Information and knowledge about railways began to be introduced into China around the Opium War. At that time, Lin Zexu, Wei Yuan, Xu Jishe and other patriotic people of insight in China wrote books and introduced railway knowledge. However, due to the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, this ideal has not been realized. During this period, the imperialist powers sought to build a railway in China in order to extend their aggression from the coast of China to the inland, and launched various activities for this purpose. ?

1876, the first railway appeared on the land of China, which was the Wusong Railway built by the British capital group by deception. Five years later, under the auspices of the Westernization School of the Qing government, the Tangshan-Xugezhuang Railway was completed in 188 1, which opened the curtain for China to build the railway independently. However, due to the ignorance and closed-door policy of the Qing government, there was great resistance to building railways in the early days. By 1894-65438, on the eve of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1894, only about 400 kilometers of railways had been built in the past twenty years. ?

2. Imperialism competes for road rights, and China Railway develops slowly (1894- 1948)?

(1) The railway forcibly built and directly operated by imperialism in China?

After 1894, the railways forcibly built and directly operated by the imperialists on the territory of China are: the Eastern Province Railway granted by Russia; Yunnan-Vietnam Railway built in France; German-built Ji Jiao Railway; There is also the Anfeng Railway built by Japan during the Russo-Japanese War. 1905 At the end of the Russo-Japanese War, Japanese imperialism ignored China's sovereignty and seized the branch line of the South Manchuria Railway. 1906, Nanman Railway Co., Ltd. was established. By "Manchuria Railway", the rights and interests such as the right of way in northeast China were plundered. ? (2) Railways controlled by imperialism through loans?

In addition to forcibly building and directly operating the China Railway, the imperialist powers also controlled the China Railway through loans. The way of loan control is to obtain railway loan rights, and then build and operate these railways as creditors and trustees. Such as Han Jing, Zheng Tai, Bianluo, Guannei, Guanwai, Shanghai-Nanjing, Yuehan, Jinpu, Guangjiu and Daoqing, were all controlled by imperialism in this way. ? (3) The railway built by China itself?

During the period of 1905, when Britain and Russia fought fiercely for the right to China's North China Road, the Qing government decided to build its own Jing-Zhang Railway and appointed Zhan Tianyou as the office and chief engineer of Jing-Zhang Railway Bureau. Jing-Zhang Railway is the first railway funded by China and surveyed, designed and built by China people themselves. Its completion opened a brand-new page in the history of China's railway construction. The Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway runs from Fengtai, Beijing to Zhangjiakou, with a total length of 20 1.2km. After four years of hard work, the whole line was successfully completed ahead of schedule in September. 1909. ?

(4) The surging movement of protecting roads?

19 1 1 year, instigated by imperialism, the Qing government brazenly declared "state-owned trunk lines". The implementation of this policy was immediately opposed by the people of the whole country, and the hair-trigger road protection movement swept across the country. 10 June 10, Wuchang Shouyi raised the revolutionary banner and overthrew the Qing government.

(5) Sun Yat-sen's idea of developing China Railway?

Sun Yat-sen (1866~ 1925) attached great importance to railway construction at the beginning of the revolution. Immediately after he took office as the provisional president of the Republic of China, he issued an order, pointing out: "The strategy of prosperity is to build railway traffic all over the country, so it must be built as soon as possible." After Sun Yat-sen resigned as interim president, he expressed his willingness to engage in railway construction, and accepted the post of railway overseer with "full authority to organize the national railway". ?

(VI) The climax of imperialism plundering China's road rights again. The climax of imperialism's second plunder of China's road rights occurred during the reign of Yuan Shikai, the Beiyang government. Adhering to the imperialist intention, Yuan Shikai accepted the slogan of "state ownership of trunk lines" of the Qing government and announced the so-called national policy of "agreeing to road administration". (7) China Railway occupied by Japanese after the September 18th Incident?

193 1 After the "September 18th Incident", all the 5,900km railways in the northeast were occupied by the Japanese invaders. During the 14 years when the Japanese invaders occupied the northeast of China, they successively built a new line of about 5,700 kilometers, expanding military aggression and economic plunder. These railways were built with the blood of the northeast people under the bayonet and whip of the invading army. ?

