The love affair between Lu Xun and Xu Guangping.
Teachers and students of Beijing Normal University
On the morning of March 1925, 1 1, with the ringing of the morning bell, the students in the dormitory of National Beijing Women's Normal University got up to freshen up and prepare for the upcoming courses that day.
At this time, in a dormitory on the second floor of this small building, a female student is writing a letter to the teacher. The letter said: The headmaster used "studying abroad" and "staying in school"-staying in school after graduation-to find a good position as cake bait. Students take the gains and losses of rights as bait, buy one today and one tomorrow ... as long as they love the stack, they will do anything. This is the future of women's education in China. Sir! Is there any way to add some sugar to bitter medicine?
The name of the principal mentioned in this female student's letter is Yang Yinyu. She is one of the earliest female students studying abroad in China. She used to be a supervisor of women's normal university, and a year ago she was the president of women's normal university.
At the beginning of this year, Beijing Women's Normal School was renamed National Beijing Women's Normal University, formerly known as Shi Jing Women's Normal School, which was established in 1908. 19 19 In the May 4th Movement, female normal college students broke through the school's ban for the first time and joined the student movement. At this time, there is a storm brewing on campus to expel President Yang Yinyu. The female student who wrote this letter is the director-general of the Student Autonomy Association of Women's Normal University, and Xu Guangping, an important organizer of the movement to expel Yang.
On the second day of Xu Guangping's letter, that is,1March, 925, 12, 59-year-old Sun Yat-sen died in Beijing due to ineffective treatment of advanced liver cancer. After the death of Sun Yat-sen, about 740,000 people went to pay their respects. At that time, Duan government decided to hold a state funeral for him, and the coffin was temporarily placed in Biyun Temple in Xishan, Beijing. On March 12, many students from Beijing Women's Normal University wanted to attend Sun Yat-sen's memorial service, but they were stopped by President Yang Yinyu.
Yang Yinyu doesn't want students to join the social and political movement. When a student offered to mourn Sun Yat-sen, she felt that Sun Yat-sen's thought had another destructive effect, and that students should study culture well, so she refused the student's request and the contradiction intensified.
Yang Yinyu's behavior aroused the students' anger. The purpose of Xu Guangping's letter to the teacher is to give some suggestions on what is happening at school. Two days after the letter was sent, Xu Guangping received a reply from the teacher, which wrote: Bitter tea with sugar is as bitter as ever, but it is better than no sugar, but this sugar is hard to find, and I don't know where it is, so I have to hand it in blank. The teacher who handed in blank papers for students is Lu Xun. This letter is also Xu Guangping's first letter to Lu Xun. By this year, Lu Xun has been teaching in women's normal university for almost five years.
Lu Xun, formerly known as Zhou Shuren, was later known as the in-depth director of the May 4th New Literature Movement. 188 18 was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang. At the age of 38, Zhou Shuren wrote his first novel Diary of a Madman under the pseudonym of Lu Xun, which was published in the fifth volume of New Youth. The novel attacked the family system and the feudal system. (Xu Shoushang's Chronicle of Mr. Lu Xun)
/kloc-in the autumn of 0/920, Lu Xun taught in Peking University and Women's Normal University at the same time, teaching the history of China's novels. Before coming to Women's Normal University, Lu Xun's novels The True Story of Ah Q, Mourning for the Past and Kong Yiji were all works that women normal university students liked to read. Lu Xun's popularity made the first lesson he gave to students in Xu Guangping become something everyone expected.
Ni, the author of Xu Guangping and Lu Xun, said: "They all have a curious research psychology, that is, when this teacher came, they all knew that this course was taught by Lu Xun. The name of his school is Zhou Shuren, and they all know it. They want to see who this famous writer Zhou Shuren is. "
In this class, Xu Guangping sits in the first row of the classroom.
During class, Lu Xun came in in a hurry, which surprised everyone. Because his clothes are patched, his gown is patched in some places, especially his trousers and knees, his shoes are patched, and his hair is long and flat-topped. Everyone is talking about how such people seem to be beggars.
There are many well-known professors such as Zhou Zuoren and Lin Yutang who also teach in women's normal university, but compared with the new figures who usually wear suits and ties, Lu Xun looks sloppy.
Ni said: "Zhou Zuoren often wears long gowns, and Lu Xun often wears long gowns, but Zhou Zuoren's long gowns are not worn out, and they are all very beautiful." Xu Shoushang and Lin Yutang often wear suits, especially Lin Yutang's tie. Everything looks good. Lu Xun is more casual. For example, if there is water on the table, he will wipe it off with a sleeve when the rag is not around. "
As soon as Lu Xun, who was short and casually dressed, gave a lecture, Xu Guangping and other students were attracted by his words. Unconsciously, the first class was over, and when the students came to their senses, Lu Xun had disappeared from the classroom.
Xu Guangping later described this first lesson in Lu Xun and Youth. "For a long time, the students woke up with a breeze in early spring. The new people blew from the cold world and felt a little warm in the darkness. Everyone turned around with a sigh of relief."
