According to "Biography of the Later Han Dynasty, Huangfusong", Zhang Jiao said: "In the past ten years, hundreds of thousands of disciples have entered the county, and people from the eight States of Qing, Xu, You, Ji, Jing, Yang, Yan and Yu have to respond." Throughout history, the spread of the Yellow Scarf Uprising was unprecedented at that time.
However, the reasons behind the feat of "sweeping eight states" created by Zhang Jiao are indeed worthy of dialectical analysis and research by future generations without historical prejudice.
According to the Biography of Huangfusong,' At the beginning, King Deer called himself' the Great Virtue Master', served Huang and raised his disciples, and bowed down for the first time, saying that he would cure diseases. The patient recovered well and people believed him. In other words, Zhang Jiao has the ability to cure diseases and save lives, but only in this way can he not connect the people of Bazhou and become a spiritual pillar.
But since the Eastern Han Dynasty, divination has become popular all over the world. History of Emperor Guangwu of the Later Han Dynasty declared that divination was the best in the world, listed divination as an official school, and even decided the promotion of officials and the enfeoffment of princes according to the instructions of divination.
As the saying goes, people believe in divination more. Gu's Record of the Day said: "The prosperity of divination actually began in Qin people and flourished at the end of Xijing." And' the end of Xijing' refers to the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Therefore, the foundation of the Yellow Scarf Uprising is the people's trust in the art of divination. The prediction of the yellow turban insurrectionary army is,' When the sky dies, the yellow sky will stand, and at the age of 60, the world will be fine.'
This also leads to another problem, that is, the prediction was used by the Yellow Scarf Army to create momentum and was also a slogan propaganda before the uprising.
Moreover, it is recorded in the Biography of Huangfusong that the congregation "wrote the temple gates of the capital city and the state and county governments in white mud, all of which were written as" Jia Zi ". "It is in the temple gate of Beijing and the state and county governments that the word' Jia' is written in white mud.
In other words, the Yellow Scarf Army has clearly informed the time of the imperial uprising.
At this point, do you suddenly realize that there is no so-called "conspiracy" or "report" ... but the Biography of Huangfusong also said that "it was not before the crisis that Zhang Jiao's disciple Jin An Tang Zhou wrote a letter to tell ..." Isn't this contradictory? Is Tang Zhou's appeal superfluous? How does the yellow turban insurrectionary army hide?
Behind many details worthy of scrutiny, the official history is just a passing sight, waiting for future generations to dig.
In fact, as early as three years before the Yellow Scarf Uprising, the imperial court had received many letters about the Yellow Scarf Uprising.
See Biography of Liu Kuan in the Later Han Dynasty, in the second year of Guanghe (179), Liu Kuan was renamed Qiu. Three years in office, daily exemption. And worship Yongle Shaofu and move to Guanglu Xun. Taking the yellow turban insurrectionary uprising as the first policy, we heard of the closure of 600 rural households. "
The so-called "first strategy" is also foresight. In the fourth year of Guanghe (18 1), Liu Kuan predicted the Yellow Scarf Uprising, but he exposed it.
"The History of the Later Han Dynasty, Yang Cichuan" said,' When I was in the same place, I asked Liu Tao to tell him,' Zhang Jiao and others have been forgiven without regrets, but they have benefited a little. If they are caught in the county today, they will be harassed more and will be tortured soon. But if you want to cut down the secretariat and two thousand stones, don't shed people at all. Each Wei Hui county weakens its party and then punishes its leader, but it can be decided as easy as blowing off dust. What? "... so give the word. Can walk, leave things behind. '
Yang Ci worked in Xiping for five years (176) and Guanghe for two years (179), and served in Situ twice.
Yang Ciguang was dismissed due to illness in September of the third year (180). Even based on the second year of Guanghe (179) and corresponding to the language of "I will leave my job, but I will stay in China", Yang gave me the yellow turban insurrectionary, and the latest time was Guanghe three years (180).
Yang Ci even put forward a specific strategy, that is, the court came forward to repatriate Taiping Christians, so as to weaken and disintegrate the followers of Taiping Dao, and then it would be easy to punish Zhang Jiao. However, some "plays" about Taiping Road by Yang Ci and others did not arouse the due vigilance and attention of the court.
Perhaps some people will naturally attribute the disease to the incompetence of the spiritual emperor Liu Hong, but it is not. ...
Because the Taiping Road in Zhang Jiao is not a secret organization, but a public gathering of believers. However, local officials did not regard Taiping Road as a threat or even secretly supported it. Otherwise, the opening angle will not be able to "connect eight states and hundreds of thousands of states". In other words, in the cognition of the gentry in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the spread of Taiping Dao could never threaten the imperial rule.
This attitude of the gentry family towards Taiping Road makes people unable to understand where the "no threat theory" came from. ...
Today, it is not surprising to look at "hundreds of thousands of people connected with eight states", because there is a huge cognitive difference between ancient and modern times, because this data was extremely abnormal and even daunting in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.
