The principle of rationality had a great influence on the political civilization of modern France. Read the following materials and answer the questions.
Material one? Those who were "offended" by Napoleon were awakened by the slogan of "freedom, equality and fraternity" and became enthusiastic, and then turned against each other when the mentor betrayed the principle.
-Stavria Anoos Global History: From Prehistoric to 2 1 century.
Material 2? Voltaire and philosophers once expected all nations to follow the same rational and enlightened road and move towards the same civilization. Held (/Kloc-Prussian philosopher in the 8th century) believed that all ethnic groups will develop their own characteristics in their own way, and each ethnic group will inevitably develop slowly like plant growth.
——R？ r？ Palmer's Reason and Passion
material
Material three?
The French admire the power of reason. They believe that rationality can design a comprehensive system, and the public can realize their beautiful institutional vision as long as they work hard towards this goal. Therefore, France is full of all kinds of ideas, which are opposite to it.
It is a variety of self-righteous political factions. But rationality is limited, and these different factions only represent the interests of special groups. It is impossible for any faction to satisfy everyone's ideas. Therefore, the political system established by any faction
It is impossible to exist stably for a long time.
-Yin Yan, Jr., "Looking at the Evolution Characteristics of the French Political System from History"
(1) What is the main reason for Napoleon's failure? The historical phenomenon reflected by the material 1 is not an isolated case. Try to illustrate with the historical facts of modern China. (10)
(2) According to the second material and the knowledge learned, what are the main principles of "the same road of reason and enlightenment" designed by Voltaire and philosophers? According to the second document, the differences between Voltaire and Herder are summarized. (8 points)
(3) According to the understanding of "rationality is limited" in Material 3, what kind of design did the Third Republic of France have for the political system? According to what I know, I point out the positive influence of rationalism on French political civilization. (8 points) [26 points]
Reference answer:
(1) The main reason: the Napoleonic War was aggressive; The spread of the Enlightenment promoted the awakening of the conquered areas. (4 points) Historical facts: 19 15 The New Culture Movement spread western democratic scientific ideas and promoted the people of China.
The awakening of the clan; At the Paris Peace Conference, western powers betrayed China's interests; This led to the May 4th Movement. (6 points) (You can write "New Culture Movement [mentor]-Paris Peace Conference [betrayal]-May 4th Movement [opposition].
Yes] "The connection between them is enough."
(2) Principles: freedom and equality, separation of powers and checks and balances, people's sovereignty (or "sovereignty lies with the people") and social contract. (4 points, write 2 points) Different: Voltaire believes that all ethnic groups should have the same development path; (2 points) Holder believes that the development path should be decided according to the national way. (2 points)
(3) Giving the President and the Senate great powers (2 points). The president has the right to appoint a cabinet with the consent of the House of Representatives and dissolve the House of Representatives with the consent of the Senate. (2 points) The Senate has the right to veto laws passed by the House of Representatives, and the Cabinet is responsible to the Senate. (2 points) Positive influence: it became the ideological forerunner of the French Revolution and promoted the establishment and development of the French capitalist political system. (2 points)