1, handicraft workshops first appeared in Italy in14th century. Handicraft workshops are large in scale and employ many workers. The division of labor and cooperation among workers has improved production efficiency.

2. Early handicraft workshops in Western Europe were concentrated in textile, mining, metallurgy, shipbuilding and other industries.

3./kloc-Since the 6th century, western European countries have carried out policies in favor of businessmen in order to make Qiang Bing rich. The class that has changed since the emergence of handicraft workshops is the merchant class, a new class bourgeoisie.

4. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China's manual workshops appeared in Jingdezhen.

5, known as "the most perfect representative of the Renaissance" is da? Finch's masterpieces Mona Lisa and The Last Supper; Shakespeare was a famous English playwright during the Renaissance, and his masterpiece was Romeo and Juliet.

6. Known as the "Pope's Cattle" are Germans, and the religious reformers are Luther, Bacon, Copernicus and Heliocentrism. Newton's outstanding achievement is that he put forward the law of gravity, Voltaire, a thinker who advocated natural human rights, and Rousseau, a French thinker, put forward the idea of people's sovereignty.

Columbus, the navigator, was the first person to discover the new continent. The original inhabitants of America were Indians and yellow people. The route from western Europe to India was first discovered by Da? Gamma Magellan was the first man to sail around the world. Known as the "sea coachman" is Dutch.

8. Reasons for opening new routes:

(1) The gold of eastern countries has become the dream of western Europeans.

(2) The Ottoman Empire controlled the main trade routes between the East and the West and blocked the traditional trade routes of western European countries to the East;

(3) the development of commodity economy and the bud of capitalism (root)

(4) the need of Christian communication

Generally speaking, the direct reasons for opening up new air routes are: pursuing wealth and obtaining benefits; The fundamental reason is the development of commodity economy.

Impact:

The opening of the new air route promoted the development of capitalism in western Europe, strengthened global ties, and the world began to move towards the whole.

9. The countries that took the lead in colonial plunder were Portugal and Spain, and the country that occupied the most colonies was Britain.

10, the kings of Britain and France on the eve of the bourgeois revolution were Charles I and Louis XVI respectively; The leaders are Cromwell and robespierre; The Bill of Rights is the most important law to restrict the royal power in Britain, and the political system established after the revolution is constitutional monarchy.

1 1. The event that opened the prelude to the American War of Independence was the gunfire in Lexington. The document published in the American War of Independence was the Declaration of Independence, and the leader of the War of Independence was Washington.

12. The French Revolution was marked by the conquest of the Bastille. The document issued is the Declaration of Human Rights, the national anthem of France is La Marseillaise, and the founder of the French Empire is Napoleon.

13, Zhu Yuanzhang was the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and Songjiang was a developed area of cotton textile industry in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. A large number of China products have entered the international market, such as silk, tea and porcelain.

14, during the Ming Dynasty, Turku of Mongolia moved westward and was accepted by Qianlong. /kloc-In the early 8th century, the Qing government set up a minister stationed in Tibet to manage Tibet on behalf of the central government. The Qing government put down the aristocratic rebellion in Junggar, Uighur and other places, and legally determined the vast areas of Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers as China territory. This treaty is the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar.

15. The institutions established in Ming and Qing dynasties to strengthen the royal power were the factory health and the military department. In order to strengthen ideological control in Qing dynasty, a literary inquisition was established in Daxing. At that time, the style of imperial examination papers was eight-part essay.

16, China's thinker who opposed the autocratic imperial power was Huang Zongxi.

17, Geographical Map of the Great World was drawn by Italian missionary Matteo Ricci. As a court painter in China, the Italian missionary who participated in the western-style architectural design of Yuanmingyuan was Lang Shining.

18 and 1553, the Portuguese occupied Macau, and the Dutch occupied Taiwan Province Province at the beginning of 17 century. The hero who successfully recovered Taiwan Province Province was Zheng Chenggong. 1793, British envoy Margaret led a delegation to China, with the main purpose of expanding the British overseas market.

Unit 6 The wave of industrial civilization sweeping the world

1 and1In the middle of the 8th century, Britain began an industrial revolution in which manual labor was replaced by machine production. The earliest industry was the cotton textile industry. The invention and application of a new power machine, the steam engine, brought human society into age of steam.

