Nietzsche's thought reflected the demands and wishes of the monopoly bourgeoisie that was forming at that time. He condemned the liberal bourgeoisie, calling them mediocre people who stick to the rules and drag out an ignoble existence. He believes that it is necessary to deny the decline of western civilization influenced by rationalism, Christianity and humanitarianism, and advocate subjective fighting spirit and positive attitude towards life. He emphasized that evolution is a process in which strength will realize itself, and the purpose of life is to exert strength and expand itself. Advocating superman's philosophy, he thinks that superman is the creator of history, and he has the right to enslave the public, while ordinary people are just tools for Superman to realize his will to power. He opposed democracy, socialism and women's liberation movement, and even condemned it as a crime for doctors to save patients. It is argued that art is the expression of the will to power, and artists are highly self-expanding and self-expressing.
But Nietzsche did put forward new ideas. When Freud was brewing his psychoanalysis, he was surprised to find that Nietzsche had expressed his basic ideas. Jaspers, Heidegger and all existentialists regard Nietzsche as the person who opened the way for them. Many western writers are also deeply influenced by it. Nietzsche's theory indicates that western society has entered an era of fundamental changes in values. Therefore, it can be said that without understanding Nietzsche, it is impossible to understand our western philosophical thought, literary thought and social thought in this century.
1844 65438+1October 15 was born in Lutzen, Saxony, Prussia. For generations, they were Lutheran priests.
1849 On July 30th, my 5-year-old father died of encephalomalacia.
1850, when he was 6 years old, his family moved to Naumburg-on-Tyre.
1858 14 years old 10 months, studying at the puerta institute of higher education in the suburb of Nanpu.
1864 At the age of 20, 10 entered Bonn University to study theology and classical philology.
1865 2 1 year 10 months, transferred to Leipzig university. I read Schopenhauer's book The World of Will and Appearance for the first time.
22 years old, 1866 started working with Owen under Richmond? Owen Rhodes.
1867 When he was 23 years old, 10, he was recruited to the Nanmburg Artillery Wing. Fell off his horse and seriously injured his sternum.
1868 April 24 years old, discharged due to injury. 165438+1October 8th, the first time I met Gner.
1869 In February, at the age of 25, he was hired by university of basel as an additional professor of classical philology. In April, he lost his Prussian citizenship and became a Swiss. /kloc-In May of 0/7, I visited Wagner's home in Tolipson, Lucerne for the first time. On May 28th, he delivered an inaugural speech entitled Homer and Classical Literature in university of basel. Buckhart (Jacob Buckhart).
1870 26 years old, promoted to full professor in March. In August, the Franco-Prussian War broke out, and he volunteered to join the army as a health soldier. Suffering from dysentery and diphtheria. /kloc-retired in June of 0/0 and returned to university of basel. Began to associate with the theologian Franz Waback.
187 1 27 years old, he wrote the birth of tragedy.
1872 28 years old 1 month, published the birth of tragedy. From February to March, he gave a speech in university of basel and published the Prospect of German Educational Facilities (first published as a legacy). In April, the Wagner family moved out of Tolstoy's den. In May, I met Wagner again at the groundbreaking ceremony of Beirut Festival Theatre.
1873, aged 29, published the first article "Deep Thinking on Seasons". Part of the text was published in Philosophy in the Age of Greek Tragedy (published as a manuscript for the first time after death).
30 years old, 1873, published the second and third articles of Deep Thinking of Seasons. When I first read the novel Red and Black by French writer Stendhal, I was shocked.
1875 3 1 year 10 months, first met musician Peter? ReterGast (real name HeinrichKoselitz).
In July, at the age of 32, 1876, I published the fourth article, Deep Thinking about Seasons. In August, Beirut Theatre staged its first commemorative drama. In September, with psychologist Paul? Plum (RaulRee) became promiscuous and her condition deteriorated. Due to illness, university of basel asked for leave to give a lecture. Winter, with Paul? Lee and Mei Sen Berg are both in Sotlin. 65438+1October165438+1October made the last interview with Wagner in Sotelin. Wrote the original memorandum of human nature, too human.