3. People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded in 1949?

The Ministry of Railways of the former Military Commission was reorganized into the Ministry of Railways of the Central People's Government, and Teng was appointed as the minister to uniformly manage the national railway transportation production, capital construction and locomotive and rolling stock industry. At that time, the main tasks were to take over the newly liberated railways, carry out democratic reforms, continue to rush to repair the national railways, repair rolling stock and communication signal facilities, support the war of liberation and restore the national economy. 1949, 8278 km of railway was restored by emergency repair. ?

From 65438 to 0950, the whole country entered a three-year economic recovery period. During this period, the whole country carried out large-scale restoration projects for lines, bridges and tunnels that were temporarily repaired and opened to traffic during wartime, especially the two main lines of Beijing-Han and Guangdong-Han. At the same time, the whole railway started the construction of new lines, and some trunk lines and key sections were started one after another, and some were completed and opened to traffic. ?

During this period, the locomotive and rolling stock industry was adjusted, the product direction of each factory was determined, the equipment was increased and the working conditions were improved. At the same time, more than 400 locomotives/KLOC-0, nearly 900 passenger cars and more than 7,000 trucks were repaired. 1952 1 In August, the first steam locomotive manufactured by our country was born in Sifang Railway Factory. 1June, 950, the unified Regulations on Railway Technology Management was promulgated and implemented, which completely changed the decentralized and compartmentalized railway management in old China. ?

4. Carry out railway construction in a planned way. The basic formation period of China railway network skeleton (1953~ 1978) started from 1953, and the country entered the period of planned development of national economy. By 1980, the railway has gone through five five-year plans and achieved brilliant results. ?

1953 to 1957 during the first five-year plan period, the railway department carried out a comprehensive reform of the backward management system of the old China railway with the principle of learning from the Soviet Union and popularizing the experience of the medium-long railway. At the beginning of the Second Five-Year Plan, the national economy had a "Great Leap Forward", which undermined centralized and unified leadership, once led to chaos in transportation, and the quality of equipment and work declined seriously. After the adjustment of 196 1 3 years, the passive situation was reversed, the railway construction in southwest China was accelerated, and 12 trunk lines and 30 branch lines were built. The period of the 3425 Plan coincided with the "Cultural Revolution" of ten years' turmoil. The centralized and unified leadership system of the railway was once again destroyed, and railway transportation was once in a semi-paralyzed state. 1976, the people of China smashed the counter-revolutionary clique of the Gang of Four, ending ten years of turmoil. China * * *

After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, there was a great historical turning point. The focus of national work shifted to socialist modernization, and the policy of "adjustment, reform, rectification and improvement" was put forward, and railway work was gradually restored and developed. ?

5. With the implementation of the reform and opening-up policy, China Railway has entered a new development period (since 1979)?

Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee in communist party, China, the national economy has entered a new period of development. 1982 pointed out that "railway transportation has become an important factor restricting the development of national economy" and put forward the strategy of "fighting Daqin in the north, attacking Hengguang in the south and taking East China in the middle". By the end of 1985, the national railway mileage had reached 52 1 19 km, and the passenger and cargo conversion turnover had exceeded 1 trillion-ton km. By the end of 2009, the operating mileage of China Railway reached 86,000 kilometers. ?

According to the needs of the sustained and rapid growth of railway transportation volume, while building new railways, the existing railways are constantly undergoing technical transformation to improve transportation capacity. In the aspect of single-track reconstruction, in 1950s, the narrow gauge of South Tongpu Railway was changed into standard gauge, and it was reconstructed with North Tongpu according to the first-class trunk line standard. Since the 1960s, the Guizhou-Guangxi Railway has been reformed. With regard to the construction of the second line, from the 1950s to the early 1960s, about 4,000 kilometers of the second line was completed, and then it was built in sections on some trunk lines. Among them, the Beijing-Shenyang and Harbin-Dalian railways in the 1950s were double tracks. The Beijing-Hengyang section of the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway, the Zhengzhou-Baoji section of the Longhai Railway and the Jinpu Railway have also been built. In order to cooperate with the construction of the second double line in the northern section of Beijing-Guangzhou Railway, Zhengzhou Yellow River New Bridge was built on the Yellow River at 1960. In addition, in terms of traction power, passenger trains on major national trunk lines have been drawn by diesel locomotives, and the proportion of freight trains drawn by diesel locomotives has gradually increased. By the end of 1978, the traction line of diesel locomotives has reached more than 7000 kilometers.