Brief introduction of Wagner and Nietzsche

Wilhelm Richard Wagner

Wilhelm richard wagner (1865438+May 22, 2003-65438+February 65438,0883) is a German composer. He is an important figure in the history of German opera. The former inherited Mozart's and Beethoven's opera traditions, and the latter opened the trend of post-romantic opera creation, followed by Richard Strauss. At the same time, due to the complexity of his political and religious thoughts, he became the most controversial figure in the history of European music.

Born in Leipzig, Wagner received perfect music training since childhood and was very interested in music and drama. Later, he studied composition at the University of Leipzig, dropped out of school, and was hired as the chorus conductor of the Wirz Opera House. He devoted his life to opera creation and made great contributions to the development of German opera. 1On February 3rd, 883, the composer died in Vendramin Palace.

In Wagner's time, Germans generally thought that German was not elegant enough, and Italian and French operas prevailed inside and outside the court, emphasizing the gorgeous musical skills and ignoring the dramatic content. Therefore, Wagner put forward the slogan of "Musical Drama", advocated the creation of opera with the aim of paying equal attention to music and drama, suggested that composers should personally participate in script creation, and thought that the theme of opera should only be suitable for music processing. He raised the status of the orchestra, which used to only appear in the prelude or overture, to the extreme, making it the pillar of unifying the whole play. Another obvious reform lies in the dominant motivation in his musicals. In fact, no matter in the past or in modern times, composers will use explicit motivation in their works. But Wagner is different from them. He systematically used the dominant motivation and combined several dominant motivations through polyphony. It can be said that the dominant motive network compiled by the extremely concentrated plot covers the whole drama, making the written language and music language perfectly combined, which is an accurate and simple subtext. In addition, there is almost no division in his music, the use of brass music is more free and flexible, the emotional meaning is expressed by the band in melody and sound, the vocal part floats on the surface of the orchestral flow, and there is no obvious difference between recitation and aria. Wagner's opera reform mainly started with Tristan and isolde. The performance of this opera in Munich on 1865 marked the beginning of a new dialect in the western world music language and the disintegration of the tonality system. Since then, "Wagner style" has become an advanced and non-traditional vocabulary in opera or general music.

Many people want to mention Wagner's thoughts when listening to his music. Of course, the musician's own personality and thoughts have a great influence on his works, but it is a pity to pay too much attention to his thoughts to appreciate his works. It is said that Hitler once had Wagner's works specially played for him in Bayreuther. At that time, he was moved to tears and wanted to hold hands with the genius of the last century. The Nazis distorted some ideas in Wagner's works to beautify their crimes, but this cannot be a reason to accuse Wagner's music. In his youth, Wagner's thoughts mainly tended to be "Germany". Influenced by Feuerbach and bakunin, he wrote many fanatical and radical articles and even took part in the revolution in Dresden. 1848 After the failure of the European bourgeois revolution, Wagner gradually accepted Schopenhauer's pessimism and Nietzsche's superman theory, and later Gobinaud's Germanic descent theory. In his later years, Wagner was also influenced by religious mysticism. Wagner and Nietzsche used to be very close friends, and their friendship lasted for ten years. When Wagner changed his music style, Nietzsche broke up with him, saying that he was a sly man and that listening to his concerts made people crazy. 18781On October 3rd, Wagner dedicated parsifal to Nietzsche. Nietzsche wrote the last letter to Wagner and returned his new book "Human Nature, Too Human Nature". 1888, Nietzsche wrote Wagner Incident and Nietzsche to Wagner, formally expressing his views on this old friend.

Here, it is worth mentioning Wagner's worship of women in his musicals. For many years, Wagner has always believed that there are two qualities in women: redemption and destruction. This contradiction makes the female images he portrays usually complex, heroic soprano, with great pain. This is reflected in his musicals, such as Elizabeth in Deng Hou's House, isolde in Tristan and isolde, brunhild who devoted herself to love in The Ring and the fable woman Kondri in parsifal.

Wagner's musical skills and dramatic ideas deeply influenced all kinds of arts in the 20th century. The film art, in particular, was most inspired by Wagner.

It is worth mentioning that Israel has always had an informal ban because of Wagner's anti-semitism and Nazi reasons. Wagner's works have never been staged in Israel, but they have been loosened in recent years.

List of representative works:

musical

Fairy (Finn 1833-34, Super 1888)

Forbidden love

Li (First Lady of China, 1837-40, 1842)

Wandering Dutch (Der Fliegende Holl? National Bureau of Statistics, 1843)

Tang Haoshe (Tannhāeuser, 1845)

Lohengreen (Lohengreen, 1850)

Tristan and isolde (1865)

The famous singer in Nuremberg (Die Meistersinger Von Nürnberg, 1868).