2. Known as the "century of science" is19th century. The earliest industrialized country in the world is Britain. The most prominent feature of the new stage of industrial revolution is the wide application of electricity in production and life, which has brought mankind into the electrical age.

3. Compare the early and new stages of the industrial revolution.

The early stage of the industrial revolution, the new stage of the industrial revolution.

The main technical inventions and inventors are Jenny spinning machine (Hargreaves), steam engine (Watt), steam locomotive (Stephenson), motor (Gram), electromagnetic induction principle (Faraday), utility generator (Siemens), electric light (Edison), Paris Electric Railway, movie projector, telephone (Bell), car (Ford) and plane (Wright brothers).

The leading countries in industrial development are Britain, the United States and Germany.

The main industrial categories are textile, machinery manufacturing, metallurgy, mining, paper making, transportation, electric power industry, steel industry and chemical industry.

Petroleum industry, automobile industry

4. In modern factories, assembly line production mode appeared, and film projectors were invented.

5, the world finally formed a complete time in the early 20th century, mainly as follows:

Domain performance

Economic circles have basically formed a unified market, and goods from all countries flow in this huge market.

Traffic tracks extend to all parts of the world, and many port cities have developed in various countries.

The population movement has accelerated, and there has been an upsurge of overseas immigration.

Cultural exchanges are more extensive, and advanced ideas, science and technology and lifestyles of industrial civilization are spread all over the world.

There are some world-wide sports activities, such as the Olympic Games.

Haiti is the first independent country in Latin America. Japan became the first industrialized country in Asia through the Meiji Restoration.

Comprehensive problem

1. Compare Zheng He's and Columbus's voyages to the West.

(1) Zheng He's farthest voyage to the Western Ocean: the Red Sea coast and the east coast of Africa; The farthest place Columbus sailed: America.

(2) What was the purpose of Zheng He's and Columbus's voyages to the West?

The main purposes of Zheng He's voyage to the West are: to publicize national prestige; Strengthen ties with overseas countries; Meet the ruler's demand for exotic jewelry. The purpose of Columbus's voyage was to find gold; This is Europe's need for eastern trade.

(3) What impact did Zheng He's and Columbus's voyages to the West have on the world respectively?

Zheng He's voyage to the West strengthened the ties and friendly exchanges between the Ming Dynasty and overseas countries, but it brought a heavy economic burden to the Ming Dynasty, which eventually led to the quiet end of navigation.

Columbus's voyage made Europeans discover America, accelerated the development of America and promoted the development of capitalism in Western Europe. But at the same time, it has also brought great disasters to the Latin American people.

2. Look at the following materials to answer:

Material 1: China's products are rich and all-encompassing, and we don't borrow foreign original goods in exchange for needed goods. -Guangdong Customs Records, Volume 23

Material 2: The customs and habits of Zhejiang people are easy to make trouble, and the mistakes of foreign businessmen will inevitably bring trouble. -The Hadith of Emperor Gaozong in Qing Dynasty (Volume 28 1)

Material 3: This generation (note: overseas Chinese and businessmen) are mostly restless people. If they are allowed to come and go at will, Iraqis and others will have no scruples. People who go back to their hometowns lightly and wander abroad will benefit many people. Later, a time limit should be set. If he doesn't return after the deadline, he is willing to emigrate, and I won't allow him to come back. This kind of trade wants to belong to the owner and dares not stay out for the night. -"General Examination of Qing Dynasty Literature" Volume 33

(1) The material 1 indicates that "China" is unwilling to trade with foreign countries. We call this policy a closed door policy.

(2) Combining the materials I and II, talk about the reasons for implementing this policy.

In the early Qing Dynasty, the feudal natural economy was mainly self-sufficient, and the development of commodity economy was very limited. The ruler thinks that China is rich in products and short-sighted, and disdains to exchange needed goods with foreign countries; The rulers are also afraid that the contacts between foreign businessmen and coastal people will cause trouble and facilitate foreigners to invade China.

(3) What is the direct consequence of this restriction on coastal people's maritime trade in Material 3?

China's foreign trade was blocked and hit, and it gradually lost its initiative in foreign trade. Since the Ming Dynasty, the maritime industry has also declined.

(4) According to the above materials and knowledge, talk about the understanding of the consequences of implementing this policy.

