1909 was admitted to the military academy of St. Cyrus, and was a classmate of future marshal Zhu An. Students in military schools must first understand the army, so Charles de Gaulle chose infantry, which he thought was the most directly baptized by gunfire in the war, so it was the most "military" flavor. So he came to the 33rd Infantry Regiment in Arras and became a student officer under the then Colonel Petain. 19 12 In September, Charles de Gaulle graduated from the military academy, ranking 13 in the examination, and got the comment: "An excellent officer in the future". After graduation, he returned to the 33rd Infantry Regiment in Arras. 1965438+After the outbreak of World War I on August 3, 2004, Charles de Gaulle fought in the fifth army of Langezak stationed in the northeast. In August/0/5, 10 was injured in Dinan, and was evacuated from the front line to the hospital. He did not return to the battlefield until June/0/0. In March of the following year 10, he was wounded for the second time in the battle of Mesnier-Resilus. After his recovery, he returned to the 33rd Infantry Regiment as a company commander and then as an assistant to the colonel. 19 16 was injured for the third time in the battle of Domont Verdun. He was stabbed in the thigh with a bayonet and stunned by poison gas. He was considered a martyr by his comrades-in-arms and stayed on the battlefield, and was commended by the general commander of the whole army. After being discovered by enemy patrol forces, he was taken to Maya Hospital, and was taken to Osnabruck prison camp in Germany after discharge.
De Gaulle began his 32-month imprisonment. 1965438+From May to September 2006, he was detained in prison camps in Osnabruck, Ness and Scussin from 19 16, 10, Hingel and Cong19/kloc-. 19 18 came to wurzberg prison in may, and was sent to basso and madberg prisons from1918 in September. In prison, he met Colonel catroux, journalist Ramiret and future Soviet Red Army Marshal tukhachevsky. Instead of wasting time in prison, he deepened his understanding of Germany by reading a lot of books and periodicals. In the prison camp, he gave many lectures on strategy and geopolitics about the progress of the war. As a captain, Charles de Gaulle didn't want to be a prisoner. He tried many times to escape and return to the front. But he escaped from prison five times, was captured five times, and was put into a fortress or a punishment camp every time.
19 18 after the war, he finally returned to his hometown, but later he returned to the battlefield. This time, he was on a military mission in Poland as a volunteer. From 19 19 to 192 1, he helped the young Polish army to fight against the Soviet Red Army and won great victories. After returning to China, he married yvonne Wendero on April 6th, 192 1 and on February 28th, the following year, Hiuke's first son, Philip. At that time, he was a lecturer at St. Cyril Military Academy, and 1922 was admitted to the Higher Military Academy. During the period of 1924, he worked as an intern in Trav and the French General Staff stationed in Rhineland Jens. On May 15, his daughter Elizabeth was born. From 65438 to 0925, Charles de Gaulle served as the vice chairman of the Supreme War Council in the General Staff of Betan. 1927 was sent to Traff as a battalion commander again. 1 928 65438+1October1His youngest daughter Anna was born. 1929 Charles de Gaulle was transferred to the eastern Mediterranean and spent two years in Beirut with his family. 193 1 works in the general secretariat of the Ministry of Defence in Paris. During this period, with the permission and support of Paten, he published many articles and held many reports in the military academy. His independent thought gradually surfaced, and he proposed that military leaders should have the qualities of "decisive action" and "personality". De Gaulle thinks it is necessary to reform the army and think about the relationship between the army and politics. In his first book, Conflicts among Enemies, published by 1924, he emphasized that politics should take precedence over military affairs. In the book Blade published by 1932, he emphasized the importance of training military leaders and conducting wartime analysis. 1934, he wrote "Building a Professional Army", in which he put forward the theory of building an armored division that can take the initiative to attack and surprise. According to this theory, a professional army should be established to cooperate with the regular army. However, apart from the support of right-wing members paul reynaud and Philip Searle, this idea has not received enthusiastic response from others. But abroad, especially in Germany, the idea of using armored forces put forward by Charles de Gaulle has aroused great concern. In Paris, Charles de Gaulle often visited people from all walks of life, headed by Colonel Emile Meyer, who advocated the reform of maginot line's defense strategy. But neither is recognized.
1937, Charles de Gaulle was promoted to colonel and served as the head of the 507th tank regiment in Metz. 1September 3, 939, Britain and France declared war on Germany, and Charles de Gaulle commanded the tanks of the Fifth Army. 1940+ 10, Charles de Gaulle sent a memorandum "The Birth of Mechanical Power" based on his experience in Poland to more than 80 people, including Andreleon Blum, paul reynaud, Gan Molin and Wei Gang, emphasizing the importance of cooperation between tanks and aircraft. On May 1940, 10, the Germans used planes and armored vehicles to break through the French defense line and verified the theory put forward by Charles de Gaulle. Subsequently, Charles de Gaulle was ordered to command the Fourth Armored Division, which won a great victory in Montcornet and Laen, and stopped the German attack in Abbeville from May 27th to 30th. 1940. Therefore, he was commended by the army and called "an outstanding commander who is brave and decisive".
