1, "Mr. Fujino" is a retrospective essay written by Mr. Lu Xun and included in "Flowers in the Morning". This retrospective essay expresses the author's sincere memory of Mr. Fujino, and praises his integrity, enthusiasm, rigorous academic attitude and no narrow nation.
Supplement and revise the handout-be serious and responsible for academic rigor.
Correcting anatomical map-strict requirements for enthusiasm, sincerity and serious teaching.
Care about internship-integrity and enthusiasm without narrow national prejudice.
Understanding foot binding-the spirit of seeking truth from facts.
This paper describes the clue: the communication between "I" and Mr. Fujino (bright line).
The change of "I" patriotic feelings (dark line).
Students studying abroad in Qing Dynasty: unlearned, arty and decadent.
"Really beautiful": Irony expresses strong disgust and irony, and expresses the author's disgust, ridicule and contempt for them.
Twilight: Aroused Lu Xun's worries about home and country.
Mito: This is the place where Zhu Shunshui, an anti-Qing scholar with national integrity and patriotic enthusiasm, died.
Perhaps things are scarce: Lu Xun's bitterness as a weak country's people is also the embodiment of his strong national pride.
Harsh: The cheers of "Long live" greatly hurt Lu Xun's national pride.
The author of My Mother is a scholar Hu Shi. The article is selected from Autobiography of Hu Shi.
The article recalls the author's childhood and adolescence, and her mother grew up with strict requirements and deep love, expressing deep nostalgia and gratitude for her mother and praising her excellent character.
Mother: Kind and gentle, strict father loving mother, self-denial, tolerant and kind, very strong.
3. My first book was selected from "Cultural Celebrities' Schooldays" (the second volume). The author Han Niu's My First Book refers to the Chinese textbook for the first grade of primary school, which also shows the weight of this first book in my life. The first lesson in life includes the hardships of life, the warmth of the world, the friendship of classmates and the fun of going to school. "My first book" is also the narrative clue of this article.
The attitude of the author in writing the "first book": reverence and treasure.
Father: Knowledgeable, caring about children's learning, gentle and kind, understanding children, ready to help others, respecting children's friendship and being responsible for children.
4. "Leo? Tolstoy is excerpted from three writers. Zweig is an Austrian novelist and biographer. In Tolstoy's Portrait, the author not only shows us Tolstoy's unique appearance characteristics, but also reveals Tolstoy's profound spiritual world, which is full of the author's infinite reverence and praise.
5. "Rebuilding Life" is an excerpt from "If you give me three days of light", by Helen? Keller, an American woman writer, was blind and deaf because of illness since childhood. This paper describes Sullivan's superb educational art, and at the same time shows the author's thirst for knowledge and hard and happy life experience. Literally, "remoulding life" means "remoulding life and regaining life", but in this article, remoulding life means "the light of love shines on me". It turned out, "I was in that quiet and dark place.
6. Snow is selected from Lu Xun's prose poetry collection Weeds. The author's thoughts and feelings are expressed by praising the snow in the north. Although the peaceful and quiet beauty of the snow in the south of the Yangtze River can be liked, the higher beauty should be to dare to face the bleak life like the snow in the north and be sublimated in the fierce battle.
7. Lei Song is selected from Guo Moruo's historical drama Qu Yuan. This historical drama was written by Comrade Guo Moruo in Chongqing in 1942. By satirizing the present, it exposed the dark reality under the Kuomintang rule, attacked Chiang Kai-shek's reactionary rule, and conveyed the people's true will to oppose the Kuomintang rule. The selected text "Lei Song" is Qu Yuan's monologue in the second scene of the fifth act.
1), wind and lightning: a symbol of the power to change social reality.
2) Dongting Lake, East China Sea and Yangtze River: they symbolize the country and the people.
3) Tangible and intangible sword: Qu Yuan's sword (land division), the spirit of struggle and firm belief.
4), the group image of the wooden stalk of the earth puppet: the authorities and bureaucrats who are incompetent, ignorant, decadent, deceiving and confusing the people.
5) Island: symbolizing an ideal society.
8. The "day" and "month" in the two short essays are selected from the prose collection "Dragon? Tiger? Dog, written by Ba Jin. His main works are Riptide Trilogy (Home, Spring and Autumn) and Love Trilogy (Fog, Rain and Electricity).