Hu Shi, Li Dazhao and Lin Yutang, who teach in women's normal university with Lu Xun, have passed on new ideas to female students who are eager for personality liberation and have a great influence on them.
In the 1920s, the May 4th New Culture Movement brought young people destruction and innovation to the traditional social system, especially resistance to feudal marriage.
Feudal arranged marriage is a common problem faced by female students in Beijing Normal University, and Xu Guangping is no exception. Gaudi Street is a famous commercial street in Guangzhou. Since the late Qing Dynasty, there have been many shops and a wide range of goods. 1898 February 12, Xu Guangping was born in a big family named Xu in Gaudi Street. A few days after her birth, her parents betrothed her to a Mr. Ma in Guangzhou.
Xu Guangping told her family that she didn't like the marriage and wanted to dissolve it. But the Ma family didn't want to give up this marriage. Finally, through negotiation, the Xu family gave the Ma family a sum of money, enough for the Ma family to marry another daughter-in-law.
After the marriage with Ma family was dissolved, Xu Guangping went north to study at 1922, and Peking University set a precedent at 1920, taking the lead in lifting the restrictions on women's higher education. Two years later, the National Government promulgated the Ren Xu Academic System, which formally clarified the right of women to receive higher education. According to the survey statistics of China Education Reform Society this year, there were 887 female college students in China at that time, accounting for 2.5% of the total number of college students, and Xu Guangping was one of the first female college students. Playing in women's normal university, Xu Guangping met Lu Xun.
The consciousness of democracy and freedom instilled in students by Lu Xun, Hu Shi and Chen Duxiu conflicts with the old education system of the school. At that time, the school stipulated that all students should wear dresses and uniforms made of grass-green cloth, and offenders would be recorded. When he became the principal, the school rules became stricter, and the behavior of students worshiping Sun Yat-sen became the fuse of expelling Yang.
"Beijing Daily" published the news that female normal university students petitioned the then Beiyang government to "expel President Yang Yinyu". However, the initial result of the Exorcism Movement was that Xu Guangping and other six people were expelled from the school, and Xu Guangping was dismissed as a "black sheep" in the expulsion order, so he was nicknamed "black sheep".
Written in the notice of the school, the school announced how bad these people behaved and sent the content of poor performance to six parents. It is easy for parents to misunderstand that their daughter is unruly and undisciplined at school, and I don't know what is going on. So Lu Xun and several teachers wrote a statement.
1925 On May 27th, seven professors, including Lu Xun, Lin Yutang and Zhou Zuoren, published a declaration in Beijing Daily, openly supporting the student movement of women's normal university. In this month, Lu Xun and Xu Guangping wrote six times.
In their correspondence, their names and signatures are very interesting. At the beginning, Xu Guangping said that Mr. Lu Xun was later called Xun Shi, and his signature was first a pupil and then a student. Later, Lu Xun called brother Xu Guangping Guangping, and later he developed into a pest. Finally became my dear teacher, your dark horse. This shows that the two of them are already very close.
Ms Yu Fang, a fellow countryman of Lu Xun, went to Lu Xun's home in Xisantiao Hutong every Sunday in the 1920s, where they often saw Xu Guangping.
Yu Fang recalled: "Mr. Xu Guangping, she was like this. She is very tall. She is taller than my sister and all of them. People are generous, their eyes are amazing, and their eyes are bigger. It seems that they say that the eyebrows seem to be thick and a little clever. "
1In June, 925, Yang Yinyu was expelled from the campus by the students of Women's Normal University. During this period, students insisted on attending classes, teachers insisted on teaching, and the school was relatively calm. On the Dragon Boat Festival, Lu Xun invited six female students, including Xu Guangping and Yu Jiasan, to have dinner in Xisantiao Hutong to spend the Dragon Boat Festival.
Yu Fang still remembers the day when she had dinner: "After dinner, Xu Guangping and Wang Shunqin drank to Mr. Lu Xun. After the toast, it was later said that the wine was too weak and turned into yellow wine. Say yellow wine is too weak, just say whether you have the courage to eat white wine. Mr. Lu Xun said that if you eat white wine, you will eat white wine. "
During the dinner, Lu Xun was a little drunk, so he pressed Yufen's head and knocked Xu Guangping's head.
Not long after the Dragon Boat Festival party, the police began to intervene in the student movement of the Women's Normal University. In the name of maintenance, Yang Yinyu rushed into the campus with the police and forcibly closed the student dormitory. The student dormitory is closed, and Xu Guangping, whose home is in Guangdong, has no shelter at this time. At this time, Lu Xun asked Xu Guangping to stay in his home temporarily.
Lu Xun's home in Xisantiao Hutong is a small quadrangle with three rooms in the north. His mother Lu Rui lives in the East Room, his wife Zhu An lives in the Westinghouse, and Lu Xun lives in a small house that extends backward in the north. Lu Xun called it Tiger Tail.
In Lu Xun's home, Xu Guangping had a new activity, that is, copying manuscripts for Lu Xun. Xu Guangping copied quickly. One day, she copied more than ten thousand words in a row.
