Auschwitz II (Birkenau): This is an extinction camp. Its main task is to carry out mass slaughter in the gas chamber. About 960,000 Jews, 75,000 Poles and 65,438+0.9 million Gypsies were slaughtered here. In addition, there are several smaller concentration camps: the agricultural camp in Buda, the poultry camp in Jiazeze, the vegetable camp in Risco and some medical and chemical laboratories.
Monowitz: This is a labor camp consisting of a main concentration camp and 39 small concentration camps, also called Renner-Monowitz, named after Renner Synthetic Rubber Factory on the original site of Monowitz. The owner of the concentration camp is Ig Faben, the largest chemical company in Germany. About 1 1, 000 prisoners work in Monowitz, responsible for coal mining, cement and rubber production. Doctors from Auschwitz II will come here on time and send people who can't work to the gas chamber.
1939, after Poland was occupied by Nazi Germany, Auschwitz belonged to the sphere of influence of Nazi Germany, and the word "Auschwitz" was changed from Nazi to Auschwitz. 1At the end of 939, local Nazi leaders and police leaders planned to build a concentration camp here. Soon, some well-trained German Nazis began to build concentration camps and finally found an ideal place in Auschwitz. The concentration camp was chosen in the open area near Auschwitz. The main reason for choosing to build the camp here is that it is a large railway transportation hub, which is convenient for transporting "prisoners". The main business is the location of the management department of the entire Auschwitz concentration camp.
1On April 27th, 940, Himmler, the leader of Nazi German SS, officially approved the construction of Auschwitz concentration camp, which was in charge of the notorious Rudolf Huss. The original Auschwitz concentration camp covered less than 6 hectares. 1On June 4th, 940, the first batch of 728 Polish and German political prisoners were taken into custody. Auschwitz Toll Station No.1 often accommodates 1.3 million to 1.6 million people, and 1.942 can accommodate up to 20,000 people.
1 941March1day, after Himmler inspected Auschwitz concentration camp, he ordered Rudolf Hus to expand it into a super concentration camp with three functions of imprisonment, labor and extinction.
1941June, after Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union, a large number of Soviet prisoners of war were taken into concentration camps one after another.
194 1 On September 3rd, 2008, the poison gas "Qikelong B" was used to kill people for the first time in Auschwitz concentration camp. The test site is the basement of Young Camp Building 2. The subjects of the test were 600 male Soviet prisoners of war and 250 male prisoners of war selected from concentration camp hospitals.
194 1, 10, the Nazis expelled the prisoners of Auschwitz I and built Auschwitz II (Birkenau). The expanded Auschwitz concentration camp has a total area of 15.5 square kilometers, and a special railway leads from the south gate to the northern end of the concentration camp. There are four poisonous gas "bathrooms" for mass slaughter, a corpse storage cellar and a corpse incinerator, which can kill12,000 people at the same time, and the equipped corpse incinerator can burn 8,000 corpses every day. By 1942, the Nazis had built Auschwitz III in Monowitz near Auschwitz. Later, from 1942 to 1944, 39 concentration camps were built in local smelters, mines and factories, so that Nazi Germany could make good use of these free labor. At the beginning of 1945, Nazi Germany faced defeat. In order to destroy the evidence, Nazi gangsters blew up these mass destruction devices. When the "death train" arrived at the Auschwitz platform, people were driven off the train, were not allowed to carry their belongings, and were forced to queue up for men and women. SS guards lead German shepherds with guns. Including the infamous Dr. Joseph mengle, who divided people into two categories: those who can work or those who enter the gas chamber. These doctors who have completely lost their professional ethics break the mouths of the elderly when necessary and observe their teeth to determine whether they can work.
Those who could not work were sent to Auschwitz II concentration camp. The executioners know that the efficiency of the massacre depends on the order in which the victims go to the execution ground, so the scam had better last until the last second. The radio euphemistically suggested that the victim take a bath to get rid of lice first. The ground in front of the "bathroom" is covered with turf and planted with pleasant seasonal flowers, giving people a relaxed and happy feeling of not entering the room. You can also hear beautiful music when you enter the bathroom. A small band played some relaxing music in the bathroom hall to "welcome" the newcomers. The band members are all wearing white shirts and navy blue skirts, just like a group of elegant and beautiful young girls.