Sun praised their heroic dedication to the pursuit of light and heat through two examples: "moths to the fire" and "praising their father every day", and expressed their fighting determination to die rather than surrender and drag out an ignoble existence in the cold and loneliness.
Through my feelings about Leng Yue's invasion, Moon describes the coldness and lifelessness of the real world and praises Heng E's dedication to changing the status quo.
9. Haiyan is a prose poem written by Gorky. His major works include the autobiographical trilogy Childhood, On Earth, My University, Novel Mother and the play Ordinary Citizen. Haiyan is a fantasy written by Gorky in March 190 1 year. Through the description of Haiyan's brave and joyful image when the storm comes, it profoundly reflects the rapidly developing revolutionary situation on the eve of 1905 Russian revolution, enthusiastically praises the brave and fearless fighting spirit of Russian proletarian revolutionary pioneers, and is an ode to proletarian fighting. Haiyan symbolizes the image of a pioneer of proletarian revolution who is brave, strong, optimistic, confident and dedicated. "Seagull, sea duck, penguin" symbolizes all kinds of selfish and cowardly pseudo-revolutionaries and non-revolutionaries; "Dark clouds and strong winds" symbolize strength.
10, Song is selected from Tears and Laughter by Lebanese poet and painter Ji Bolun. There are prose poems such as Tears and Laughter, Prophet and Shamo, among which there are five prose poems such as Song of Waves, Song of Rain, Song of Flowers and so on.
Song of Rain describes the running and changing process of raindrops in nature in an anthropomorphic way, eulogizes the benefits raindrops bring to nature, eulogizes raindrops' selfless dedication and broad mind, shows the beauty of life, expresses the poet's passionate feelings for life, and contains the author's spirit of loving the motherland and being willing to devote his life to it.
1 1, Fear of Nature is an argumentative paper, which is selected from Wisdom of Nature. Yan Chunyou, the author, adopted a step-by-step and regular method, starting with denying the slogan of "conquering nature", combining summary with concrete development, and skillfully using contrast to make the argument full, and finally came to the conclusion that "fearing nature" told mankind that it should be fundamentally changed. Instead of claiming to "conquer nature", we should respect and cherish nature, because human beings are "just an ordinary part of nature" and they are brothers with other things in nature.
12, Lop Nur, the vanishing Fairy Lake, excerpted from Be Kind to Home —— A Record of Geological Disasters in China. This article is WU GANG's reportage. By comparing Lop Nur with the past, it is revealed that Lop Nur's disappearance from a beautiful lake is a tragedy of man-made destruction of the ecological environment. Concepts such as ecological consciousness, environmental consciousness and sustainable development consciousness permeate into the text and alert the world with a strong voice.
13, the author of the riddle of lemmings by Wei, is a very distinctive scientific essay. This paper introduces scientific knowledge by narrative framework and dialogue, and introduces three mysteries of the Arctic lemmings from three aspects: the amazing reproductive ability is the highest in the animal kingdom; Lemmings don't breed like this every year. Once they breed too much, they will have all kinds of strange suicidal behaviors, or stop eating, or take the initiative to provoke in front of natural enemies, or change their coat color to attract natural enemies; The great migration of death, millions of lemmings gathered into a mighty team, rushed to the sea and died in the sea. The strange behavior of lemmings gives us a revelation: human beings should not breed unrestrained.
14, The Return of the Wild Goose is excerpted from Shaxiang Yearbook (a collection of natural prose and philosophical prose, known as "the sacred book of American resource conservation movement"). Leopold, an American environmentalist, introduced the characteristics, laws and relations between geese and human beings in an anthropomorphic way, and thought that geese were human partners, and animals made the temple dance full of vitality and poetry. Humans should cherish beneficial and harmless animals and should not harm them by virtue of their own advantages. The word "love" runs through the whole text. Obviously, "protecting wild animals and cherishing wild animals" is the theme of this paper, and the perfect combination of visualization, knowledge and lyricism is a major feature of this paper.
15, "Hello-Come Out" is selected from "Uninvited Guests-Selected Short Stories of hoshi shinichi" by Japanese modern science fiction writer hoshi shinichi. His works are characterized by ingenious conception. This is a science fiction novel with the theme of environmental pollution. It is about an ancient temple that was blown down by a typhoon, and a bottomless pit was exposed at the bottom of the temple. After studying the hole, later, the contents flew out again. This novel reveals the relationship between man and the natural environment and warns the world to face up to environmental problems. The title of this novel is full of suspense. This was originally a young man's cry, but it also contained the team's shallow ignorance of nature. Finally, a small stone flew in. This circular structure is thought-provoking and thought-provoking.