1877, aged 33, returned to Basel in September and resumed teaching at the university.
1877 The friendship with Wagner ended at the age of 34. On October 3rd, 65438/kloc-0, Wagner presented rare. In May, the first article of Human Nature, Too Human Nature was published; In my last letter to Wagner, I attached a book entitled "Human Nature, Too Human Nature".
1879 35 years old seriously ill. Resign from the chair of university of basel. The second part of "Human Nature, Too Human Nature" was published in the first half.
1880, aged 36, published The Wanderer and His Shadow, which was later published as The Second Half of Human Nature. In spring, I first arrived in Geneva and spent the winter in Geneva in June, 5438+00.
188 1 37 years old 1 month to complete Dawn, published in June, in Sears in July? Maria spent the summer in August, from which the idea of "eternal flow" came into being. 165438+1On October 27th, I first heard Bizet's Carmen in Geneva.
188 1 year-1882 wrote the science of happiness, which was published in the same year.
1882-1888 tries to convert the value of everything.
1882 38 years old in March, traveling to Sicily. Since April, huh? Lofty and beautiful communication. In May, Diefroliche Wissenschaft was published. 1 1 months later, I will spend the winter in Laboro.
1In February of 883, Wagner, aged 39, died of illness. He wrote his first book, Zarathustra, which was published in June. In July, he wrote the second part of Zarathustra. 65438+ February, winter in Nice.
1884, 40 years old, 1 month, in Venice, he wrote the third part of Zarathustra. August Stein visited Nietzsche. Since June 1 1, I have been writing the fourth part of Zarathustra (published privately in June 1885) and read Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment, which was deeply moved.
1885 4 1 year old wrote the transcendence of good and evil.
1886 42 years old, May-June, in Leipzig and Owen? Rod made the last interview. In July, Transcendence of Good and Evil was published.
1In July, 886, at the age of 43, he completed the Moral Genealogy, which was published privately in 1654381October. 165438+1October 1 1, for Owen? Rod's last letter.
1888, 44 years old, 1 month, I didn't know Kierkegaard until the introduction of Danish literary historian Brands. I went to Turin for the first time in April. Brandes of the University of Copenhagen "German philosopher Friedrich Li Xi? Nietzsche's lecture ". From May to 8, he wrote Wagner Incident, which was published in September and Ode to Dionysus. From August to September, I wrote Twilight of Idol (published by 1889). I finished writing anti-Christ in September.1October 65438-1 1 I wrote it! This man wrote Nietzsche to Wagner in June and February, 5438, and published it in the complete works after his death.
1889, 45 years old, 65438+1early October, suffered a final blow in Turin and suffered a serious stroke. Schizophrenia attack, was sent to the psychiatric department of Jena University Hospital, and my mother came to take care of it.
1897 at the age of 53, my mother died of illness. I moved to Weimar with my sister and was taken care of by my sister day and night.
1900 56 years old, breathed his last breath in Weimar on August 25th, and was buried in his hometown of Loken on August 28th. Plato, Aristotle, Wibinoza, Kant, Schopenhauer and Hegel after his death are listed as immortal thinkers in the history of world philosophy.
Nietzsche's quotations
1 Since I am tired of pursuing, I learned to find it at once; Since a headwind hit, I have been able to resist the wind from all directions and set sail.
Many things have been abandoned by me, so they are regarded as arrogant by you; If you drink a lot in an overflowing glass, you will spill a lot of excellent wine, so don't doubt the quality of the wine.
3 "He sinks, he falls." You laugh at it again and again. You should know that he is superior to you. His happiness brings sorrow, but his light follows your darkness.