The guard told people that everyone could be assigned a closet before the "shower" and kindly reminded people to remember the number of their closet so as not to find their things when they came out. Then people were taken to the lobby of the "bathroom", where there were not only closets but also towels. Signs welcoming people to work in Auschwitz concentration camp are written on the wall in various languages, and even the time and regulations for bathing are written. People scrambled to take off their clothes and squeeze into the bathroom.
However, the "bathroom" has become more and more crowded, so that the front chest is attached to the back, which makes people feel a little strange. Before they knew it, the heavy iron gate was closed, and the guards added locks and sealing strips to the door.
The guards on the ground began to walk towards the little "white mushroom" in the lawn. These white mushroom sculptures hidden in the grass are the pores of the gas chamber, and the guards put "Qi Clone B" into the pores.
People looked up at the sprinklers. Suddenly, all the lights went out and people couldn't help exclaiming. Then, the person closest to the sprinkler shook and fell down. People knew that the situation was not good and rushed to the gate. The frightened people realized that bad luck was coming and the crowd screamed. Then, all the throats seem to be stuck by one hand ... 15 minutes later, the light comes on and the butcher observes the movement through the peephole. If someone is still struggling, he will turn off the lights and wait for more than ten minutes. Turn on the light and see a pile of white meat motionless. The guards turned on the pump to pump out the poison gas, and then the "special warfare players" who could live for a few more weeks opened the door to deal with the body.
The door opened and the most terrible sight in the world appeared: the person who had just entered was suddenly pulled away by something, and the body stood next to it like wood. All the bodies were extremely ferocious and terrible, with black and blue wounds. Suffocating pain and instinctive tearing make them tangled into a big meat ball that can't be pulled open.
The bodies piled up in a pyramid shape because the crowd wanted to squeeze into the only vent to breathe fresh air.
Handymen wear gas masks, first wash the blood on the body and the feces on the ground with a faucet, and then tie the body with a rope to separate it. If they are inseparable, cut off the fingers of the corpse with an axe. Then use pliers to pull out the gold teeth on the bodies, find out the jewels, cut off the hair, and put ten treated bodies on the ground and wait for the guards to have a look. Finally, the handyman cremated the corpse in a cremator with a winch, and the unburned bone graft after cremation was thinned with a pulverizer and then thrown away.
In order to keep up with the killing speed of the gas chamber, the cremator adopts a newly invented three-layer giant cremator. Later, this kind of cremator was not enough, and the stove often burned out, so a gas chamber was often equipped with several cremators. Businessmen of incineration equipment in Nazi Germany rushed to provide the most advanced cremators for the extermination camps, using the best materials and the latest technology.
The handyman loaded all the things in the platform and closet and pulled them into a huge "workshop". There are two or three dozens-meter-long "assembly lines" in the workshop, which are composed of several long tables, and hundreds of "skilled" prisoners sit next to them, as if sorting mail. The first prisoner opened the box with a crowbar. When the box was opened, it was pushed to the second prisoner at the long table. He is responsible for selecting clothes and putting them neatly on the shelf behind him according to type, size and old and new. The third person specializes in choosing shoes, then glasses and ties, and uses a magnifying glass and a scale to identify the quality of jewelry.
Ukrainian guards patrol the workshop, and they have the right to execute people who try to hide things on the spot. No one spoke in the whole workshop, and people hung their heads and picked quickly with their hands.
Various items obtained from the victims are listed as national strategic materials. 1943, an alchemy workshop was set up in the concentration camp to smelt gold jewelry and teeth into gold ingots, with a maximum output of 22 Jin a day. The ambulance transported the gold ingot to Berlin. The Nazis painted red cross signs on ambulances to avoid bombing by allied planes.
Boxes of gold watches, necklaces, rings and brooches were sent to pawn shops and exchanged for SS funds. Finally, the stolen goods have reached the point where pawn shops refuse to accept them. Himmler deposited them in the name of "Max Herrigg" in the German Central Bank, and filled three large vaults.
The rest of the clothes are stored in a special giant warehouse in the concentration camp, code-named "Canada". Among them, watches and pens are used to reward the backbone of the SS and the wounded. Clothes are used to help the victims.
Even the body itself will not be spared. Hair is woven into socks and carpets, tattooed skin is made into lampshades, fat is made into soap, and ashes are sold to farmers as fertilizer.
