With the deepening of geographical investigation by European powers, Africa's rich mineral resources are increasingly exploited by European powers. In order to plunder minerals and labor, countries conquered African residents with cannons. 1879 In South Africa, the British finally defeated the Zulu with artillery and cavalry, and suppressed the resistance of the Basuto by force. 1884, Britain occupied the land of present-day South Africa except Boer.

In North Africa, in order to resist the British colonial policy, the Egyptian people established the first nationalist organization "Motherland Party" in 1789, and demanded to defend national independence with the slogan "Egypt is Egyptian Egypt". The young officer Arabi led the Egyptian people to form a national government, but in the end he failed to resist the British invasion. Araby and others were captured, many people were executed, and Araby was exiled to Sri Lanka by the British government. Egypt became a British colony. Prior to this, the British entered the Egyptian-controlled Sudan through inspection, and by the 1970s of 19, Britain completely controlled Sudan. Because of the wanton plunder after Britain took control of Sudan, the famous Mahdi anti-British uprising in Sudan was aroused, and the Mahdi State was established until 1900 was suppressed. Sudan became a British colony.

While Britain invaded South Africa and Egypt, France also accelerated its expansion in North Africa, accelerating its expansion from the Algerian coast to the mainland and seizing land. But it caused strong resistance from the Algerian people. 187 1 year, the Algerian people staged a large-scale uprising to expel the French colonists, which was quickly suppressed by France. Then France turned to Tunisia, and Tunisia was supported by Britain and Germany, which clashed with Italy, which was unable to compete. King Tunisia's compromise failed to stop the people's resistance. A popular uprising broke out in central Tunisia, and the French army mobilized a large number of reinforcements. After several large-scale fierce battles, the insurgents suffered heavy casualties and failed. From then on, Tunisia became a French colony under the form of "protection".

1883, the Bismarck government of Germany exchanged money and old guns for the whole coastal area of southwest Africa from the Orange River to 20 degrees south latitude. A year later, the German government officially declared the whole southwest Africa as Germany's "protected area". Later, due to British protests, an agreement was reached with Britain to share the stolen goods. The agreement stipulated that the colonial boundary between the two countries was east longitude 12 degrees. Portugal also expanded inland from the coastal areas of Angola and Mozambique, but due to its insufficient strength to occupy new land militarily, by 1884, Portugal's sovereignty in these two places was limited to Luanda, Maputo and other ports.

In West Africa, Britain also expanded in the lower reaches of Niger River and Sierra Leone, forcing chiefs and kings in these two regions to sign "protection" treaties through coercion and inducement. However, it was later countered by the awakened Sierra Leonean tribes, making it impossible for Britain to enter the mainland. France's goal in West Africa is to capture the whole area from Senegal to Lake Chad. But I met a loyal opponent of Uazulu founded by Samori Toure. Finally, a peace treaty was signed in 1886, with the Niger River as the border between French territory and Uazuru.

The expansion of Britain and France in West Africa made Germany jealous. From the late 1970s to the early 1980s, Germany also began to seize land in West Africa. But at that time, Germany could only occupy a few coastal areas. As for the occupation of the Congo River, the partition agreement was mainly reached through the Brussels meeting of 1876 and the Berlin meeting of 1884. Belgium has "sovereignty" over most areas of the Congo River basin. France has sovereignty over the right bank of Lower Congo. Other countries have the right to trade freely in Congo basin and sail freely in Congo River.

These two meetings, especially the Berlin meeting, are a new starting point for further competition in Africa.

The above is the main process of Africa being carved up.