This man is struggling upward-he deserves praise! That man always comes down from a height. He is alive and gives up praise automatically. He comes from a high place!
Even the most conscientious person, the condemnation of conscience is powerless in the face of such feelings: "This or that thing is against social customs." The strongest people are also afraid of the coldness and contempt of others. He was educated among these people and for these talents. What is he afraid of? Fear of being isolated! This reason knocks down the best reason to be a man and do things! -our group naturally said.
We have created a world of life for ourselves, accepting all kinds of body, line, surface, cause, effect, movement, static, shape and meaning. Without these credible things, no one can persist in living! But those things have not been verified. Life is not an argument; Living conditions may not be right in the first place.
Where there is rule, there are people; Where there are masses, there is a need for servility; Where there is servility, there are few independent individuals; Moreover, this rare individual also has group intuition and conscience against individuals.
8 be careful! As soon as he meditated, he prepared a lie.
The greatest advantage of a great victory is to relieve the winner of his fear of failure. "Why can't I fail once?" He said to himself, "I have enough capital now."
10 He is poor now, not because others deprived him of everything, but because he abandoned everything. Why is this happening? -He's used to looking. The so-called poor are those who misunderstand that he is willing to be poor.
1 1 He is a thinker, which means that he is good at dealing with things simply-simpler than the things themselves.
12 The most difficult way to destroy something is to deliberately defend it with fallacies.
13 people regard inevitability as the cause of things, but in fact, it is often the fruit of things.
14 the wise man asked the fool, what is the road to happiness? A fool doesn't hesitate, just like someone asked him the way to a nearby city and replied, "Enjoy yourself and wander around." The wise man shouted, "shut up, you ask too much, and self-appreciation is enough!" " "The fool replied," how can you continue to appreciate it without consistent contempt? "
15 people either never dream or have interesting dreams; People should also learn to be sober: either they will never be sober or they will be funny.
PS: So Nietzsche advocates Dionysian spirit. The subtext of Dionysian spirit is: Even if life is a tragedy, we should play this tragedy to the fullest, and don't lose the magnificence and joy of the tragedy. The subtext of Apollo spirit is: Even if life is a dream, we should dream with relish and not lose the emotion and fun of the dream.
16 "Oh, I'm so greedy! What lives in this soul is not a selfless spirit, but an insatiable self. It seems that it is necessary to use the self that many people help him observe and grab, save all the self, and not lose all the self that belongs to him! "
"Oh, my greedy flame! How I wish to be reborn and become a hundred people! "
Who can't understand sigher with his own experience, and who can't understand the passion of the seeker.
PS: Rambo also said: I would like to be anyone.
Where there is a lack of will, there is an urgent need for faith. Will, as the emotion of command, is the most important symbol of autonomy and strength.
PS: In fact, Nietzsche himself could not resist the emptiness of unbelief, so he later said, "After I threw God out of the window, I tried to let him in through the back door of my life. Atheism is a bitter wine that needs a strong stomach to accommodate. " Of course, this does not mean that we need to return to the arms of religion. We can believe in ourselves-if we are qualified for you to worship!
18 You have no idea what you've been through, like running around in your life, getting drunk and sweating, and falling down the stairs. Luckily, you weren't hurt because you were drunk. Your muscles are weak and your brain is abnormal, so you think the stones on the stairs are not as hard as ours!
PS: Schopenhauer said: The higher the wisdom, the deeper the pain! Have the same effect. Holderlin also has a similar poem: the singer's soul must always bear, so concerned, whether he likes it or not, and others care.
19 suggestion: Is your goal to gain prestige? If so, please remember this creed: give up your reputation automatically, and be timely!
PS: Thalix also said: "The most difficult thing for smart people to get rid of is fame and fortune!" Not only is it the hardest to get rid of, it is simply impossible to get rid of! ! !
20 Voltaire! Humans! Idiot! Truth and the pursuit of truth are a bit difficult. If it is too human-just pursuing the truth for the sake of doing good, I bet it will get nothing!