The population at that time was only 55 million. According to Ge's "Population History of China", the population density of Jizhou, the ancestral home, was only 7 1.5 1 person/square kilometer according to the county-state density in the fifth year of Han Yonghe. Qinghe, which has the highest population density in Jizhou, has only 1.0 1.55 people per square kilometer. "
For reference, one square kilometer is equivalent to the World Cup finals 140 football fields, but there are only 72 people.
In addition, excluding urban population, conscription and labor force, the above data may be less than half. In this way, the sparse population is unimaginable today. Moreover, China has been founded by agriculture since ancient times, and 90% of its population is scattered in the vast Shan Ye, not in cities and towns.
The distance between villages is not mentioned for the time being, and the barrier between mountains and rivers is already a natural barrier.
As an unofficial, how did Zhang Jiao recruit and organize such a large number of believers under the conditions of such a sparse population, isolated traffic and blocked communication? ...
The famous peasant uprisings in history all started from large-scale refugees, and it took several years to form a scale after continuous flow.
For example, Chen Guang at the end of the Qin Dynasty and Green Forest and Red Eyebrows at the end of the Western Han Dynasty all started with hundreds of people. Even the largest and longest Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement in history started with only tens of thousands of people.
Therefore, the court did not pay enough attention to Yang Ci and others.
After all, in the eyes of the imperial court, Taiping Road does not have the conditions to organize a large-scale army. It is just a buffoon who can be eliminated at will.
According to "Biography of the Later Han Dynasty, Huangfusong", after the incident, "the Ling Emperor sent a command to three officials and four officials, ordered the Hook Shield to arrest the three officials, investigated the officials and people in the palace, and fined more than a thousand people, pushing them to Jizhou for examination and arresting them one by one." The so-called hook shield order belongs to a small government with a grade of 600 stone. The official is responsible for the cultivation of ponds, gardens and fruits and vegetables near the capital.
It should have been the work of the army, but the city management was asked to charge. From this point of view, the court's attitude towards the yellow turban insurrectionary army.
However, the opening angle created a miracle, and the outbreak of the Yellow Scarf Army was the peak.
The scale reached several hundred thousand, involving eight states in China, which was not gradually formed through years of accumulation. In fact, it was an unprecedented situation, which completely subverted the court's cognition of civil uprising.
On the other hand, Zhang Jiao is a rare "saint" in the history of China.
There are two reasons why Zhang Jiao broke through the restrictions of his predecessor and organized such a large-scale rebellion:
First, an unprecedented religious management system. In the biography of the reflection of Zhang Lu, the Canon is quoted. "In Xiping, there are demons and thieves, and the three assistants have Luo Luo. Light and harmony, opening angle in the east, Zhang Xiu in Hanzhong. Luo Luo taught the people the burial method, and the corner was Taiping Road, which was built as Wudoumi Road. "
It is also recorded in the Biography of the Later Han Dynasty that' Fu Shuiming said that the patient was cured and the people believed it'.
Zhang Jiao relies on being kind to the people and forming the worship of believers through word of mouth. At the same time, Taiping Road in Zhangjiao and Wudoumi Road in Zhang Xiu are the earliest folk religions of Huang and Lao in China. Before, there was only the study of Huang Lao, and there was no religion, so it was' unprecedented'.
Then, how did Taiping Dao become a sect from Taiping Jing, and where did the inspiration come from? ...
Compared with the world religions, the influence of Buddhism and Christianity in the early days was very weak. As a pioneer of Taoism, Taiping Road has no precedent for reference. How did such a new religion sweep hundreds of thousands of believers in ten years?
According to historical records, Indian Buddhism had contact with the Central Plains as early as the end of the Warring States Period, and it was not officially introduced to China until the Han Ming Emperor in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. At this time, the Indian Buddhist monk group has developed for more than 600 years, and various religious systems have been accumulated and improved in practice.
From this point of view, Zhang Jiao's religious management system should be born out of Buddhist monks, that is, Zhang Jiao draws lessons from Buddhist experience.
Second, although the Yellow turban insurrectionary uprising is defined as peasant uprising, it is mixed with the support of aristocratic families and aristocratic families.
According to Ge Hong's "Bao Puzi", "Prisoners recruit traitors, which means rebellion, deceiving and luring people, adjusting wealth and profits, and being rich and rich, princes are extravagant, offering jade food, and concubines are full of strings."
How can the people master the Taiping Classic when they are running for their livelihood and can't even recognize the words? Therefore, the opening angle is at least a noble family.
There are also many strongmen and officials among the followers of the Yellow Scarf.
For example, people from Wang Du, Dong 'e County Cheng and Yanzhou East County wrote in "Biography of Cheng Yu",' The Yellow turban insurrectionary uprising, with Wang Du as the county magistrate, set fire to warehouses. Another example is the Biography of Huangfusong, which said: "Yuan Yisu's contact with the capital was facilitated by Zhong You's attendants Feng Wei and Xu Feng."
Ma Yuanyi should be the son of a noble family, not an ordinary person, if he can collude with Zhong Changshi inside and outside.
