Manchu people used a large number of Han people long before entering the customs. Not to mention the Han people who originally lived in Liaodong, such as Ning Wanwo, Fan Wencheng, Bao Chengxian, etc., were the founders of the basic national policy of the Qing Dynasty, that is, Hong Chengchou, Wu Sangui, Kong Youde, Geng Zhongming, Shang Kexi, etc., ministers of the Ministry of War of the Ming Dynasty. They were all border guards of the Ming Dynasty and were later sealed by the Qing Dynasty. They were the founders of conquering the city and expanding the territory for the Manchus, and even the Regent's doer, the father of the emperor shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty. "Pi street, we are all ugly. I have a guide today, I am not happy? " At this time, although the Qing Dynasty had ruled most of China, there were Li Zicheng in the northwest, Zhang in the southwest, and Taiwan Province Province. They are all kings and emperors, and the Qing Dynasty still relies on these rebellious Han people to fight for the world. So in the first year of Shunzhi, when the little emperor was sitting in the Forbidden City and said that he was lonely, one of a series of letters issued clearly declared that "the clothes of civil servants were temporarily made by the Ming Dynasty"
However, only one year later, after the Qing army defeated Li Zicheng like a bamboo pole, swept across the south of the Yangtze River and wiped out the main resistance forces of the Ming Dynasty, the emperor's father, Regent Dourgen, issued a "tonsure edict" on behalf of seven-year-old the emperor shunzhi. Zhao Yue: The system of shaving hair has always been unified. Only when the world settles down will those who listen to it do so. Today, there is a family at home and abroad, the monarch is still the father, the people are still the son, and the father and son are one. How to violate it? If it is not unified, it will eventually be two hearts. After the spontaneous announcement, the capital is limited to ten days inside and outside the capital, and the provinces and regions in Zhili are limited to ten days from the Ministry to Japan. In order to cherish development, we will never take it lightly.
This is the imperial edict compiled by the imperial scholar Hei Pinke. In fact, the "haircut order" is much bloodier than this. "leave your head without hair, leave your hair headless." Almost overnight, such aphorisms were hung on the shaving poles by loads from all over the country. Even until the early days of the founding of New China, a stick stood high on the barber's pole, which was handed down from the old days. Hang a mirror for customers when shaving, and hang a flagpole full of "managing letters" when wandering around. Therefore, in the old days, among the traveling craftsmen, hairdressers were often called to be summoned, and they were really "ordered to shave their heads".
The "tonsure order" was issued in June of the second year of Qing Shunzhi. If it is said that before June this year, most of the people who resisted the Qing army in the south of the Yangtze River were regular troops of the Zhu Ming Dynasty, then since June this year, the uprising of the people's army in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, like a single spark, was almost a desperate struggle of the people against shaving their heads and combing their braids.
Jiading, now in Shanghai, was an important town in the south of the Yangtze River in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. After the "haircut order" was issued, Hou Tongzeng and Chun Yao, the left orders of the Ming Dynasty, gathered tens of thousands of soldiers and civilians and vowed to protect their hair and the city. The Qing dynasty inherited Wang's moral stupor and personally supervised the siege. The rebels kept the isolated city for several days in front of the strong enemy, not wanting heavy rain. As it happens, Li Chengdong, commander-in-chief of the Ming Dynasty and Wusong Company, assisted with artillery. After the rain, the city walls collapsed in many places, and the Qing army poured into the city and started street fighting with the helpless rebels from morning till night. Hou Tong drowned with his two sons, and Huang Chunyao hanged himself. The villain Li Chengdong ordered the massacre, and more than 20,000 soldiers and civilians immediately died by the steel knife. This day is the fourth day of the seventh lunar month. Then, on July 26th and August 6th 16, two vigilante groups appeared in the suburbs of Jiading, and Li Chengdong repeatedly ordered the slaughter of innocent people, with about 200,000 people in the city, almost completely annihilated. This is the famous atrocity "Jiading Three Slaughters" in the early Qing Dynasty. Because people often compare it with the "Yangzhou 10th Day" in which Qing soldiers burned and looted in Yangzhou in April of Shunzhi, many people, even Mr. Cai Dongfan, a famous novelist in China, misunderstood the three massacres of Qing soldiers in Jiading as the three-day massacre in his masterpiece "Popular Romance of China". In fact, the three massacres of the people in the city, each about ten days apart, were more cruel and thorough than the three-day continuous killings.