1 940 June1day, Charles de Gaulle was promoted to temporary brigadier general. On June 5th, paul reynaud, then chairman of Parliament, appointed him as the Deputy Secretary of State of the Ministry of Defence and War, responsible for coordinating the actions with the British army to continue the fighting. On June 9, he met with Churchill and tried to persuade Churchill to send more troops, including air force troops, but he was rejected. On June 10, Charles de Gaulle left Paris, which had been handed over to the enemy, and went to Orleans, Brill and Tours. On June 16, when he returned to Bordeaux from England, he learned that paul reynaud, the Speaker of Parliament, had resigned and was replaced by Betan. Petain called for a truce on June 65438, 2007. So Charles de Gaulle was kicked out of the government. De Gaulle immediately returned to London, ready to continue fighting. After Petain announced the armistice, Charles de Gaulle issued a call for resistance in the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) on June 1940 with Churchill's consent. The newspaper was reprinted the next day and the announcer read it again. The general who opposed the government was demoted and suspended by the Betan government, and was tried in absentia and sentenced to death in August. 1940 On June 28th, the British government headed by Winston Churchill announced that it recognized Charles de Gaulle as the leader of free France. The armed forces organized by Charles de Gaulle are called "Free French Army". On August 7th, the agreement drafted by the famous jurist Rene Carson was recognized by Britain. According to this agreement, the Free French Army does not belong to the foreign corps in the British army, but has its own country and independence.
1940, 10 year 10 On October 27th, Charles de Gaulle established the Imperial Defense Committee in Brazzaville, but stressed that France would evaluate all its actions after the war. 1941On June 22nd, Germany invaded the Soviet Union. On February 7, 65438, the Japanese Air Force attacked the American military base Pearl Harbor. This war has thus turned into a world war. 1941September, Charles de Gaulle established the French National Committee of Free France, which became a symbol of the government in exile. 1June 3, 943, after he arrived in Algiers, he was renamed the French National Liberation Committee and co-chaired with Giraud. Girod was loyal to Petain, but his troops later turned to the Free French Army. In Algiers, de Gaulle sent an army to the joint command. A year later,1June 3, 944, Charles de Gaulle was elected as the Prime Minister of the French Interim Government.
Since 1942, the relationship between free France and the continental resistance movement has become closer and closer. De Gaulle appointed Jean Mullin to set up a national resistance committee in France, representing all different parties, trade unions and resistance forces, coordinating the struggle against the occupying power and Vichy government, and finally liberating French territory. In the war to liberate France, national unity is also crucial in the face of allied forces. Despite Charles de Gaulle's repeated assurances, some allies still refused to recognize Charles de Gaulle as the legitimate representative of France, because his rights did not come from democratic elections. It was not until1October 23rd, three months after the liberation of Paris, 1944, that the interim government was finally recognized by the three great powers of the United States, the Soviet Union and Britain. De Gaulle quickly restored the rights of the national government. Americans will think that liberated France is a country ruled and occupied by a victorious country. 1after the Normandy landing on June 6, 944, he strongly urged the Allied Commander-in-Chief General Eisenhower to liberate Paris quickly. Prior to this, Eisenhower's strategic plan was to March directly into Eastern Europe without going through Paris.
1June 944 14, Charles de Gaulle arrived in Normandy, where he gave his first speech. On August 24th, leclerc led the armored division to liberate France. On August 25th, Charles de Gaulle returned to the War Department of St Dominique Street in Paris, where he worked before June 1940. He emphasized that Vichy regime was only an episode and the Republic never ceased to exist. Later, he came to the city hall to give a speech, in which he emphasized that the French people played an important role in their own liberation. The next day, August 26th, Charles de Gaulle triumphantly crossed the Champs Elysé es, and the people of Paris cheered warmly. On September 9, the National Government presided over by him was established. The French people who resumed their voting rights from April 1944 to April 2 1 took part in the municipal referendum for the first time from April to May 1945. 1June 945, that is, half a year after the end of the war, the Constituent Assembly was elected.