16, "Singing Yunnan" Shen Congwen is an interesting prose writer, a native of Fenghuang, Hunan, a modern writer and a researcher of historical relics. This paper describes the singing scenes on three occasions, with different contents and techniques. The first part is Shan Ye's duet, mainly about singers; The second part is about mountain songs, mainly about singing environment; The third part is country songs, mainly singing scenes, full of taste and appreciation of nature, people and art, and the beauty of life gurgles out in the lyrical style of the author.
17, written by Wang Zengqi, a native of Gaoyou, Jiangsu Province. Structurally, according to the framework of "Dragon Boat Festival custom-duck eggs in my hometown-duck eggs in the Dragon Boat Festival", this paper first describes the atmosphere of the Dragon Boat Festival with rich colors, then describes the reputation and characteristics of duck eggs in my hometown, and finally launches around the topic of "duck eggs in the Dragon Boat Festival"
18, Scream is selected from Miscellanies of Beijing City. Author Xiao Gan, a writer, journalist and translator, introduced the moving scene of the old Beijing market in plain but lively and humorous language, in order from morning till night and all the year round. In the slow reminiscence tone, joy and nostalgia are revealed, and people can appreciate the rich interest contained in life.
19, Qi Jun, the author of Spring Wine, a female writer in Taiwan Province, wrote articles such as Spring Festival, Eating Spring Wine and Eating Wine, expressing my innocence, my mother's kindness and ability, the simplicity and kindness of the villagers, and showing the deep beauty of human feelings, folk customs and homesickness with exquisite ideas and vivid language.
Strangers on Earth is a series of novel texts by Feng Jicai describing the life of Tianjin citizens and small producers in the early 20th century. Among them, clay figurine Zhang and Haokou Yangba and clay figurine Zhang show his composure and ability by writing clay figurine Zhang and Hai Zhangwu, and he can be calm and calm in the face of the humiliation of Hai Zhangwu. In the two rounds of struggle, he is good at getting ahead of others and is unique. This paper describes a Yang Ba text, in which Yang Qi, who has wonderful ideas and exquisite skills in dim sum making, can improvise and be calm. The language is simple, Tianjin flavor is strong, and humor is vivid.
The eighth grade, the second volume, Chinese knowledge points induction, People's Education Edition II
Three elements of argumentative writing
Argument, argument, argument.
Knowledge points in the second volume of junior two Chinese: demonstration method
Reasoning argument, example argument, contrast argument, quotation argument, metaphor argument.
Knowledge points in the second volume of junior two Chinese: demonstration method
Argument and rebuttal. Argumentative essays can be divided into two categories: argumentative essays and argumentative essays. )
Knowledge points in the second volume of junior two Chinese: common problems and answering skills
(1) Illustration: By citing specific examples, the demonstration will be more specific and convincing.
Format: Use examples to demonstrate and cite … (summarize examples) to prove … (if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument), thus making the argument more specific and convincing.
(2) Reasoning argument: prove the argument through reasoning, making the argument more general and profound.
Form: demonstrate the viewpoint with the method of rational argument ... so as to make the argument more universal and deeper.
3. Metaphorical argument: use metaphor to prove and make the argument vivid and easy to understand.
Format: Metaphorical argument is used for comparison
④ Comparative argument: The role of comparative argument is outstanding.
Format: Compare … with … by means of comparative argument, and highlight the viewpoint of ….
⑤ Citation arguments: Citation arguments are complicated and related to the specific cited materials, such as quoting famous sayings, aphorisms, authoritative data, anecdotes of celebrities, jokes and anecdotes. , its role should be analyzed in detail. For example, quoting famous sayings, aphorisms and authoritative data can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; Citing celebrity anecdotes and anecdotes can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to read.
