In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the imperial court further strengthened its control over folk handicrafts, especially mining, porcelain making, textile, salt making, tea making and other industries, which were restricted and constantly exploited and plundered. The Ming court repeatedly banned private mining of coal, iron, copper and other minerals. And in the porcelain industry, the "official burning people" is implemented, that is, the porcelain products originally fired by the official kiln are handed over to the people's kiln for firing, but the bid is extremely low. If the firing fails, the folk kilns will pay compensation, which will lead to the bankruptcy of many folk kilns. In the textile industry, the collar weaving system is implemented, and the government gives the machine operators money, grain or silk to weave, and the weaving pays the officials. However, "more deductions and more profits are cut in the late stage of each issue, and the market is surging" (1), the mechanic went bankrupt due to losses. In the Ming Dynasty, the monopoly system of salt and iron was also implemented, and businessmen were not allowed to sell salt and iron privately. In addition, the Ming court strictly implemented the policy of maritime prohibition, prohibiting businessmen from conducting maritime trade. However, there are many commercial barriers in China, and exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous fees are a dime a dozen. "Taxes on licensed goods are counted as ships and cars; Goods are taxed and counted as Lushe; Rice, wheat, rice and millet are also taxed; Chicken and dolphins, meat is also taxed; Cattle, donkeys and mules are taxed as one animal. Search fifteen counties, covering one hundred and sixteen counties ". The restriction and exploitation of private handicrafts by>& gt* * * greatly hindered the social and economic development. In addition, during Jiajing and Qianlong years, the decadent ruling group made the national treasury increasingly empty and the financial crisis of the imperial court intensified. & gt& gt From the 24th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1596), in order to get rid of the financial crisis of making ends meet, Zongshen sent a large number of eunuchs to serve as mine supervisors and tax envoys, and made expeditions to various places. Taxes set up checkpoints especially in important towns, main roads and water and land main roads, and levy business tax. "Land and water line Wan Li, that is, build a flag. Those who regard businessmen as cowards are arrogant and out of stock. The loaded luggage was also searched. It also established the name of local merchants, and the poor village debuted, and rice and salt chickens were taxed. " . The tax authorities also sent their minions to intercept passing ships on the Yangtze River and impose taxes, so that a ship sailing three or four hundred miles has to pay taxes five or six times. Only the canal from Linqing to Jining, which is about 400 miles long, has an "overlapping sign". The mine supervisor even falsely accused him of stealing mines in the name of mining when he saw a "rich man". A beautiful house on fertile land means that you think there is a vein under it, leading to a round-up, humiliating women and even breaking people's hands and feet. They tore down houses, dug fertile fields and dug graves, and did everything they could. & gt& gt Mine supervisors and tax supervisors "suck the marrow and drink the blood", which greatly damaged the development of industry and commerce, and made the world miserable. (5) A large number of industrial and commercial people went bankrupt and shops closed down. For example, there were more than 160 original cloth shops in Hexi Affairs, and as many as 130 closed down. There were 32 original silk and satin shops in Linqing, Shandong Province, and 2 1 shop closed down; Seventy-three cloth shops and forty-five closed down; The grocery store is closed. It can be seen that "paying taxes by yourself is much more troublesome, and wealthy businessmen are bound by twelve or three." Moreover, the tax revenue is increasing, and wealthy businessmen are bound feet 16, 17. "⑦. Businessmen are trapped, business is sluggish, and the tax revenue of * * * is also greatly reduced. In the twenty-fifth year of Wanli (1597), only local tax cards such as Chongwenmen, Hexi Affairs, Linqing, Jiujiang and Huai 'an were able to collect more than 407,500 yuan a year, and by the twenty-ninth year of Wanli (160 1), it was reduced to 266,820 yuan. The blackmail of the>& gt mine supervisor and tax supervisor has greatly damaged the interests of businessmen and citizens, causing resistance from craftsmen and small and medium-sized businessmen. In some places, the struggle between industrialists and businessmen for armed exploitation of minerals and armed trafficking in illicit salt and tea eventually developed into a larger-scale struggle against mine supervision and tax supervision. In the 24th year of Wanli (1596), eunuch Chen Fengling was ordered to collect taxes from Huguang Mining. The supervisor in the mine "abused at will", raped and plundered, and did all kinds of evil. If something goes wrong, officials will be whipped or even robbed during the day, "prepare for the worst." In just two years, he searched in Huguang area and found "Jinbao Wealth". Businessmen in Huguang hated their behavior and revolted for more than ten times. In the twenty-seventh year of Wanli (1599), Chen Feng went to Jingzhou to collect taxes again, and still increased taxes at will, thus "robbing the bank". Thousands of citizens gathered and threw stones at them. Chen Feng fled Wuchang in panic. The following year, Chen Feng continued to collect taxes in Wuchang, and once again took the opportunity to blackmail. * * * women were bullying. Angry Wuchang citizens launched a series of "people's uprisings" against Chen Feng. More than 60 thousand businessmen surrounded his public office. After being rescued by the local government, Chen Feng took bloody revenge on Wuchang businessmen in the 29th month of Wanli (160 1), which caused the officers and men to "raise rockets and burn houses". The people angered by his