If it is closed, it will fall behind, and if it falls behind, it will be beaten.

3. The opening of new air routes has made the world integrated, and the development of new means of transportation and communication has provided the necessary conditions for the strengthening of world ties, eventually forming a global market, and foreign goods began to flood into the China market. Nowadays, foreign color TVs such as Sydney, Toshiba and Panasonic, and high-end cars such as BMW, Mercedes-Benz and Buick have begun to enter the homes of ordinary people.

(1) Please analyze why western European countries have to spend huge sums of money to open up new routes.

The development of commodity economy and the germination of capitalism; Europeans' crazy pursuit of gold; Motivation to spread Christianity;

(2) The final formation of the whole world has had a great impact on human society, but is it the same for all countries in the world? Why? No, the new industrial revolution was basically completed at the beginning of the19th century. The western capitalist countries became stronger and the countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America fell behind. Western capitalist countries, which took the lead in completing the industrial revolution, accelerated the pace of colonial aggression in order to occupy overseas markets and raw material producing areas. By the end of 19, the whole world was basically divided, and countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America became colonies or semi-colonies and were enslaved by them.

(3) "Now, foreign color TVs such as Sydney, Toshiba and Panasonic and high-end cars such as BMW, Mercedes-Benz and Buick have begun to enter the homes of ordinary people." What does this mean? Economic globalization.

4. What are the similarities and differences between the characteristics of economic and political development in Ming and Qing Dynasties and Europe in the same period?

Differences: During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China's autocratic imperial power was constantly strengthened, while the bourgeois revolution broke out in western countries, overthrowing the feudal autocracy and establishing the capitalist system; China's ideological control is very strict. Rulers set up literary courts and strengthened their ideological control. On the basis of the emergence of handicraft workshops and the development of industry and commerce, western countries have produced new classes and caused changes in the ideological and cultural fields. The Renaissance, the Reformation, the birth of modern science and the Enlightenment all appeared in this period. With this closed door, the west constantly wants to explore overseas and explore overseas colonies.

Similarities: the handicraft industry is developed; The status of businessmen is gradually changing or the capital of businessmen is very abundant; Modern progressive thinkers have emerged.

Unit 7 Towards the Modern World

1, a comparison between World War I and World War II;

The nature of the causes of the outbreak of war

World War I1914-1918 Due to the political and economic development of imperialist countries,

Imbalance is caused by the demand of re-division of colonies. Predatory wars between imperialist countries

World War II 1939- 1945 Fascist countries wanted to dominate the world and carry on the family line.

1929—— 1933 economic crisis

Fascist aggression and anti-fascist war are battles between justice and evil.

The application of new weapons in the important battles between warring parties in the countries that initiated the war.

In World War I, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Germany and Austria-Hungary used tanks, planes, submarines, radars, long-range artillery,

World War II German-Japanese-Italian Fascist Group bombed the anti-fascist alliance headed by China, the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union in the Battle of Stalingrad.

The same result

(1) The First World War ended in the defeat of the Allies, which seriously weakened the forces of imperialism and caused great material and spiritual losses to mankind; (2) The victory of Russian October Revolution and the establishment of the first socialist country; 1, the war has brought profound disasters to mankind, causing huge material losses and casualties.

2. The massive use of new weapons in the war made the war even more cruel.

3. Socialist countries have emerged.

(1) Peace-loving countries and people United, established an anti-fascist alliance, and waged a life-and-death struggle with fascism, and finally won; (2) Italy, Germany and Japan surrendered one after another; (3) 1945, 10 10 On October 24th, with the joint efforts of the United States, Britain, the Soviet Union and other countries, the United Nations, an international organization with the purpose of maintaining world peace and security, was established;

2. Where should technology be applied?

The development of science and technology itself is harmless, and the key lies in where science and technology are used. We should use science and technology to improve human ability to resist disasters, improve human material and spiritual life, and improve the quality of human life. Bottom line: Science and technology are the primary productive forces. We should use science and technology to benefit mankind and promote social development, not to destroy mankind.

3. Why did the anti-fascist war finally win?

On the one hand, peace-loving countries and people all over the world unite to establish an anti-fascist alliance and fight fascism to the end; On the other hand, the anti-human nature of fascism is bound to lead to its failure, and the just anti-fascist war is bound to win.