Compared with Yangzhou and Jiading, Jiangyin is just a small fortress with only over 90,000 people in the city. Elected as the commander-in-chief of guarding city by the people, there is neither a hundred thousand troops of Shi Kefa, a contemporary university student, nor a prominent position of Hou Tongzeng, a retired classical historian of Yan Yingyuan. The history of Canon in the Ming Dynasty is lower than that of Jiupin, and the quantity does not flow in. Strictly speaking, that is not an official, but an official. However, due to the great trust of the people of the whole city, Yan Dianshi sneaked back to Jiangyin from Huashishan, a refuge hundreds of miles away, and assumed the command of 90,000 ordinary people under the artillery and crossbows of 240,000 Qing soldiers. In the following eighty-one days, the whole city of Yan Yingyuan united and wiped out more than 75,000 enemy troops, including three princes and eighteen generals. The history of Yan Dian used almost all the tricks in the 36 schemes, such as false surrender, ambush, fire attack, scarecrow borrowing arrows, shadowing, a diversion, attacking enemy camps at night, and even using human bombs. Yan Yingyuan recruited volunteer elders to leave the city, pretended to surrender, and put explosives in the interlayer of wooden barrels filled with silver to light the fuse when giving them. Several elders with white hair and beard were burned together with the first, third and third thousand officers and men of the Qing army, and the Qing army had to pay homage to the three armed forces. On the day of breaking the city, Yan Yingyuan took several arrows and committed suicide. After being pulled out of the water by the Qing soldiers, he stabbed his tibia and made him kneel. After he fell to the ground, his knees did not bend until his death. According to statistics, more than 97,000 people were slaughtered in Jiangyin town, and more than 75,000 people were killed outside the city. Only 53 adherents of Jiangyin hid in the temple tower and saved their lives. On the day before his death, Yan Yingyuan left a pair of desperate couplets on the Jiangyin rostrum, which read his long-cherished wish of "keeping his hair headless":
On the 80 th, he showed loyalty to the people of the 17 th Dynasty.
One hundred thousand people jointly guarded the city, three hundred miles away from Daming.
If we say that a military commander on the battlefield, despite facing an absolutely powerful opponent, can still meet each other, killing one break even, killing two profitably, and dying fiercely, but once a civilian is captured, he can only be slaughtered by the other side and die miserably. When the "tonsure order" was issued, Zuo Zheng, special envoy of Nanming small court and left assistant minister (deputy minister) of Ministry of War, lived in Jingtai Hospital. Ai, the attache, was afraid of death, shaved his hair and combed big braid, and left a stick to kill him. When Regent Dourgen heard about it, he sent Zuo's younger brother, Zuo Maotai, to take the blame. Zuo asked knowingly, "How dare you pretend to be a member of my left family?" Then call it out of the building. Dourgen was furious and personally arraigned. When asked, "Why don't you shave your head?" Zuo' s answer was full of teeth: "The head can be broken, but the hair can' t be broken!" Dourgen actually killed Zuo, which violated the convention that the two countries fought against each other and did not meet kopis.
Qu Shizhen, a scholar of the Ming Dynasty, was captured with Zhang Tongchang, assistant minister of the Ministry of War. The commander-in-chief of the Qing army was Kong Youde, commander-in-chief of the Ming Dynasty, and Kong persuaded the descendants of Confucius by himself. Qu Shihe flew into a rage: "You Mao lackeys, hand over your book and defeat chamber pot. How can you trust the descendants of the sages? " Kong Youde was ashamed and held them separately, allowing them to shave their heads and become monks in private. They didn't care. For more than forty days, they wrote poems and sang songs every day, cursing the Qing court. Until the day of execution, Qu Shikuai was still dressed up and worshipped in the south. After Zhang Tongchang was killed, he stood up and jumped three times when his head fell to the ground. Qu and Zhang sang dozens of poems, one of which sang:
Take death calmly, take the city to death, and the loyal ministers of the ages are immune to it.
