Li Zicheng (1September 22, 606-1May 645 17 or 1674), formerly known as Hongji, was a native of Mizhi, Shaanxi Province, and lived in Liqianji Village, Mizhi, one of the leaders in the late Ming Dynasty, and the emperor of Dashun regime.

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On April 2 1 day, Li Zicheng led 60,000 troops to fight against Wu Sangui, a general stationed in Shanhaiguan. War to April 22nd, Wu Jun gradually tired. Wu Sangui fell to Regent Dourgen of the Qing Dynasty, and the two armies jointly defeated Li Zicheng. Commander Liu Zongmin was injured and was ordered to retreat. On 26th (March1May), Li Zicheng fled to Beijing, with only 30,000 people, and angered and killed 34 Wu Sangui family members.

On the 29th (June 3rd), Li Zicheng ascended the throne again in Wuying Hall, with Li as the ancestor and Kao Yu as the emperor for seven generations. Made his wife high as the queen, and made Niu Jinxing perform suburban rituals. The next day, I fled to Xi 'an and retreated from Shanxi and Henan. Burn the Forbidden City and some buildings in Beijing before you leave.

Dourgen ordered Wu Sangui not to enter Beijing and directly pursued Li Zicheng's army. During World War I in Wang Du, south of Baoding, Dashun Army once hit the Qing army hard. On the second day of May, in Qingshui River in Dingzhou (now Dingzhou City, Hebei Province), Li Zicheng was defeated again, and General Gu Kecheng was killed. On the third day of May (June 7th), Dourgen's army entered Beijing, and immediately sent two armies, one led by Duoduo to attack Nanming, and the other led by Aziz to attack Li Zicheng's army.

Aziz and Wu Sangui crossed the river from Baode, broke through the northern line of the rebels, passed through Suide and Yan 'an, and reached Xi 'an. In July, Li Zicheng crossed the Yellow River and was defeated by Xi 'an. Soon, they gave up Xi 'an, passed Lantian and Shangzhou, and arrived at Wuguan. Because Hong Guang established the imperial court in Nanming, Dashun army retreated, and many former Ming generals who surrendered to Li Zicheng returned to Nanming or Qing Dynasty, Li Zicheng became more and more suspicious, and finally killed Yan Li and others, which caused people's distraction.

In December of the first year of Shunzhi (1644), the Qing army attacked Tongguan, and the Li Zicheng army lined up to meet. Because the main force and artillery haven't arrived yet, the Qing army insists on not fighting.

In the second year of Shunzhi (1645), the Qing army attacked Tongguan with red artillery, and Li Zicheng took the road of avoiding war. After Dengzhou and Xiangyang, they entered Hubei, "claiming to take Nanjing and go hand in hand with land and water", trying to unite Zuo Liangyu, the company commander of the Ming Dynasty in Wuchang, and Zuo Liangyu to enter Nanjing in the east and conquer Ma Shiying, the "Jun Qing side" of the Nanming court. Li Zicheng entered Wuchang in April, but was defeated by the Qing army.

In May, he was defeated in Jiangxi, and later in Nanjiugong Mountain, Tongshan County, Hubei Province, Li Zicheng sat on the latter with a small amount of troops, but Li's knife was sheathed with blood and mud, and Cheng's accomplices killed Li Zicheng's head with a shovel, and the body was unknown.

"A Brief Account of the Year of the Mouth" records that Li Zicheng was killed by villagers with hoes at Yuan Di Temple in Jiugongshan, Tongcheng County. After the rebels were killed in the battle, they were filled with grief and indignation and immediately swept through Jiugongshan area to retaliate against the local people. However, the Ming history records that Li Zicheng died in Tongcheng, Hubei (different from Tongshan). The rest of Dashun Army established Li Zicheng as the first emperor, his wife Gao as the queen mother, and elected Li Zicheng's third brother Li as the leader.

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Cotton-padded jacket, Jun Tian

"Farmland without food" is not only the uprising slogan of the peasant army, but also the political program. This policy objectively satisfied the people's desire for land, so the rebels won the support of the people. In the voice of "cutting the rich to help the poor" and distributing social wealth equally, the uprising team grew rapidly.

The growth of the rebel army is also directly related to the social environment in Shaanxi. During the years of Apocalypse and Chongzhen, Shaanxi suffered from drought year after year. Instead of allocating any money for disaster relief, the imperial court stepped up tax collection, increased levy and explored the micro-wealth. The people's desire to break this cruel status quo is very strong, and their enthusiasm for joining the uprising ranks is getting higher and higher.

Li Zicheng promptly adopted the advice of Yan Li, a counselor, and loudly put forward the slogans of "no food in the fields", "buy flats and sell flats" and "cut the rich to help the poor", which was very in line with the wishes of the people, and the rebels gained unprecedented momentum. ?

In terms of taxation, in addition to the above-mentioned main policies, the insurgents also have specific measures to develop the economy. First, the land annexed by the landlord should be returned to the farmers by the method that the landlord admits to farming, so that they can resume production as soon as possible. Second, actively help farmers improve their farming techniques, distribute labor tools such as cattle to farmers, and strive to develop agricultural production.

Third, the method of "giving money to help quit" should be adopted, and the number of abstinence depends on the official position of bureaucratic landlords in the Ming court. This policy not only hit the landlords and the rich, but also helped the poor. At the same time, it guarantees the expenses of the rebels. This is the gist of the policy of "land equalization". Fourth, open warehouses to help the people and save the people, so a large number of victims in Beijing, Shaanxi, Henan and Shandong can survive.

Li Zicheng's tax policy can be said to be popular. People are singing everywhere, "slaughter cattle and sheep, prepare wine pulp, open the city gate to meet the king, and when the king comes, he will not receive food." This is the people's solidarity with the insurgents and the most direct support for Li Zicheng's tax policy. Although the Li Zicheng Uprising failed in the end, the tax strategy defended by the insurgents and the desire to establish a reasonable social system still had a far-reaching impact on the tax thought.

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia-Li Zicheng