4. The economic crisis from1929 to 1933 began in new york, USA, and soon spread to the whole capitalist world, and almost all capitalist countries were spared.

5. The main manifestations of the capitalist economic crisis from1929 to 1933 are: banks closed down one after another, a large number of industrial and commercial enterprises went bankrupt, the market was depressed, the number of unemployed people surged, and people's living standards declined. 6. The characteristics of the capitalist economic crisis of1929 ~ 1933 are: wide range (capitalist countries all over the world), long time (1929 ~ 1933 * * lasting for five years) and great destruction (1933 *).

7. 1929 to 1933 the impact of the economic crisis? (1) This crisis has brought profound disasters to people all over the world, ended the relative stability of capitalism in the 1920s, intensified various contradictions in the capitalist system, led to the vigorous rise of revolutionary movements and national liberation movements, and led to a serious political crisis in the capitalist world. (2) In order to get rid of the crisis, the monopoly bourgeoisie in various countries tried their best to find a way out: the United States implemented Roosevelt's New Deal, which temporarily eased the crisis, while Germany, Italy and Japan established a fascist dictatorship and became the source of World War II.

8. The first economic crisis in the world occurred in Britain in 1825.

9. The economic crisis is a unique phenomenon in capitalist society at that time, and its essence is the crisis of "overproduction", in which "overproduction" refers to relative surplus.

10, compare the Petrograd armed uprising in March 2007 (February Revolution) with the Petrograd armed uprising in June 2007 (February Revolution +09 165438+2007 10 (June 2007). Name1965438+Petrograd armed uprising in March 2007191765438+1October Petrograd armed uprising.

Natural bourgeois democratic revolution proletarian revolution

The revolutionary task overthrew the rule of the tsar and overthrew the interim government.

As a result, the bourgeois provisional government was established, continued to participate in the war to establish a socialist system, established a Soviet government representing workers and peasants, and announced its withdrawal from World War I.

1 1 Why did Lenin and the Bolshevik Party win the support of the people?

Under the guidance of Marxism, Lenin and the Bolshevik Party carried out socialist transformation in Russia. They represent the vital interests of the broad masses of the people, and their goal is to meet the wishes of workers and peasants, so they have won the support of the people.

12 the historical significance of the victory of the October Revolution? The victory of the October Revolution not only changed the development direction of Russian history, but also had a great impact on the development of the whole human society, which opened a new era of history and was the beginning of modern world history.

/kloc-after the victory of the October revolution in 0/3, the Soviet government promulgated the land law, which distributed the land to farmers, banks and large enterprises and nationalized them, and workers supervised the production of enterprises. The "Letter to Russian Citizens" was issued, solemnly declaring that "all state power belongs to the Soviet Union". 1922, Soviet Russia joined forces with neighboring Soviet republics such as Ukraine and Belarus to form the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, referred to as the Soviet Union.

14. The Ottoman Empire under the rule of Turks was once a feudal empire spanning Europe, Asia, Africa and believed in Islam. At the beginning of the 20th century, Turkey became a semi-colony and was called "the sick man of West Asia".

15, Kemal Revolution in Turkey: Purpose: To save the national crisis, significance: to win national independence and freedom, and Turkey has ushered in a new stage of historical development. Later, under the leadership of Kemal, the Turkish people set up a new government, issued a national assembly called "Declaration of Turkish Independence" and launched an armed struggle with the invading army. 1922 won national independence and freedom.

16, Kemal reform in Turkey: the purpose is to make Turkey rich and strong; Content: learn from the west, carry out thorough reform, take various measures to get rid of backward customs, improve the national cultural level and promote industrial development; Significance: Turkey has ushered in a new stage of historical development.

Why did Kemal say that the real work has just begun after the victory of the revolution? Kemal believes that obtaining national independence is the first step of the Turkish revolution, and the next step is how to revitalize the national economy and make Turkey embark on the road of prosperity. Only reform can make Turkey get rid of the name of "the sick man of West Asia" and present it to the world with a brand-new look.