When Cao Cao pacified Qingzhou Yellow Scarf, Wei Shu said, "Thieves are the great ancestors of moving books." In Jinan, the altar was destroyed in the same way as Taiyi in China. If you seem to know, you will be more confused today. The Han dynasty has done its best, and the Huang family should stand up. The great fortune of heaven is beyond the monarch's reach. " '
The writing in the letter is fluent, and when it comes to destiny, it is very human.
Moreover, how do some unorganized hungry people and farmers with their backs to the loess know about the military? Therefore, the top and backbone of the Yellow Scarf Army have aristocratic families and aristocratic families to participate.
Although the history of the Yellow Scarf Uprising recorded in the official history spread to eight states, the opening angle can only control one state.
Although other uprisings were all in the name of the Yellow turban insurrectionary uprising, they were all in their own way, and there was no mutual cooperation and coordination between neighboring counties. This also reflects that the basis of the Yellow Scarf Uprising is mostly aristocratic families and aristocratic families that do not flow into the region, rather than refugees and bandits.
Because Haozu has a family business in his hometown, he will not abandon his family business and leave his hometown to fight unless absolutely necessary.
So, why are these aristocratic families and aristocratic families willing to cooperate with Zhang Jiao and revolt with * * *? ...
On the occasion of Chuanjiang, the imperial court advocated the study of Huang Lao. People also believe in freedom, Confucianism and Taoism. However, because Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty only respected Confucianism, as Confucianism became an official school, it was easier for Confucian believers to enter official positions, which led to the increasing marginalization of Neo-Taoism.
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was even forbidden to be an official, so that the original Taoist believers were forced to completely convert to the people.
In the later period of Wang Mang's New Dynasty, Li Guang, the master of Nanyue, took Tianzhu Mountain in Anhui as his base, collected disciples and gathered believers, and his sphere of influence was as far away as Jingzhou, Ezhou, Guangzhou, Yingzhou, Luoyang and Chang 'an, which was the earliest birthplace of Taoism in China.
In June (4 1), the seventeenth year of Jianwu, Emperor Guangwu, Li Guang launched an uprising in Wancheng.
It was the first uprising initiated and led by Taoists in the history of China, and it was also the first impact of Taoists' dissatisfaction with the exclusive Confucianism of the ruling class.
Since then, it has intensified. During Andy and Shun Di's period, politics deteriorated and primitive Taoist uprisings continued.
According to "The Biography of Fa Xiong in the Later Han Dynasty", Zhang Bolu, dressed in red, started an uprising from the sea and captured nine coastal counties. In the fourth year of Yongchun (1 10), he was reunited with more than 300 people including Liu Wenhe in the plain. The so-called "messengers" are the messengers of the Emperor of Heaven, mostly witches or Taoist priests.
According to the Records of the Emperors in the Later Han Dynasty, in the first year of Yong (145), Hua Meng, a thief in Liyang, called himself "Hei Di".
"The Biography of Teng Fu in the Later Han Dynasty" records that "Xu Feng and Ma Mian, the people of Yin Ling, resumed their county posts and killed several officials. Phoenix, dressed in crimson with black stripes, is called the "Supreme General", wearing a yellow coat and wearing a leather crown seal, and is called the "Yellow Emperor". I was camping in Tu Shan. "
According to "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty Huan", "In the first year of Jian 'an (147), the thief called himself" the emperor ".
In October of the second year of Jian 'an (148), Chen Jing of Changping named himself "the son of the Yellow Emperor" and set up a government official. Guan Bo of Nanton was also called "the real person", and he took photos of dispatching troops and learned that in February of the first year of peace in Zhu Fu (150), Pei You, a demon thief, called himself "the emperor".
In October of the eighth year of Yan Xi (165), Geden, a demon thief in Bohai Sea, and others called him "the emperor's father".
The above-mentioned "Emperor", that is, "Yellow Emperor", is equivalent to "Heaven Emperor" and has elements of primitive Taoism.
Therefore, the Yellow Scarf Uprising is not an isolated case. To sum up, it was the basis and source of the Yellow Scarf Uprising in the late Han Dynasty. It is not unrelated that the Yellow turban insurrectionary once broke out on such a scale.
Moreover, after the Yellow Scarf Uprising, the Taoist Uprising did not end because of the failure of Zhang Jiao. ...
For example, during the Eight Kings Rebellion, Sun Xiu, the mastermind of Zhao Wang Sima Lun, was a Taoist disciple. It can be said that Sun Xiu was the key figure leading to the Eight Kings Rebellion and the Five Kings Rebellion.
Another example is Fan Changsheng, a Taoist leader in Shi Tian, who helped Te Li establish the Han Cheng regime.
Another example is Sun En and Lu Xun's Wudou Midao Uprising in the late Eastern Jin Dynasty, which lasted for 12 years and dealt a heavy blow to the gentry in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
It was not until Kou in the northern dynasty and Lu in the southern dynasty effectively reformed the teachings and systems of early Taoism that Taoism flourished and gained official recognition and support.