atrocities rose again, and tens of thousands of people once again surrounded his people's fears, scaring him into hiding in the palace of Chu. The merchants couldn't catch Chen Feng, so they tied up their minions and threw them into the river. The resistance of Wuchang merchants finally forced the Ming court to withdraw Chen Feng in April. & gt& gt Twenty-seven years of Wanli (1599), an anti-tax struggle broke out in Matang, Linqing, Shandong Province. Taxes made Ma Tang and his minions run amok in Linqing. "The daytime is a thoroughfare, and the rich are rich, earning half; Servant wife, negative business, take it straight. " Ma Tang was originally a tax supervisor in Tianjin and was also in charge of Linqing tax. During his seven years in Shandong, he collected more than1562,000 yuan in taxes every year, but only 782,000 yuan was turned over to the court. In the meantime, the amount of concealed taxes reached1300,000 yuan. He caught hundreds of local ruffians and hooligans as his minions in Linqing, and robbed them during the day. "It's all forbidden crimes." What Ma Tang and his gang did caused "most people are bad" and participated. Unbearable, Linqing citizens "went on strike far and near", and the "Kuang Zhinv" dynasty left more than 10,000 people to besiege Matang, set fire to the tax office, and killed 37 slaves of the tax office. Afterwards, the government searched for important criminals in Linqing, and many people were implicated. Wang Chaozuo stepped forward and died heroically before his execution. & gt& gt Twenty-nine years of Wanli (160 1), the struggle against tax supervision of Sun Long also broke out in Suzhou. Sun Long and his entourage, including Jianjie Huang, Tang Xin, and Procedural, set up "five customs" in front of Suzhou and levied business tax at will, which made "Wuzhong's turnover thinner and thinner, and the opportunities for weavers less and less", and weavers who took weaving as their profession were in an embarrassing situation of "no way out". Sun Long and his gang were not satisfied, and then agreed that every loom in the city would be a cashier in San Qian; It is also stipulated that every craftsman who leaves the market should get two points of silver. After the promulgation of this law, "all machinists stopped knitting" and the machinists "starved to death". On the third day of June, more than 2,000 angry young weavers, led by Ge Xian, took an oath in Suzhou Xuanmiaoguan, saying that "I want to suppress chaos for the people of Wu", saying that "I would rather die than save this side" and put forward the slogan of "No killing (tax) sticks, no chasing grandchildren forever". Rebel citizens made a strict discipline, killing a person without getting a penny. Ge Xian used a banana fan to direct the citizens, killed Tang Xin, Sun Long's minions, destroyed the tax office, and forced the Suzhou government to hand over Sun Long. They also killed many tax collectors, set fire to more than ten places in Fuhao's house, and posted notices everywhere in the suburbs: "Tax collectors are rampant and the people are in dire straits. We will uphold justice for the people and eliminate pests. " Faced with the resistance of the citizens, Sun Long was scared to hide everywhere. Finally, under the protection of the local government, he sneaked out of Suzhou and fled to Hangzhou. The Ming court was afraid of the further expansion of the situation and had to replace Sun Long. & gt& gt In Huguang, Linqing, Suzhou and other places, struggles against mine supervision and tax supervision broke out one after another, forming a struggle against the tyrannical rule of the late Ming Dynasty, which soon spread to other areas, forming a large-scale struggle against mine supervision and tax supervision. & gt& gt In September of the 30th year of the Wanli reign of the Ming Dynasty (1602), the porcelain kiln workers broke out in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province, against the tax supervision of Pan Xiang. More than 10,000 porcelain workers rose up and rebelled against the tyranny of the tax inspector, setting fire to the imperial kiln, killing Pan Xiang's minion Lu Taishou, and Pan Xiang himself was beaten and injured by Confucianism. & gt& gt In the 31st year of Wanli (1603), eunuch Chao was in charge of Xishan Coal Mine in Beijing (now Beijing). Relying on the power of the mine supervisor, he extorted money from the private kiln. Wang Dajing, the owner of the folk kiln, negotiated with Wang Chao and others on behalf of the kiln owner, but was arrested. This action aroused the boycott of kiln owners and kiln workers. Kiln workers and coal haulers marched in Beijing, * * *, "People in short coats blocked the streets and held back their grievances". This struggle directly threatened the imperial court in Beijing, and Ming Di had to take back the dynasty. & gt& gt In the thirty-fourth year of Wanli (1606), the struggle against the supervision of Yang Rong by mining tax broke out in Yunnan. The rebels killed Yang Rong and threw their bodies into the fire. & gt& gt In addition, businessmen and citizens in Xi 'an, Xinhui, Xianghe, Fuzhou and other places also launched a struggle against mine supervision and tax supervision. The struggle lasted from beginning to end until the end of the Ming Dynasty. It echoed the peasants' struggle against the decadent and dark rule of the Ming Dynasty, which seriously impacted the rule of the Ming Dynasty and accelerated the collapse of the Ming Dynasty. & gt& gt Note >>① Selection of inscriptions in Jiangsu Province since Ming and Qing Dynasties. & gt& gt② The disadvantages of tax collection in Chronicle of the Ming Dynasty (Volume 65). & gt& gt③④ Records of grain commodities in Ming History (Volume 80). & gt& gt(5) Ming History Volume 305 Chen Zengchuan. & gt& gt6. Ming Shenzong Records, Volume 376. & gt& gt⑦ Integration of Ancient and Modern Books, Food Code, Volume 23 1 Miscellaneous Tax. & gt& gt⑧ ⑨ Ming History Volume 305 Biography of Chen Feng. & gt& gt⑩ attending Ming History Volume 305 Chen Zengchuan Attached. & gt& gt "A Record of Ming Shenzong" Volume 361. & gt& gt Jiang Yihua: Romance of West Taiwan, Volume IV. & gt& gt A Record of Ming Shenzong, Volume 380.