment thinkers during the Reform Movement of 1898? Yan fu
Advocate imitating the west and carrying out reform and change. What does his translation of Evolution explain? Natural selection, survival of the fittest, The world must move forward and the future will be better than today? A progressive view. At that time, China encouraged the intellectuals to explore the advanced western society, and also cracked down on the feudal diehard forces.
3. Shi Jing University Auditorium
Founded in the Reform Movement of 1898, it was the highest institution of higher learning established by the first country in modern China, and it was also an important achievement left by the Reform Movement of 1898. 19 12 was changed to Peking University, which became the center of the New Culture Movement and the birthplace of the May 4th Movement.
4. The abolition of the imperial examination system
1905, the Qing government announced the abolition of the imperial examination system that had been used for more than 300 years. (Originated in the period of Yang Di)
5. Literature and art
(1) Lu Xun's representative works include Diary of a Madman and Kong Yiji in the vernacular.
(2) Xu Beihong is a painter who is famous for painting horses. His masterpiece is A Mountain of Yugong.
(3) Nie Er's masterpiece is March of the Volunteers.
(4) Xian Xinghai's masterpiece is the Yellow River Chorus with the theme of anti-Japanese.
The eighth grade history review outline Volume I Unit 5 Victory of the People's Liberation War
I. Three major battles
1, background:
(1) After two years of heroic efforts, the People's Liberation Army wiped out more than two million Kuomintang troops.
(2) The main forces of the Kuomintang army are shrinking around strategic places such as Shenyang, Beiping and Xuzhou.
(3) The main battle is ripe.
2. Time: September 1948 to 10/949.
3. Major campaigns: Liaoshen, Huaihai and Ping Jin.
4. Overview:
The name of the campaign leads to the important achievements (or significance) of the participating troops.
Liaoshen Campaign Lin Biao Luo Ronghuan Northeast People's Liberation Army captured Jinzhou, liberated Changchun, conquered Shenyang and liberated the whole Northeast.
Liu Bocheng and Chen Yi in Huaihai Campaign
Deng Xiaoping Suyu
Tan Zhenlin Zhongyuan Liberation Army
And laid the foundation for the liberation of the provinces south of Changfa.
Luo Ronghuan, Lin Biao, the Battle of Ping Jin
Nie northeast people's liberation army
And the North China People's Liberation Army conquered Zhangjiakou, Tianjin and other places, peacefully liberated Beiping and liberated North China.
5. Importance:
(1) The main force of the Kuomintang army was basically eliminated;
(2) greatly accelerated the victory of the national people's liberation war.
Second, the battle of crossing the river.
1, date:1April 949.
2. Person: China People's Liberation Army.
3. Results:
(1) The defense line of the Kuomintang on the Yangtze River collapsed instantly.
(2)1On April 22nd, 949, Nanking was liberated and the Kuomintang regime that ruled China for 22 years collapsed.
★ Third, the reasons for the rapid victory of the People's Liberation War
1. The civil war launched by the Kuomintang is unpopular.
2, China * * * production party under the leadership of Mao Zedong, this strategic decision is correct. (such as the counterattack of war forces, strategic decisive battle, crossing the river, etc.). At the right time)
3. The heroic actions of the People's Liberation Army.
4. People's support for the People's Liberation Army. (For example, what was the victory of Huaihai Campaign? People's liberation was pushed out by car? )
5. Combination of military offensive and political means. (e.g. peaceful liberation of Peiping)
Unit 6 Economic and Social Life
First, Zhang Jian runs the industry.
1, Zhang Jian's life: Nantong, Jiangsu, the top scholar in the late Qing Dynasty.
2. The purpose of Zhang Jian's enterprise is to save the interests of China.
3. Zhang Jian's slogan:? Industry saves the country? .
4. Main industries founded by Zhang Jian: Sheng Da Cotton Mill and other enterprises.
5. Zhang Jian's entrepreneurial situation:
During the First World War, imperialism temporarily relaxed its oppression on China's national capital, and Sheng Da cotton mills and other enterprises got further development. However, the good times did not last long. After the war, imperialism once again dumped a large amount of cotton and cotton cloth in China, and the products of cotton mills were forced to be sold at reduced prices, making ends meet. They were heavily in debt and were finally merged.
Second, the tortuous development of China's modern national industry
1, development stage:
(1) Germination: Westernization Movement to the Late Qing Dynasty
(2) The Golden Age: During the First World War.
⑶ Withering and shrinking: from World War I to before the founding of New China.
2. Development reasons: (1) the influence of western large machinery production on China;
(2) The success of the Revolution of 1911 impacted the feudal system;
(3) Imperialism temporarily relaxed its economic plunder of China during World War I;
(4) the efforts of industrialists.
3. Obstruction reasons: (1) imperialist plunder;
(2) the obstruction of feudalism;
(3) the oppression of bureaucratic capitalism.
4. Features: (1) Generally speaking, it is relatively backward;
(2) From the perspective of industry, it is mainly concentrated in the field of light industry;
(3) Regional development is also uneven. The national industries in coastal cities along the Yangtze River are relatively developed, while the vast inland areas are relatively weak.
(4) Development is difficult and tortuous.
Unit 7 Science and Technology and Ideology and Culture
1. The first railway built by the people of Zhan Tianyou and China (Jingzhang Railway)
1. Commencement time: 1905.
2. Chief Engineer: Zhan Tianyou.
3. Unique and innovative design: People? Zigzag track (benefits: ensure driving safety)
4. Opening time of the whole line: 1909.
5. Historical position: The first railway trunk line designed and built by bicycles in China.
Second, Wei Yuan and Atlas of the Sea.
1, Years of Life: Opium War.
2. Ideas:
(1) advocate the establishment of factories, the manufacture of ships, guns and civilian industries;
(2) learn from western training methods and equip the army with new weapons;
(3) Strongly criticize the closed-door policy, regard western science and technology as complacency and backwardness of feudal die-hards? Weird skills and cunning Those stupid words should be severely criticized.
3. Outstanding contribution: In order to learn from foreigners and learn from them, I compiled an Atlas of Sea Countries.