2 1 If there are not so many humiliations to overcome on the road to knowledge, the charm of knowledge will be very small.
PS: Shame is almost brave! The only question is: Is this bravery worth encouraging?
People who despise themselves respect themselves as scorners.
Filling the stomach is the reason why people can't think of themselves as God so easily.
PS: Kierkegaard also said: Even if it is perfect, you still have to eat corn! Therefore, in order to survive, we often have to compromise with the outside world.
Those who fight monsters should beware of turning themselves into monsters. If you stare at the abyss for a long time, the abyss will stare at you.
The second part.
1 "Where there is the tree of knowledge, there is heaven"-the oldest and most modern poisonous snakes say so.
PS: Byron also said, "The tree of knowledge is not the tree of life." The deeper the metaphysical personal consciousness, the more painful it will be, and the more practical knowledge, the more bound people will be by rules and regulations. So Rousseau said in his rambling reverie, "I didn't acquire an admirable knowledge until my later years:' Ignorance is better than erudition'."
The will to overcome one emotion is only the will of another emotion or several other emotions.
All trust, all peace of mind and all evidence of truth are produced by feelings.
PS: Nietzsche is an irrationalist. He pays more attention to the irrational side of human beings than the rational side, so his philosophy is flesh and blood, unlike Hegel's cold abstract thinking, which is why I like Nietzsche.
Praise is more powerful than blame.
PS: We can resist others' blame, but it seems that no one will sincerely refuse others' praise.
5 people finally love their own desires, not what they want!
PS: It seems that this wise saying is not widely known. ...
The vanity of others, only when it is contrary to our vanity, will disgust us.
PS: Vanity is a person's "thing in itself" ...
People don't believe that smart people will do stupid things: people's rights have been lost to this extent!
People who are more alike and ordinary always have advantages, while people who are more outstanding, more elegant, more unique and more difficult to understand are often independent; They often die of accidents in loneliness and rarely survive.
Who doesn't want to look at a person's height, but just stare at the obviously low place on this person with wide eyes-who will completely expose himself.
A noble soul respects itself.
1 1 Wanderer, who are you? I see you walking alone, without ridicule or love. Your unfathomable eyes are as wet as a thread and you look sad. I just detected every depth and pulled it out of the water. It doesn't look satisfied-what is it looking for underwater? I never sigh on my chest, my lips cover up disgust, and one hand just clenches slowly: Who are you? What did you do? You have a rest here! Everyone is treated warmly here-refresh yourself! Who are you and what will make you happy at this moment? What will refresh you? Go ahead, as long as I have it, I will give it to you! "Let me refreshed? Save me? Hey, you're nosy, you've said enough! But give it to me, please ~ ~ ~ "Give you what? What? Say it! "Another mask! The second mask "
PS: Now I need a mask, too. ...
12 "Looking freely here, the spirit is extremely high". And another opposite person, at a certain height, has shown his own prospects. -But his eyes looked down.
13 every deep thinker is more afraid of being understood than misunderstood, which may hurt his vanity; But the former will hurt his heart and his compassion, and his heart will always say, "Why do you suffer like me?"
14 Keep a certain distance between people, which is the necessary living space for everyone to "self". A person who lacks "self" often doesn't know how to respect others' "self" and needs living space. You just want to experience and think about your pain alone. Your door is ringing, and there is an endless stream of sympathizers, drowning you and your pain in the noise of sympathy!
15 You respect me, but the person you respect will fall down one day. What will happen? Be careful not to let a statue column crush you.
PS: Man is something that should be surpassed. ...
16 The closer we get to the origin of things, the more boring things become to us.
17 Some people rule because they are willing to rule; Others rule because they don't want to be ruled by others-for them, rule is only the lesser of two evils.
18 I am on the road prescribed by fate/although I don't want to go this way/but I have no choice but to go this sad road/.