Ni, the author of Xu Guangping and Lu Xun, said: "When Lu Xun came in and said that you copied too hard, he touched Xu Guangping's hand, making her feel that Lu Xun's concern for her was not as good as the teacher's concern for her students."
Zhu An was Lu Xun's original wife, and this marriage was arranged for him by his mother Lu Rui during Lu Xun's study abroad. Out of filial piety to his mother, Lu Xun accepted Zhu An. Lu Xun has great respect for Zhu An. Although they had no feelings, they didn't quarrel. And in fact, they have been living asexual lives, and Lu Xun has actually been living the life of an only child.
Lu Xun believes that love is the foundation of marriage, and there can be no happiness in marriage without love, but he is prepared to sacrifice himself and let young people enjoy this happiness. Mr. Lu Xun once wrote in the article "How Do We Be Fathers Now": "I carry the traditional baggage, carry the dark door, and let them go to a wide and bright place; After that, live happily and be a reasonable person.
1925 In the summer, at Lu Xun's home, Xu Guangping expressed his love for Lu Xun for the first time. But Lu Xun felt that he could never get the happiness of marriage again and was not worthy of being loved.
Out of the ivory tower is a textbook written by Lu Xun when he was teaching in a women's normal university. One of them is a love story written by English poet Browning. In the story, an elderly teacher fell in love with a young female student, but the elderly teacher thought it was impossible for us to fall in love and said that we were out of proportion. When they get old, they think God may not think so. We can still fall in love with Lu Xun because of his unhappy marriage, but Xu Guangping quoted Browning's poem. God may not think so. This is one thing.
Nimoyan said, "This story is because both of them know what it means. Then Lu Xun replied, you are too poisoned, because you understand the story I told in class. Lu Xun's answer is not to exclude Xu Guangping.
I just think Xu Guangping should reconsider. "
In love with Lu Xun, Xu Guangping had to face the question of the names of Juan and his wife and concubine.
I am my own. This is the slogan put forward by Lu Yin, a female normal college student, when she opposed feudal marriage. This sentence is popular among female normal college students and becomes their symbolic language against old-fashioned marriage. Compared with Xu Guangping's bold and active pursuit of love, Lu Xun's psychological pressure is great.
China's feudal thought is deeply rooted. Teachers and students are two generations, so it is unthinkable for teachers and students to fall in love. If Lu Xun admits the love between teachers and students, it is an extra wife. Traditionally, he is tantamount to concubinage, and it seems that his life is not decent.
As the leader of the new culture movement, Lu Xun's words and deeds will be concerned by the society. The fact that he only had one wife also made Lu Xun decide to give up the right to pursue love.
Sun Yu, director of Lu Xun Museum in Beijing, said: "He thinks that we who engage in new culture are very decent and serious. Therefore, we are determined not to take concubinage. He is determined not to find a second room. "
Lu Xun believes that love is the foundation of marriage, and there can be no happiness in marriage without love. But for himself, he was prepared to sacrifice himself.
The contact with Xu Guangping changed Lu Xun's life, his loveless marriage was hit, and his original intention of sacrificing himself began to waver. Later, influenced by Xu Guangping, Lu Xun slowly told Xu Guangping that I could love. Why should I sacrifice myself?
Not long after that talk that God might not think so, Xu Guangping went into Lu Xun's hut again, hoping to get a final answer. After some gazing and thinking, Lu Xun said: I can love, you win.
In the end, Zhang, the minister of education of Beiyang government, was dismissed from the post of principal, but at the same time, Zhang ordered the dissolution of women's normal university. This behavior was opposed by professors and students such as Lu Xun, and teachers and students opened temporary school buildings in Zongmao Hutong to continue their classes. The student movement of Women's Normal University has been supported by students from other universities in Beijing. In June, 1925, 1 1, a demonstration of "breaking down the rules and punishing Zhang" broke out in Beijing. On June+February, 65438 1 1 day, the Prime Minister Duan of Beiyang government announced the recall of Zhang. Beijing Women's Normal University announced the resumption of classes.
The communication between Lu Xun and Xu Guangping has been criticized by some people. Under such circumstances, there is no photo of Lu Xun and Xu Guangping. This photo with Jiang Jingsan, director of the library of Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, was cut by the latecomers and published in the media as a photo of the two.
In a letter to a friend 196 1, Zhou Zuoren once commented on Xu Guangping: "My wife often disrespects a lady because she sympathizes with her ex-wife (Zhu An). No wonder she comes from an ancient family."
Lu Xun and Xu Guangping
1In August, 926, Xu Xun left Beijing, where they witnessed their love, and left Xisantiao Hutong.
1927 10, Xu Guangping and Lu Xun settled in Shanghai, officially openly dating and announced cohabitation.
Their beloved son was born and named Yinghai.
1933 in may, the two men edited their previous letters into a book of two places and published it as a testimony of their love.
193610 June19 At 5: 25 am, Lu Xun died in Shanghai.
1March 3, 968, Xu Guangping died in Beijing.