Charles de Gaulle, the prime minister of the interim government, clashed with the Constituent Assembly on the concept of state and the role of political parties. 1946 65438+1On October 20th, Charles de Gaulle submitted his resignation to Felix Gu 'an, President of the National Assembly, because of the military loan. After a period of silence, Charles de Gaulle delivered a speech in Bayeux on June 1946. He stated the draft constitution, that is, strengthening administrative power and clarifying the separation of powers and responsibilities. In fact, this is the embryonic form of the Constitution of the Fifth Republic. After the National Assembly passed the constitutional proposal, on September 29th, he reiterated his ideas in the speeches of Baladuk and Pinard. However, his suggestion was not adopted. Voters approved the National Assembly bill in the votes of 10 and 13. Since then, Charles de Gaulle has appeared as an opposition. 1947 17 In April, he launched the French People's Union, which quickly attracted many people to join and was a great success in the autumn municipal elections. The purpose of the French People's Union is to oppose the autocratic system of the opposition party, propose constitutional reforms, and at the same time oppose separatists, that is, the * * * production party. De Gaulle hoped that this political movement would not become a political party, but an alliance. Therefore, he suggested allowing dual status, that is, members of any party except the * * * Production Party can join the French People's Union. But it didn't succeed, because traditional parties refused to hold two identities.
During this period, Charles de Gaulle was forbidden to speak on radio and television. Therefore, he had to travel around and travel back and forth between Brunawal and Strasbourg to promote his ideas. However, the French People's Union did not get enough seats in the parliamentary election of 195 1, which could not affect the social policy and state system. Therefore, de Gaulle decided to gradually stop the activities of the French People's Union from 1953 to 1955. But this experience has cultivated and mobilized many followers of Charles de Gaulle.
For Charles de Gaulle, the period from 1955 to 1958 is no different from the period of "desert solitary smoke". He lived in seclusion in the apartment of the double church in Columbite, a small village in eastern France, and wrote his war memoirs in Seri, Labois Province. During this period, he has also been to many places. 1953, he went to Africa twice, 1956, he went to French Antilles and French territory in the Pacific Ocean, 1957, and he arrived in Sahara. His political life is obviously calm, but he still pays attention to the current situation. Every Thursday, Charles de Gaulle continues to meet some important people in his office in Solferino Street, Paris. The instability of the cabinet and the helplessness of the Fourth Republic in the face of Algeria led to the serious crisis of the French regime. Many politicians from all walks of life want De Gaulle to come back and save the country in from the mire. An Algerian vigilance committee appealed against the National Liberation Front in Algiers. The National Salvation Committee headed by Saran was established. On May 15, he appealed to Charles de Gaulle. The scale of the riot is expanding rapidly and may turn into a civil war. 19, de gaulle said "ready to accept the appointment of * * * and China". On May 29th, President René Huang Fengying of the Fourth Republic appealed to Charles de Gaulle. On June 1 day, 329 of the 553 votes in parliament were in favor of authorizing Charles de Gaulle to form a new government. So Charles de Gaulle came to power again as the last prime minister of the Fourth Republic. Parliament authorized Charles de Gaulle to have a six-month privilege and allowed him to carry out constitutional reform.
In the referendum held on September 28th, 1958, the new constitution was adopted by an overwhelming majority of 79.2% in France, as well as in French colonies (except Guinea, which decided to become independent immediately). 2 1, 65,438 In February, Charles de Gaulle was elected President of France, Africa and Madagascar, and was sworn in on 19591October 8.
1959, he declared that the Algerian people have the right to self-determination. 196111On 8 October, he won wide support in the referendum on the principle of citizens' self-determination, with 75% of people agreeing. After several informal talks with representatives of the National Liberation Front in Georges Pompidou, formal negotiations were started with Algerian State Minister Louis Joxe as the representative. 1962 On March 22nd, the two sides signed the Evian Agreement. The agreement was adopted in the French referendum on April 8 and the Algerian referendum on July 1. According to the agreement, Algeria can be independent, but the two countries will still maintain cooperative relations. At the same time, People's Republic of China (PRC)'s President Charles de Gaulle will also fulfill his promise to sign the Rome Treaty 1957. In order to enable France to join the European economy on June 1959 65438+ 10 1, Antona Binet.Alfred carried out financial reform (the new franc was issued from now on), removed tariff barriers, and made French products face the competitive market in Europe. After 1962 was assassinated by Algerian socialist organization OAS, Charles de Gaulle proposed direct universal suffrage for the President of the Republic of China. The proposal was strongly opposed by politicians who maintained the traditional parliamentary system and worried about the expansion of individual rights. Parliament voted no confidence in the overthrown Pompidou government. In accordance with his constitutional right, Charles de Gaulle dissolved the parliament and waited for the result of the referendum held on October 28th 1962+05438 to hold new legislative elections. Finally, the French adopted de Gaulle's proposal with a majority of 62.2%.