Format: Use the argument method of quoting arguments, and quote … to prove the viewpoint of … to make the argument more convincing. (or more interesting, attracting readers to read)
2. Types and functions of analysis and argumentation: Argumentation can be divided into two types: rational argumentation and factual argumentation. There are two points to answer: (1), define the type of argument; (2) Specific analysis. The essence of this topic is to examine the relationship between arguments and arguments. Whether it is the relationship between the central argument and the sub-argument, or the relationship between proof and proof. Therefore, the standard answer format is as follows:
This is the argument of ... it is proving ... (argument, if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument. )
Supplementary argument is very popular as a new type of question. To do this kind of topic, we should pay attention to the following two aspects: (1), and see clearly the types of arguments that need to be supplemented, that is, whether they are famous sayings or examples; (2) Pay attention to the word limit when adding celebrity cases. Of course, as an exam, you can prepare celebrity examples and famous sayings with common themes such as "diligence" and "dealing with the world". Words of famous aphorisms should be few, things should be familiar, and long famous aphorisms or unfamiliar celebrity examples should not be prepared for novelty.
3. Make clear the central point of the article.
The central argument is the soul of argumentative writing. All the discussions in this paper are centered around this central argument. Only by clarifying the central argument can we understand the author's point of view and the problems to be solved. You can find or summarize the central argument from the following angles:
(1) Analyze the position of the argument. Title, the title of some articles itself is the central argument; Some articles directly put forward the central argument at the beginning, and then discussed it layer by layer; It is rare for an article to put forward a central argument during the discussion; Finally, some articles summarize the central point of the whole article through discussion.
(2) Distinguish between topics and arguments. The topic is what the author wants to discuss, and it is a range. Argument is the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed. The argument should be a complete judgment sentence or a clear statement sentence.
(3) Analyze the relationship between materials and opinions. Materials, including truth, facts, data, charts, etc. , is used to explain and serve ideas, or guide them or command them. So the argument can be summarized by the relationship between the two. Of course, some argumentative papers have both central arguments and sub-arguments, so some materials may be used to illustrate the sub-arguments, but all the sub-arguments are to clarify the central arguments.
4. Analyze the argumentation ideas of the article.
First of all, we should understand the structure of general argumentative papers: asking questions (introduction)-analyzing questions (papers)-solving problems (conclusions).
In fact, analyzing the argumentation idea of argumentative essays is to add some words such as "first", "then", "then" and "last" on the basis of paragraph level. When you do this topic, you should pay special attention to the opening and closing sentences.
The content at the beginning is:
(1), put forward the central argument; (2), lead to the topic; In the above two aspects, it is necessary to specifically answer the specific tests that put forward the central argument or lead to the topic, some through famous sayings, some through celebrity anecdotes, and some through anecdotes and jokes.
Ending content:
(1), deepen the central argument and put forward the conclusion of …;
(2) Repeating or strengthening the central argument ...;
(3) Appeal ... or exhort people ...;
(4) Supplementary argumentation. (Sometimes, the role of this aspect is to make the argument more rigorous. )
Doing this topic is to specifically state the introduction, theory and conclusion of the article. For example, in the article "Man's nobility lies in the soul", we can express it like this: firstly, we quote Pascal, a famous French thinker, "Man is a thinking reed" and put forward the central argument that "Man's nobility lies in the soul", then we quote Archimedes and Wilde to prove that "inner spiritual wealth is more worth cherishing than external material wealth", and finally, we quote a girl who is studying on a train as an example to advise people that "man should keep a pure spiritual pursuit.
5. Analysis of the characteristics of argumentative language:
There are only two angles to analyze the linguistic features of argumentative essays: (1) linguistic features; (2) Stylistic features. To do this kind of topic, we should master some key words of language style: concise and plain, vivid and humorous, implicit and euphemistic, rich in literary talent and so on. The stylistic feature is that it is enough to make a fuss about the word strict logic. One thing that needs special attention is that doing this kind of topic must be supported by specific sentences, that is, using specific example sentences in the article as examples for analysis.
6. Analysis of the characteristics of argumentative writing
There are many angles to analyze the characteristics of argumentative writing, such as rhetorical devices, argumentation methods and writing skills.
(1), rhetoric: for example, metaphor can be combined with the characteristics of metaphor, that is, vivid image; For example, parallelism enhances the momentum of the article argument; For example, quoting ancient poetry makes the article rich in literary talent.
(2) Model Law: Talking about the function of reference model law.
(3) The writing techniques are relatively fixed, and the common ones are: (1), the combination of example and argument (narrative and discussion); (2), give priority to ... model law. Similarly, doing this kind of topic must be supported by specific sentences, that is, using specific examples in the article as examples of analysis.