300 years have passed, elegance has disappeared, and the first wisp of silk is still fragrant.
In sharp contrast, those who are called "traitors" by the Han people and "second ministers" by the Manchu emperor are all high officials and generous. In the second year, Jinshi was admitted to imperial academy, Sun Zhixie. After the Qing dynasty, he was awarded assistant minister of rites. He was the first minister in the Han Dynasty to cut his hair and braid it. At that time, the "haircut order" had not yet been issued, and the ministers of Manchu and Han all stood in their own makeup. Sun Zhixie stood on the side of Han Chen after the court, Han Chen scolded him for washing monkeys, and the crown banned him from entering the column; He stood on the side of the Manchu minister again, and the Manchu minister laughed at him for being neither fish nor fowl, which made him extremely embarrassed. Then he was taken away by the Qing court and returned to his hometown. In the fourth year of Shunzhi, the rebels invaded his hometown Zichuan, cut off his braid, planted a few locks of hair on his scalp and paraded the streets, and were executed after being humiliated.
It can be said that in the last Qing Dynasty, the territory of Manchu and Han was never leveled, but the Manchu people were able to rule China for more than 280 years with a population of more than 200,000, and many of them were higher than the Zhu Ming dynasty in terms of major policies. From the withdrawal, training and suppression of Liao salaries in the early Qing Dynasty to the prosperous period of Kanggan, from not repairing the Great Wall to pacifying Junggar, recovering Taiwan Province and the wars in Ya Bu and Saskatchewan between China and Russia, Manchu people fought for their country from the standpoint of Greater China until they finally sacrificed their own language and merged into the Chinese family. However, in the aspect of shaving and dressing, which is far less important than language, Manchu people are so stubborn that they have to plant the seeds of extinction for themselves.
During the Chongzhen period of Ming Dynasty, Chen Mingxia was a scholar. After he entered the Hanlin Academy, he got a job in the second division of Duchayuan in the Ming Dynasty. Li Chuangwang entered Beijing, surrendered to the peasant army, and the Qing soldiers entered the customs. He was worshipped under the account of Prince Dourgen of Switzerland and became an official (minister) of the Qing Dynasty. He obtained a bachelor's degree from Hong Wen College and entered Shaobao and Taitai Insurance. Treacherous court officials in the Three Dynasties were fickle and disloyal, even meaner in character than Sun Zhixie, but he just saw the terrible consequences of forced shaving and the implementation of Manchu costumes in the Qing Dynasty. In the 11th year of Shunzhi, Chen Mingxia was impeached and put to death. Several charges are difficult to prove, except one, "Leave your hair and dress again, and the world will be at peace". Chen Mingxia was treacherous all her life, but this heartfelt remark ruined her life.
In the old society, there were many taboos in folk customs, such as "No shaving in the first month". In the first month of the summer calendar, although the boy's hair is crazy long, it can't be violated at all, otherwise it will be bad for my uncle. "I shaved my head in the first month and died." What a terrible responsibility. My uncle's safety depends on his nephew's head. It was not until the second day of February in the summer calendar that the boy was free to shave his head.
Why is my nephew's hair related to my uncle's life? This requires a lot of thinking. Sociologists have verified that human beings are moving from matrilineal society to paternal society step by step. In the matriarchal clan society where women have the final say, uncle is an important representative of this family.