Those who were not sent to the gas chamber were taken to the "isolation zone", where their hair was cut off, their prison clothes were taken away, and they were photographed and registered. The prisoner's personal registration number is tattooed on his left arm. Then, most prisoners were sent to Auschwitz I, Auschwitz III or other concentration camps for hard labor.
Prisoners have a lot of daily work in concentration camps. Daily routine includes: getting up at dawn and making the bed; Roll call in the morning, go out to work, work hard for half a day, and queue up for a bad meal; Return to the camp and check the cell; Roll call at night. During the roll call, prisoners with extremely thin clothes must stand still for hours, no matter what the weather is like. Whoever falls or even slips will die. In order to survive this day's torture, prisoners must be full of energy.
There is a formidable wall of death in the concentration camp, which is a wall in the yard between the buildings 1 1 and 12. I don't know how many prisoners shot by the Nazis fell under the wall. There is a small sign in the yard now. It says "Please keep quiet and don't disturb the peace of the victims". Before the Nazis shoot the prisoners, they should read the verdict to the prisoners in the first room on the left side of the entrance of 1 1, and execute the death penalty immediately after reading the verdict. The room opposite the court is the Nazi guard room, and it is also the only Nazi guard room in the same building as the prisoners. Each building also has a separate "prisoner head" room, which helps the Nazis manage prisoners. The living conditions of "prisoners' heads" are much better than those of prisoners, and these people have also been properly tried after the war.
The living conditions of ordinary prisoners are quite bad: the barracks are thin wooden structures with large gaps between boards, which are difficult to resist rain and snow. The so-called mattress is just a cloth bag filled with sand, and the so-called bed is just a wooden frame covered with straw. Diseases are common in concentration camps. Prisoners live in fear every day, because everyone knows that death will come at any time.
According to Nazi records, many prisoners died within months or even days after they came here. Not only the adults are detained here, but also the children can't escape death. The discipline in the concentration camp is very strict, so it can be said that prisoners have no rights.
About 700 prisoners tried to escape from the concentration camp, only 300 of them managed to escape. The usual punishment for fugitives is starvation, shooting or killing, and their families are also arrested and displayed in the camp to intimidate other prisoners.
German fascists also set up "wards" and laboratories in concentration camps to do "medical experiments" with living people. The Nazis selected many detainees for medical experiments, such as experiments with convenient sterilization methods and live or autopsy of twin children.
1945 65438+1On October 27th, the Soviet Red Army liberated Auschwitz concentration camp, leaving only 7650 prisoners alive, including 130 children. The biggest riot in Auschwitz happened on June 7th, 1944. At that time, it was said that once the Soviet Red Army approached the concentration camp, the Nazis would kill all prisoners. The special warfare team members of No.2, No.3 and No.4 furnaces, which are responsible for burning the bodies, have made riot prevention plans.
194410,07, 12, the secret service captain of the fourth crematorium received a notice from the superior and ordered him to take people to burn 300 bodies in the afternoon. The highly nervous mob thought it was a plot to kill them and refused the order. The SS angrily ordered them to assemble, and those who could no longer keep calm growled and took out hidden hammers and axes to kill some sergeants. But the heavily armed Nazis arrived soon and shot the thugs one by one through the barbed wire. Desperate people retreated to the shed, and the SS lit straw mats and set fire to the whole shed. The fire spread to the crematorium, lit the wooden roof of the crematorium, and then the whole stove burned.
When the special team members of No.2 Furnace saw the fire in the crematorium, they thought it was a signal of the whole riot. They pounced on the guards who had just arrived and stuffed the leading Nazi guards into the burning furnace. People arrested all kinds of guys, killed three SS, cut off the power grid and ran outside the camp. However, the Nazis soon caught up with the police dogs with trucks, and the fugitives were executed on the spot. Some fugitives hid in a barn. The Nazis lit the barn and waited outside to shoot those who rushed out of the fire. 250 rioters who rushed out of the power grid were killed, and only 12 escaped.
The Nazis shot and killed 200 thugs in the concentration camp. The next day, all the prisoners 12 were arrested, and the Nazis shot them and dragged their bodies back to the concentration camp for public display.
The special warfare team members of the No.3 furnace saw that the SS surrounded their barracks and quickly poured the explosives used for riot control into the toilet. The ss found nothing, and then rushed them to the No.2 furnace to burn the bodies. They burned the bodies of 600 thugs who had just been killed.