7, paragraph structure function:
(1), the following leads to (all); (2) Summarize the first (full) articles; (3) connecting the preceding with the following.
As an argumentative paragraph, it must be answered in combination with stylistic features.
If the opening paragraph often leads to the central argument (topic), then we can refer to the following two examples of specific answer formats for use or adaptation:
(1), at the beginning, through writing examples to illustrate ..., put forward the central argument ... (or lead to ...).
(2) At the beginning, by quoting famous sayings, put forward the central argument … (or lead to the topic of …).
(3) At the beginning, by quoting interesting stories of celebrities (or …) to put forward the central argument … (or …) also played a role in attracting readers to read and enhancing the interest of discussion.
The third part of the eighth grade book Chinese knowledge points induction People's Education Edition
first part
Two language types: spoken and written.
Two ways of argumentation: argumentation and refutation.
Two explanatory languages: plain and vivid.
There are two types of expositions: expositions about things and expositions about things.
Two kinds of environmental descriptions: the description of natural environment-contrast the emotions of characters and render the atmosphere.
Description of social environment-explain the background of the times.
Two types of argumentation: factual argumentation and rational argumentation.
the second part
Three senses: positive, negative and neutral.
The novel has three elements: the characters (the main characters depend on whether the theme of the novel can be expressed), the plot (beginning/development/*/end) and the environment (natural environment/social environment). )
Three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.
Argumentative essay consists of three parts: asking questions (introduction), analyzing questions (thesis) and solving problems (conclusion).
Three orders of interpretation: chronological order, spatial order and logical order.
Three principles of language use: conciseness, coherence and appropriateness.
the third part
Four literary genres: novel, poetry, drama and prose.
Four argumentation methods: example argumentation, truth argumentation, metaphor argumentation and contrast argumentation.
Four usages of sentences: declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences and exclamatory sentences.
The plot of this novel consists of four parts: beginning, development and ending.
Four narrative sequences: direct narrative, flashback, insertion and supplementary narrative.
Four uses of quotation marks: ① quotation; (2) to express irony or negation.
③ Specific appellation ④ Emphasis or emphasis.
part four
Five ways of expression: narration, description, explanation, lyricism and discussion.
Five uses of dashes: ① annotation, ② interpolation, ③ interruption of sound, ④ change of topic, and ⑤ progressive expression of meaning.
The fifth part
Six interpretation methods: example, analogy, comparison, number of columns, classification and definition.
Six logical sequences: ① the whole → the phenomenon → the essence → the cause → the result → the generality → the specific part → the whole → the main → the secondary.
Six elements of narrative: time, place, people, cause, process and result of events.
Six methods of character description: portrait description, language description, action description, psychological description, detail description and expression description.
Six kinds of ill sentences: ① Incomplete components; ② Improper collocation; ③ Improper use of related words; 4 inconsistent; ⑤ Improper word order; ⑤ Misuse and abuse of function words (prepositions).
Six usages of ellipsis: ① Omit the table contents; ② Intermittent predication; (3) the table is incomplete because of grabbing the vernacular; 4 emotional contradictions; 5 thinking jump; ⑤ Thinking in progress.
Six common writing skills: symbol, contrast, setting off (paving the way), caring (echoing), direct (indirect) description, promotion and inhibition.
Part VI
Seven kinds of phrases: coordinate phrases, radical phrases, subject-predicate phrases, verb-object phrases, complement phrases, word-removed phrases and object-object phrases.
Seven types of complex sentences: ① coordinate complex sentences; ② turning complex sentences; ③ Conditional complex sentences; ④ Progressive complex sentences; ⑤ Choose complex sentences; ⑤ Causal complex sentences; ⑥ Hypothetical complex sentences.
Part VII
Eight common rhetorical methods:
(1) Metaphor-makes the language vivid and adds color to the language.
2 personification-writing things into adults makes the language vivid.
3 exaggeration-highlight something or emphasize a feeling.
4 parallelism-enhance the language momentum and enhance the expression effect.
⑤ Duality-make the language concise and neat.
⑥ Quote-enhance the persuasiveness of language.
⑦ Ask questions-arouse readers' attention and thinking.
⑧ rhetorical question-plays an emphasis role and enhances the positive (negative) tone.