The second volume of Ye Xianzhi published in the 24th edition of the Republic of China, Customs, reveals the answer to the custom: "I heard that the imperial edict of shaving hair before the Qing Dynasty was implemented in the first month of the fourth year of Shunzhi, and the system of the Ming Dynasty changed, so the people thought of the old gentleman because of shaving hair, so they said' thinking about the old'. After a long time, I mistook it for a' dead uncle'. " It is a kind of "nostalgia" not to shave your head in the first month. The first month is the beginning of a year, just like a morning. Don't shave your head for a month in the first month to remember the tradition. The time of the "haircut order" of the old villagers was wrong, not the first month of the fourth year of Shunzhi, but June of the second year of Shunzhi. At that time, Regent Dourgen ordered to set up sentry boxes at the main intersections in Beijing, such as Qianmen, Di 'anmen and Dongxi Archway, to shave pedestrians' heads for free. The "haircut order" stipulates that all officials, soldiers and civilians should shave their heads, and those who hesitate should be beheaded according to the theory of rebellion! The court threatened the Han people with death to submit to Manchu, which frightened them. But this panic instantly turned into anger. They would rather die than shave their heads, and even shouted, "I'd rather be a ghost with my hair tied than shave my head." However, after all, the neck is not as hard as a steel knife, and the Han people are forced to shave their hair for the sake of their necks. But the resistance didn't stop. Not shaving for the first month was a kind of resistance. 1644 to 1650 (from the first year of Shunzhi to the seventh year of Shunzhi), Italian Martino Martini wrote "The Battle of Tatar", which recorded the situation that the soldiers and civilians in southern China fought to defend their hair: soldiers and ordinary people took up arms and swore to defend their hair to the death, which was more heroic than fighting for the emperor and the country. Not only Tatars, in fact, if they catch up with the past, they may recover the provincial capital and other towns, but instead of continuing to develop and win, they are only content to keep their hair. It's hard for Italians to understand that they don't hesitate to turn around to shave their heads.
Han men have been storing hair since ancient times, "wearing leather clothes and influenced by their parents", and dare not hurt or move. Shaving your head is like killing someone. The punishment of "delivering" is not within the five punishments, but it is also a punishment. Cao Cao of the Three Kingdoms cut his hair and changed his head as proof. This habit has been abolished since the Sui and Tang Dynasties: immature children wear their hair around their necks and shawls; When I am an adult, my hair is always tied in a bun. At that time, in order to unify the national costumes, the Qing Dynasty forced Han people to imitate Manchu, shave their heads and wear braids. Manchu used to be a hunting tribe. For practical convenience, they drew a straight line from both ends of the frontal angle, and all the hair outside the straight line was shaved off, leaving only the hair on the top of the head braided. Customs have a strong inheritance and will change with time and place. After the Manchu entered the Central Plains, a large number of Han scholars were accepted to participate in the political power, and senior officials such as cabinet university students and six ministers were equally divided. Under the situation of "Manchu, * * * the world", the contradiction between Manchu and Han nationalities gradually weakened. Over time, Han people also regarded "Manchu" as orthodoxy, and shaving their heads gradually became a habit. In this way, if you don't shave your head in the first month to "miss the old", you will lose the cultural and psychological foundation on which you live, and you will be misinformed as "dead uncle" by homophones. In order to resist the Manchu rule, the Han people invented the saying that they shaved their heads and died in the first month. If you don't shave your head for a month in the first month, you don't shave your head for a year, in order to remember your ancestors and traditions. In the tradition of China people, uncle is a symbol of justice. It is usually my uncle who presides over the justice of family separation.
According to the folklore of Huaiyin, Jiangsu Province, this legend began with the political victory of Qin Shihuang. In order to avoid taboo, the people changed the name of the first month of each year to the first month, and also formed the custom of not shaving their heads, otherwise there would be mass annihilation. People in Jianshi County, Sichuan Province say that they don't shave their heads in the first month, otherwise it is called "no hair (law)".
Manchu people living in the northeast don't shave their heads in the first month, and most of them wait until February 2, which is called the "head-shaving faucet". Scrape the tap every year, grow up and make great strides, be the first and make great achievements. They also think that shaving your head in the first month will hurt your uncle. It can be seen that this is the legacy of ancient human customs, but it has been given new content when ethnic contradictions intensify, using ancient customs to disguise the thoughts of the old country.