17, Roosevelt's New Deal: Background: 1929- 1933 The world economic crisis has dealt a heavy blow to the United States; Objective: In order to get the United States out of trouble as soon as possible and realize economic revival; Content: The government's intervention in the economy has been strengthened in an all-round way, and a series of drastic reform measures have been implemented in finance, industry, agriculture and social welfare. Evaluation: Roosevelt's spirit of positive reform inspired the American people. With the implementation of the New Deal, the United States gradually walked out of the nightmare economic crisis. The measures taken in the New Deal were later used for reference by many capitalist countries.

18. Facing the serious unemployment problem, the Roosevelt administration adopted the method of providing employment opportunities instead of relief, the most typical of which was the Tennessee Project.

19. Summarize the outstanding features of October Revolution, Kemal Reform and Roosevelt's New Deal in the simplest language:

October Revolution: The armed uprising won the revolutionary victory, established the first socialist country in the world, changed the historical development direction of Russia and opened a new historical era.

Kemal reform: learn from the west, get rid of backward customs, improve national cultural level, promote industrial development, and usher in a new stage of Turkey's historical development.

Roosevelt's New Deal: The policy adjustment made in response to the crisis slowed down the serious damage of the economic crisis to the American economy and transformed the traditional capitalist model.

20, the new culture movement:

Background: After the Revolution of 1911, the mental outlook of most people in China has not fundamentally changed. As the spiritual symbol of the monarch, Confucius still loves and respects. The western ideas of freedom, equality and fraternity have deeply influenced a group of progressive intellectuals in China, especially the young students.

Start time and logo: 19 15. Chen Duxiu founded New Youth.

Representatives: Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Hu Shi, Lu Xun, etc.

Slogan: "Democracy" and "Science". (Mr. De and Mr. Sai)

Nature: The New Culture Movement is an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement in the history of China.

Significance: The New Culture Movement has greatly broken the shackles of feudalism, formed unprecedented ideological emancipation, urged people to step up their pursuit of the truth of saving the country and the people, and created conditions for advanced intellectuals to accept the influence of the October Revolution and the spread of Marxism in China.

2 1. The New Culture Movement violently opened fire on Confucianism, claiming to "overthrow Kongjiadian".

22. In the New Culture Movement, Hu Shi took the lead in proposing to use vernacular Chinese instead of classical Chinese, and he also tried to write vernacular poems.

23. Diary of a Madman is the first vernacular novel written by Lu Xun.

24. How to treat Confucian culture?

We can't simply deny or affirm Confucian culture, but we should inherit it in two parts-critically.

China was a victorious country in the First World War. How was it treated at the Paris Peace Conference? What does this mean?

A: China was unfairly treated at the Paris Peace Conference, and his just request to restore German privileges in Shandong was unreasonably rejected. This shows that this meeting is an imperialist meeting to share stolen goods, and it also shows that weak countries have no diplomacy.

25. The May 4th Movement:

Time:1965438+May 4, 2009

The fuse: The Paris Peace Conference unreasonably rejected China's just demand and transferred German privileges in Shandong to Japan.

Results: The arrested students were released, Cao Rulin and others were dismissed, and they refused to sign the Paris Peace Treaty.

Nature: a thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal patriotic movement

Significance: The May 4th Movement is an epoch-making event in the revolutionary history of China. Since then, the working class in China has stepped onto the political stage, and the May 4th Movement opened the prelude to the new-democratic revolution in China.

26. Thinking: How did the May 4th New Culture Movement show the further awakening of the Chinese nation? What did the May 4th Movement show from students' strike to workers' strike and businessmen's strike, from students being pioneers to the working class being the main force?

A: The Westernization Movement, the Reform Movement of 1898 and the Revolution of 1911 were all institutional improvements. The May 4th New Culture Movement is a spiritual reflection. From system to spirit, it shows the further awakening of the Chinese nation.

28. Why advanced China people put forward the idea of "taking the Russian road"?

A: Taking the Russian road is not only another choice for China's modern advanced China people to learn from Britain, France and Japan, but also the result of fully exposing various contradictions in the western capitalist world before and after World War I and continuing to implement unequal diplomacy towards China. Of course, it is also related to the Soviet Union's friendly foreign policy towards China.

29. It was the Russian October Revolution that made China's advanced elements seeking the truth of saving the country see the "dawn of the new century".

I still have it, but there are too many words to copy. If you still want it, take mine! (* _ _ *) Hee hee ...