PS: Although Nietzsche advocated "superman" and "strong will", he actually knew that he was using "spiritual victory method". Nietzsche is really contradictory, but it is his contradiction that constitutes his richness! In fact, the person who truly sees through life, no matter how he treats life, is a pessimist at heart!
19 Another reason to live alone. A: "Now you are going back to your desert" B: "I am not a person who is eager to think; I have to wait for myself for a long time-water always refuses to gush from my self-fountain, and I often lose patience because of thirst. I retire to loneliness, so that I don't have to drink water in the public pool. When I live in a crowd, my life is just like their life, and my thoughts are not like my own; After living among them for a while, I always feel that everyone seems to be trying to make me leave myself and take my soul-I am angry with all of them and afraid of them. Therefore, in order to return to normal, I must enter the desert. "
Turn a deaf ear to wisdom. -If we listen to what others say about us all day, if we even speculate on what others think of us, then no matter how strong we are, we will not be spared! Because for others, only when they are better than us can we live with them; If we surpass them, if we just want to surpass them, they will not tolerate us! In short, let's get along with them in a rare spirit of confusion, and turn a deaf ear to all their comments, praises, condemnations, hopes and expectations, and don't even think about it.
2 1 Praise makes some people humble and others rude.
Never forget. The higher we fly, the smaller our image is in the eyes of people who can't fly.
23 for lonely people. If we can't respect the honor of others when we are alone, then we are not gentlemen.
Life is our panacea. If, like thinkers, we are in the constant torrent of thoughts and emotions every day, or even driven by them in our dreams, then we will be eager to devote ourselves to life in order to get peace and rest, while others, on the contrary, hope to leave life and meditate in order to get rest.
PS: For a long time, I was used to being a bystander, not a participant in life, which made me lose my passion. Therefore, it's time for me to devote myself to life.
There is no basis. You hate him and put forward a lot of reasons for this dislike-but I only believe your dislike and don't believe your reasons! By describing those instinctive behaviors as the result of rational thinking in front of you and me, you improve your position in your own mind.
The act of becoming moral is not moral in itself. There are various reasons that make people obey morality: servility, vanity, selfishness, gloomy enthusiasm, resignation or despair. Obeying morality is just like obeying a monarch. There is no morality in itself.
-Three parts.
1 God is dead
PS: I saw an advertisement for a church some time ago. The photo is all black, with only four words: Nietzsche is dead. ...
Superman is the ocean, and your great contempt will sink into the sea.
Man is a rope, connected between animals and superman-the rope hangs above the abyss.
Man is great because he is a bridge, not a destination.
PS: Life has no purpose, only a process, and the so-called ultimate purpose is nothingness.
Everyone has the same needs, everyone is the same. Anyone who thinks it's different will go to the madhouse.
PS: People with their own personalities will understand this sentence.
My soul is calm and bright, like the mountains in the morning. But they think I'm cold, a cynic with terrible jokes.
The existence of seven people is terrible and never meaningful: a prankster may be its bad luck. I want to teach people the meaning of existence. This is Superman, the lightning in the dark clouds.
For a strong and heavy spirit, there are many heavy things. This spirit contains awesome things: its strength needs to bear heavy loads, even the heaviest things.
A spirit capable of carrying all these heaviest things is like a camel, full of heavy things, heading for the wasteland. This is how the soul rushes into the wasteland. However, the second transformation took place in the lonely wasteland: the spirit became a lion, and it wanted to win freedom for itself and be the master of its own desert.
10 Don't bury your head on the beach of heaven or something, but let your head be free and let this earthly head create meaning for the world!
1 1 I learned to walk, so I let myself run; I learned to fly, so I can fly away on the spot instead of being pushed first. I am very comfortable now, I am flying, looking down, and now there is a god dancing inside me.