Nibelungen's Ring (1876)

Rhine gold (Rhine gold, 1854)

Valkyria (tel: 1856)

Siegfried (Siegfried, 187 1)

The twilight of the gods (g? tterd？ Mullen, 1874)

Parsifal (parsifal, 1882)

Orchestral arrangement

Overture adaptation of Gluck's opera Iphigenia in the tropics

orchestral music

Symphony in c major

Faust overture

song

Five songs by Wei Sen Tanker.

friedrich wilhelm nietzsche

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844 10 year 10/5-1August 25th, 900) is a famous German philosopher and thinker. Nietzsche was a linguist at first, and later as a philosopher or a free thinker, many of his works contain modern psychology. He is a poet and philosopher full of rebellious spirit. He strongly criticized the western traditional Christian culture, denied the traditional Christian moral system, advocated reassessing all values, and even put forward the proposition of superman and eternal reincarnation, eager to establish a brand-new and powerful ideological and cultural system. In essence, Nietzsche is a nihilist, but the difference between him and Schopenhauer, the spiritual mentor of his youth, is that he is eager to find a meaning in this nihilistic world, or to create a meaning of existence, so as to affirm the value of human existence. His thought laid the foundation for later existentialism and was regarded as one of the pioneers of existentialism. However, because some of Nietzsche's ideas were too extreme and powerful, they were later used by the Nazis and labeled as "Nazi philosophers". As he himself wrote in the book, any greatness will be misunderstood.

Nietzsche's chronology

1844, Nietzsche was born in Rocken, a small village in Saxony, Prussia. His father is a Christian Lutheran priest. Nietzsche thought he was of Polish aristocratic descent and was proud of it.

1846 In July, my sister Elizabeth Nietzsche was born.

1849, Nietzsche's father died.

1850, he moved to Naumburg-sur-Salle.

From 65438 to 0864, he entered Bonn University to study theology and classical linguistics.

From 65438 to 0865, Nietzsche entered Leipzig University to study classical linguistics and began to get in touch with Schopenhauer's philosophy. These thoughts later became the starting point of Nietzsche's philosophical thinking.

From 65438 to 0868, I first met Wagner, who was a good friend of Nietzsche in his youth.

From 65438 to 0869, Nietzsche, who was only 25 years old, was hired as a professor of classical linguistics in university of basel.

1870, promoted to full professor. In August, the Franco-Prussian War broke out, and he volunteered to join the army and retired due to injury.

1879, Nietzsche resigned from his teaching post in university of basel, started a wandering career for ten years, and entered the golden age of creation.

1882, travel to Italy. Have you been introduced? Salome met. In May, The Science of Happiness was completed and published. In the same month, he proposed to Salome and was rejected.

1883, he began to write the first part of Zarathustra. In July, I started writing the second part of Zarathustra.

1884, he wrote the third part of Zarathustra in Venice. 165438+ He has been writing the fourth part of Zarathustra since October.

1889, Nietzsche, who had been misunderstood for a long time, couldn't stand the long loneliness in the streets of Turin, hugged the neck of a horse abused by a groom, and finally lost his mind.

Nietzsche fell ill at Weimar's home from 65438 to 0897. His mother died of illness and was taken to live in Weimar, a famous cultural city by her sister Elizabeth Nietzsche.

1900, Nietzsche died in Weimar at the age of 55. Buried in a church in my hometown of Rocken.

affect

The influence of Nietzsche's works on later generations is undoubtedly enormous. His thought has a strong impact, subverting the moral thought and traditional values of western Christianity and revealing the spiritual crisis that human beings must face after God's death. Jaspers said that Nietzsche and Kierkegaard brought a pleasure to western philosophy, and the ultimate significance of this pleasure has not been evaluated. A whole generation of thinkers and artists in the early 20th century found ideas and images that inspired their creation in Nietzsche's works. Jaspers, Sartre, Heidegger, Foucault and Derrida are all philosophers deeply influenced by Nietzsche's thought, and countless writers are directly influenced by him: Zweig, thomas mann, Bernard Shaw, Hesse, Rilke, Gide and Lu Xun.

Main work

1872: the birth of tragedy (Die Geburt der Trag? Mould)

1876: Unzeitgem？ sse Betrachtungen)

1878- 1880: human nature is too human (Menschliches, Allzumenschliches).

188 1: sunrise (Die Morgenr? te)

1882: happy science (Die fr? hliche Wissenschaft)

1883- 1885: Zarathustra said (also known as Sprak Zarathustra)

1886: the other side of good and evil (Jens von Gutenberg b? se)

1887: About Moral Pedigree

1887: the twilight of idols (g? Hey? Moran)

1888: Defor Wagner

1895: antichrist