Before the riot, three Jewish girls, Ella Goent, Tuzka and Jinna (the last two girls only left their surnames) and four Jewish girls, including Rosa Roberta, a member of the Auschwitz underground organization, were captured by the SS. Rosa and three girls were taken to the political office of the concentration camp. The Nazis asked them to give up the underground organization of the concentration camp, but they never spoke. 1945 65438+1On October 6th, four girls were hanged together in the square in the center of the camp. All prisoners were ordered to guard and were fearless before they died. 1On July 2, 947, the Polish government turned Auschwitz into a memorial hall for the victims, showing the physical evidence and pictures of various crimes committed by the Nazis in the concentration camp. Including the property looted from prisoners, as well as all kinds of physical objects and materials that prisoners struggled underground in concentration camps. Only part of Auschwitz-1 and Auschwitz -2 (Birkenau) are still available for tourists to visit for free. Many evidence of murder was destroyed by the Nazis, and people reconstructed it according to the original appearance.
From 65438 to 0979, UNESCO listed Auschwitz concentration camp on the World Cultural Heritage List to warn the world that "peace is needed, not war". In order to witness this history, hundreds of thousands of people from all walks of life from all over the world go to the site of Auschwitz concentration camp every year to pay tribute to the innocent people who were persecuted to death by the German Nazis.
On June 24th, 2005, the 59th UN General Assembly held a special meeting to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the liberation of the Nazi concentration camp in Auschwitz, Poland. This is the first time that the General Assembly has held a special session on this event. Norbert Barli (1880—194 1 September 27th, 2008), Polish lawyer and politician. Killed in a concentration camp.
Vardis law Bartoszewski (w? Addis? Aw Bartoszewski, 1922 February 19-), Polish Foreign Minister (1995; 2000 -200 1) and 1940- 194 1 were held in concentration camps. After being rescued by the Polish Red Cross.
Josef Lankiewicz (Jozef cyrankiewicz,191April 23rd-19891October 20th), Polish Prime Minister (1October 20th)
Bronislau Czech (Bronis? Aw Czech Republic, 1908- 1944), a Polish skier and artist, has participated in four Winter Olympics. 1944 was killed in a concentration camp.
Anne Frank (1929 June12-1945 March) was detained in Auschwitz for seven weeks and died in Bergen-Balzen concentration camp on1945.
Józef Garliński (19 13 10 October14-2005165438+29 October) is a Polish historian and writer. 1943 was put in a concentration camp. After the liberation of the concentration camp, he wrote many books about life in the concentration camp, which were very popular. Settled in London, England after the war.
Kurt Gerron (1897 May1-1944 June 5438+0 15) is a German actor and director. Jews. 1944 was killed in a concentration camp.
Dora Gehlsen (1March 23rd, 899-65438+February14,0943) is a German actress, singer and Jew. 1943 was killed in a concentration camp.
Pavel Haas (1June 2, 8991-1June 9441October 17) is a Czechoslovakian composer and a Jew. He composed music for the poems of Tang Dynasty poets Cui Hao and Du Fu in China. 1944 was killed in a concentration camp.
Kertesz Imre (1929165438+1October 9-), a Hungarian writer, was put into a concentration camp in 1944 and was awarded to Nobel Prize in Literature in 2002.
Primomichelelevi (1919 July 31-1987 April11), an Italian writer, chemist and Jew, 1944.
Josef Noji (1909-August 9, 65438+February 0543815,0943), a Polish track and field athlete, participated in the Berlin Olympic Games and was killed in a concentration camp in 1943.
Rudolf Rudi Vrba (1924 September1-27 March 2006), a Slovak-born Canadian pharmacologist, successfully escaped from the concentration camp on 1944, and was also the first survivor to inform the allied forces about the atrocities in the concentration camp.
Eli elie wiesel (1September 30th, 928-) is a Romanian writer and political activist. 1986 Nobel Peace Prize winner.
Polish soldier Vitold Witold Pilecki (1901May13-1948may25) was the only detainee who voluntarily entered the concentration camp. He organized a resistance movement in the concentration camp and informed the allies of Nazi atrocities in Auschwitz. At 65438. Loyal to the Polish government in exile, he was executed by the Polish people in 1948.
Andre andre Yushchenko is the father of Ukrainian President Viktor andreyevich Yushchenko.