12 people are the same as trees. The more it wants to go higher and brighter, the more its roots will go down, into the soil, into the darkness, into the depths-into the evil.
13 When I reach the heights, I find myself always lonely. Nobody spoke to me, and the lonely winter days made me tremble. What do I want?
14 Even if you are gentle and kind to them, they still feel despised by you. They repay your kindness with hidden harm. Your wordless pride is always not to their taste; If you have ever been humble to vanity, they will be in heaven.
15 One day loneliness will make you tired, your pride will be distorted, and your courage will gnash your teeth. One day you will shout, "I am lonely!" " "
16 some people live alone just to avoid hooligans: he really doesn't want to drink well water and enjoy the fruit fire with hooligans. Some people go into the desert and die of thirst with wild animals, but they just don't want to sit by the sink with dirty camel drivers.
17 who is annoying? -What about the same wolf that all dogs hate? He is an unrestrained genius, a sworn enemy in chains, a noble scholar who refuses to worship and wanders around the nymphs.
18 I only love life in my heart-and, to be honest, when I hate it, I love it the most!
19 If you want a promotion, look up at the heights. Now that I'm promoted, I'll look down. Which one of you can laugh till you get promoted?
He who climbs the highest mountain jokes about all tragedies and sorrows and takes a serious attitude.
2 1 No one has my ears. What's the use of talking in a place like this! I came here too early.
PS: Nietzsche was indeed the forerunner of his time, crazy but true.
Oh, loneliness, you are my hometown! I have lived a savage life in a savage foreign land for too long, and it is impossible to come back to you without tears!
Who knows fear and conquers it, who sees the abyss and faces it proudly, who has the determination. Whoever sees the abyss with eagle eyes and grasps the cliff with eagle claws will have courage.
For more advanced people, your biggest disadvantage is that you don't learn to dance. People must dance-dance beyond themselves! Your failure is nothing! There are many things that may succeed! So you should learn to laugh at yourself! Hold high your people, excellent dancers, higher and higher! And don't forget to laugh loudly!
Whoever has too many ideas would rather turn himself into a fool.
Here, my biggest pain is loneliness ... this loneliness is attributed to the fact that individuals cannot reach common knowledge with the world.
In loneliness, you can get everything-except mental normality.
Love of wealth and love of knowledge are two forces that push the earth, one is strengthening, and the other is inevitably weakening.
My wisdom finally got rid of magic. I know less than Hamlet, and Socrates knows nothing! This is the ultimate truth: there is no truth, only the dying soul hangs painfully on the "cross" ...
If we always get to the bottom of it, then we will go to ruin.
The fearless thinker of 3 1 can experience the most painful tragedy; They respect life, because life is their biggest rival. ...
Beware of spirit: spirit will make us extremely lonely, and loneliness means no sense of obligation and restraint; Spirit corrupts our character. ...
Don't confuse unbelief with unbelief to the point where you can no longer believe in a world view. The latter situation is usually a precursor to a new belief.
What is art? This is prostitution.
Self-worship is a means to achieve poetic harmony of personality. We should coordinate personality and ability, and maintain and improve everything we have. The method is worship.
Stoicism has only one sacred thing, and that is suicide. ...
PS: Although Nietzsche later opposed Schopenhauer, he was actually pessimistic. He said, "I was full of confidence in my future until I remembered Schopenhauer-I broke up with him every morning and made up with him every night." He also said: "The only thing worth advocating in the world is complete nihilism in action."
Mediocrity is a mask of happiness that a conceited spirit can bear, because it prevents most people, that is, mediocre people, from thinking about pretending: he pretends only for mediocrity-yes, this often comes from sympathy and friendliness, in order not to offend them.
A natural spiritual aristocrat is not very diligent.
PS: Laziness is the ideal of genius, and laziness is the virtue of romantics. Therefore, I don't deny the correctness of Nietzsche's sentence. The remaining question is: Is this kind of person suitable for living in today's society?