1965, France held its first presidential election. At the end of his first seven-year term, he defeated Mitterrand with 54.8% of the votes and was re-elected as President of the Republic of China. On some important decisions, Charles de Gaulle sought the support of the people through a referendum. He decided by referendum the constitutional amendment of 1962, the Algerian people's autonomy of 1962, the Evian agreement of 1962, the local reform of 1969 and the Senate reform. He strongly advocated continuing the nuclear weapons policy started during the Fourth Republic. 1960 In February, France tested the first atomic bomb in the Sahara desert near Leigang. De Gaulle refused the guardianship of Americans and gradually let France withdraw from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 1966 France officially announced its separation from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, but it is still a member of the Atlantic Alliance. In addition, Charles de Gaulle also sought to establish a European Europe, and began to show kindness to the Federal Republic of Germany very early. As early as 1958, he met Federal Chancellor Adenauer in his private apartment in Columbe. 19631The Elysee Treaty signed on October 22nd marked the establishment of the Franco-German axis independent of the European system. 1963 and 1967 refused Britain to join the European economic entity twice because he thought Britain was the "Trojan horse" put by the United States in Europe.
1962, in order to consolidate European economic unity, he adopted the same agricultural policy, but at the same time rejected the supranational power that did not violate the Rome Treaty. To this end, he carried out his "empty chair" policy from July 1965 to June 1966 to show his opposition to expanding Council of Europe's authority. Carrying out the policy of "freedom and independence" means getting rid of the bipolar opposition formed during the Cold War, while strengthening France's position in the world, and seeking the support of former African colonies and Madagascar countries that have declared independence since 1960, as well as Asian and Latin American countries. 1964, de gaulle announced his recognition of People's Republic of China (PRC). He also visited Latin American countries. 1966, when he gave a speech in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, he criticized the US policy in Vietnam. 1In July, 967, he issued the slogan "Long live a free Quebec", emphasizing the maintenance of France's historical role in North America and expressing his opposition to imperialism. Moreover, Charles de Gaulle also paid attention to developing friendly relations with the Soviet Union and its satellite countries in order to establish a system of "Greater Europe from the Atlantic to the Urals". During his visit to the Soviet Union from 65438 to 0966, he began the foreign policy of "easing tension, reaching understanding and finally cooperating". Then 1967 visited Poland and 1968 visited Romania. France's economic structure is increasingly modernized, and people's living standards are gradually improving. People began to express dissatisfaction with the problems in the social structure. The student movement in France began in March 1968. Trade unions and left-wing parties used the student movement to trigger a workers' strike. The general strike in May paralyzed the regime, triggered a serious political crisis and shook the government's rule.
1968 On May 24th, Charles de Gaulle announced that the country would restore normal order in order to safeguard the dignity of the country. The crowd demonstrating in the street is just a mob, showing signs of totalitarian politics. 1968 On May 27th, representatives of the government, trade unions and employers signed the Grennetler Agreement and formulated a series of traditional measures. On May 29th, Charles de Gaulle suddenly disappeared mysteriously and disappeared by helicopter, causing panic and speculation. When Charles de Gaulle returned to Paris the next day, his tone in the radio speech was firm and confident. On the day of the speech, on May 30th, 1968, a large number of citizens took to the streets to support Charles de Gaulle. De Gaulle dissolved the National Assembly. Political parties are busy with legislative elections, and workers are gradually returning to work. However, the victory of this legislative election did not consolidate Charles de Gaulle's regime. The right-wing forces of the newly established National Assembly are stronger, but they balk at the inevitable reforms. Despite the opposition of many people, De Gaulle decided to hold a referendum on regional reform and Senate system reform. On April 27th, 1969, his proposal was rejected by 52.4% of the negative votes. De Gaulle kept his promise, respected the wishes of the French people and announced his resignation. At midnight, he issued an announcement: "I will stop exercising the post of Chairman People's Republic of China (PRC), and this decision will take effect at noon today."
Since then, he has lived in seclusion in the double church of Columbite, refused to express any political position publicly, and only met with a few supporters to continue writing his memoirs. Memoirs of war were published in 1954. By the time de Gaulle/Kloc-0 died on October 9th, 1970, 165438, only two volumes of Memoirs of Hope had been completed. 1952, he made a will and said that he refused the state funeral. In the Columbite Church, his body was transported to the chapel accompanied by his family, several comrades-in-arms of Free France and villagers. Charles de Gaulle was buried next to his daughter Anna's grave, and only the words "Charles de Gaulle 1890- 1970" were engraved on the tombstone. After Charles de Gaulle's death, Mao Zedong immediately sent a message of condolences: "Mrs. De Gaulle: I was shocked to learn that Charles de Gaulle died unfortunately, and I would like to express my sincere condolences and respect to him, an unyielding soldier who opposed fascist aggression and safeguarded French national independence." 165438+ 10/2, the government held an official condolence ceremony at Notre Dame. Attending the condolence activities were heads of government and many foreign celebrities. Huang Zhen, Chinese ambassador to France, participated in the condolence activities as the special envoy of the French government.