I. Basic knowledge of public management Public management and related concepts 1, public management and public administration
Public management: the activities of the government, especially the administrative organs, to provide services for the public. In such activities, administrative officials or administrators mainly implement policies and laws formulated by others, pay attention to translating policies into practical actions, and pay attention to internal guidance, organization of personnel and office management.
Public * * * management: Although public * * * management also contains many connotations of public * * * administration, it has the connotation of achieving goals at the lowest cost and managers being responsible for achieving the results. Therefore, public * * * management is an activity that public * * * organizations provide public * * * goods and services. Its main concern is not the process, procedure, obeying other people's instructions and internal orientation, but more about obtaining results and taking personal responsibility for obtaining results.
2, open * * * departments and open * * * matters.
Public sector: it is the manager of public affairs and the provider of public services. Broadly speaking, the public sector includes government agencies, public utilities, public utilities, non-governmental public institutions and other organizations at the public level; In a narrow sense, the public sector is an institution and department that only includes government decision-making, and it is the purest public sector.
Public goods: goods with the characteristics of non-competitiveness and exclusiveness of consumption, natural monopoly and difficulty in charging; Corresponding to public goods are private goods, that is, goods with competitive and exclusive characteristics in consumption.
3. Public management and private management
There are many similarities between public management and private management. Their management includes the activities of cooperative groups, and all large organizations must perform general management functions, such as planning, organization and personnel budget. However, public management is different from private management in many important aspects, mainly in the following aspects:
First of all, the mission of public management is different from that of private management.
Second, compared with private management, public management has a weak sense of efficiency.
Third, compared with private management, public sector, especially government management, emphasizes responsibility more.
Fourth, as far as personnel management is concerned, the personnel management system in public organizations, especially the government, is more complicated and strict.
4. Governance and good governance
The concept of governance has many definitions, and it can usually refer to any way to coordinate activities.
Good governance is a slogan put forward by the World Bank after 1990s, which mainly includes a legitimate, rule of law, responsible, transparent and effective government. It has become the basic element of good governance and the main standard for regulating political rights.
Second, the basic knowledge of public management The rise of public management paradigm has experienced three major paradigm shifts in this field, that is, from traditional public administration to public policy analysis and then to public management.
1. Criticism on the traditional paradigm of public administration.
Both policy analysis method and public management method can be regarded as a response to the outdated or ineffective traditional public management methods, and appear as their competitive or alternative methods. The traditional paradigm of public administration was formed in the1920s and191930s, and occupied a dominant position until the mid-1960s, based on bureaucratic theory and the dichotomy between politics and administration. It focuses its research object on administrative organization or bureaucracy, pays attention to the research of organization, process, procedure and administrative principles, and takes administrative efficiency as the highest goal. 2, the emergence of public management paradigm,
In 1970s and 1980s, public policy schools and business schools of American universities developed public management methods. Almost at the same time, two different methods of public management emerged: one from the school of public policy? Short for policy means? P way? The other is the abbreviation of -business approach for business school? B way? . Path B emphasizes the application of the concepts, theories and methods of tool management and economics to the management research of public sector, and still pays attention to organizational structure and process.
Path P comes from the Institute of Public Policy, which emphasizes the role of political factors in management, attaches importance to normative research, cares about the improvement of management performance, advocates learning from experience, attaches importance to learning lessons and spreading them, and promotes dialogue between political executives and senior managers.
After the brewing and development in 1970s and 1980s, the B mode and P mode of public management gradually merged, forming a new paradigm of public management. 199 1 the first American seminar on public administration was held in Syracuse university, which can be said to be a symbolic symbol of the birth of a new paradigm of public administration.
Third, the basic knowledge of public management, the subject scope of public management, 1, three different understandings of public management
A, public * * * management is equal to public * * * administration. This usage is common in the daily management activities of public departments, and also comes from scholars who adhere to the traditional public administrative paradigm or method.
B, regard public administration as a branch of public administration, which is an overall view of the project design, organizational structure, policies and management plans of public administration, as well as the application methodology of resource cultivation, financial management, human resource management, project evaluation and audit through the budget system.
C, regard public administration as a new method, new paradigm or new discipline framework different from traditional public administration and policy analysis.
2. The research object of public management.
Public management is a subject that studies public management activities or practices. It can be defined as a subject that comprehensively uses various scientific knowledge and methods to study public management organizations and public management processes and their laws. Its goal is to urge public organizations, especially government organizations, to provide public products more effectively. In other words, public management is to study how public organizations can effectively provide public products.
3. Disciplinary characteristics of public management.
First, as far as the research object and scope are concerned, public management not only studies government agencies, especially administrative bureaucrats, but also extends the research scope to other government agencies and non-profit organizations or the third sector, and even the private sector.
Second, public management is more interdisciplinary and comprehensive.
Third, the research focus of public administration has changed from the internal orientation of traditional public administration to the external orientation. Fourthly, public administration also involves a large number of other topics that public administration has not designed, such as public goods and public choices.
Fifth, public management is both empirical and normative.
Sixth, public management is based on the practice of contemporary public sector management, especially the practice of government reform, which has produced a new theoretical paradigm and in turn guided this practical model. Research approaches and methods of sigong management.