Ancient Wen Guan Zhi Volume 6? Public Security Policy 1

Public Security Policy (1) (Jia Yi) ◇The original article said that if a country is strong, it will inevitably lead to doubts. It's so refreshing to worry about it, it's not just the top and the bottom ①. Now my brother may be plotting to become the Eastern Emperor, and my brother's son may be attacking in the west. Now Wu has informed me. The emperor was at his peak in the Spring and Autumn Period, and his righteousness was not over, and his virtues were still increasing. How could it be said that there are no great princes with even ten such powers? However, why is there so little peace in the world? The king of a big country is young and weak, but he is not yet strong, and the people appointed by the Han Dynasty, Fu and Xiang, are in charge of his affairs ④. A few years later, most of the kings of the princes were crowned, and their blood was strong. The Fu of the Han Dynasty, Xiang Xiang, was given away because of his illness. He was above the rank of Prime Minister, and he was partial to the private. Is this different from Huainan and Jibei? At this time, I wanted to maintain peace and order, even though Yao and Shun did not manage it. Huang Di said: "The sun will break in the middle of the day, and the sword will cut it. 5" Now it is very easy to make this road smooth and safe. 6 If you are not willing to do it early, you will be a member of the fallen flesh and blood and resist it. How can it be different from the Qin Dynasty?

As the Son of Heaven, I am taking advantage of the current situation and with the help of Heaven, I am afraid of taking danger as security and chaos as rule⑧. If your Majesty resides in Qi Huan's place, will he not be in harmony with the princes but control the world? I also know that your Majesty must not be able to do what you want. Assume that the world is as it was in the past, with the Marquis of Huaiyin, Shang Wang, Chu, Ying Bu Wang Huainan, Pengyue Wang Liang, Han Xin Wang Han, Zhang Ao Wang Zhao, Guan Gao as Prime Minister, Lu Wan Wang Yan, and Chen Xi, the sixty-seven Dukes. Everyone is fine. Now that your majesty is the emperor, can you be at peace with yourself? I know that your Majesty is unable to do so. The world is in chaos, and the Emperor Gao and all the princes have risen together. It is not possible to have a flat room to hold a banquet. 9 Those who are lucky enough to be in the middle of the river are the ones who have to give up their talents. Emperor Gao took the throne of emperor with the power of Mingsheng, and cut off the sacred land to the kings and princes. The most were more than a hundred cities, and the few were thirty or forty counties. They were extremely virtuous. Then in the next seven years, nine rebels occurred. Your Majesty's relationship with the princes is not that of a close friend or minister, nor is it that of a king. Since the emperor was high, he could not be content with being one year old, so I know that your majesty cannot do it.

However, there is still someone who can be blamed, called Shu. I would like to ask you to tell me about my relatives. In order to mourn the death of King Hui, Wang Qi, Yuan Wang, Chu, Zhongzi Wang Zhao, You Wang, Huaiyang, ***, Wang Liang, Ling Wang, Ling Wang Yan, Li Wang, Huainan, the six or seven nobles are all well. At that time, Your Majesty will ascend the throne. Can it be cured? I also know that Your Majesty is unable to do so. If these kings, even though they are called ministers, actually have the heart of commoners and Kundi, they are worried that they will not rule the empire and the emperor will do it for himself. Those who are good at nobility, pardon the death penalty, or even wear a yellow house, which is not the law of the Han Dynasty. Even though he behaves badly like a fierce king, he refuses to listen when he is ordered to do so. How can he be safe when he is summoned? Fortunately, I am here, can I add Fa An? If you touch a relative, the whole world will look at you. Although your Majesty's ministers are as brave as Feng Jing, if you open his mouth, the dagger has already been dug into his chest. Although Your Majesty is a virtuous man, who will lead this? Therefore, those who are sparse will be in danger, and those who are close will be in chaos. This is already the effect. For those with different surnames who took advantage of the strong and moved, the Han Dynasty was lucky enough to win, and it is not easy to understand why. The attack of the same surname was carried out with traces, and once it was conquered, its power was exhausted and then revived. Disastrous changes are unknown, and the Emperor Ming cannot make peace with them. What will happen in the future!

The bull-slaughterer Tan killed twelve oxen in one session, but those who could not stop their sharp blades would attack, strip, and cut them, and everyone would understand them. As for the place of the hip and thigh, if it is not a pound, then it is an ax. A husband's benevolence, righteousness and kindness are the master's sword; power and legal system are the master's axe. Nowadays, all the princes and kings have their hips and thighs, which are used to release the pounding axe, and if they want to use the bright blade, I will break it if I think it is not missing. Why don’t you use Huainan and Jibei? It’s overwhelming.

I have traced past events, and most of the time the strong will be the first to rebel. If Chu, the king of Huaiyin, was the strongest, he would be the first to rebel; if Han Xin relied on Hu, he would rebel again; if Guan Gao was under Zhao's command, he would rebel again; if Chen Xi had the best soldiers, he would rebel again; if Peng Yue used Liang, he would rebel again; if Ting Bu used Huainan, he would rebel again. Rebel; Lu Wan is the weakest and the last to rebel. Changsha has 25,000 households. His achievements are small but the most complete. His power is sparse but he is the most loyal. He is not an independent person, but the situation is also the same. In the past, Fan, Li, Jiang, and Guan were ordered to seize dozens of cities and become kings. Although they are now in ruins, they are still in ruins. Ling Xin and Yue Zhilun lived as Chehou, although they still exist today.

But the great plan of the world can be known. If you want all the kings to be loyal and loyal, don't be like the king of Changsha; if you want your ministers not to be jealous, then don't be like Fan, Li, etc.; if you want the world to be safe, don't be like building princes with less power. If the power is small, it is easy to be righteous; if the country is small, evil intentions will be lost. The power within the sea is like the body using its arms, and the arms using its fingers, and everyone must control them. The princes of the princes do not dare to have different intentions, they work together and return to the emperor. Although you live among a small group of people, you know how safe they are, so the world knows your Majesty's wisdom. The land was ceded and customized, and Qi, Zhao, and Chu were each divided into several kingdoms, and the descendants of King Hui Hui, King You, and King Yuan were each assigned the land by their ancestors until the land was exhausted. This is true for other countries including Yan and Liang. If the land is divided into many and there are few descendants, build it into a country. If it is left empty, if it is necessary for the descendants to survive, raise it to the king. Those who cut off the territory of the feudal lords and entered the Han Dynasty were to move to their vassal states and enfeoff their descendants, so they were compensated in full. An inch of land, one person, a crowd, nothing to gain from the emperor's death, it is just a matter of determination and rule. Therefore, the world knows His Majesty's integrity. The land system is certain, and the descendants of the clan should not worry about not being the king. The subordinates have no desire to be as powerful as the emperor, and the superiors have no ambition to punish. Therefore, the world knows your majesty's benevolence. The law is established but not violated, the orders are carried out but not rebelled, the high-level and profitable plans are not carried out, the tricks and opening plans are not cute, the people and the countryside are good, and the ministers are obedient, so the world knows your majesty's righteousness. The pure child is lying on top of the world and is at peace. He is planted in his posthumous belly and his hair is worn by the court, so that the world is not in chaos. At that time, there was great rule, and later generations chanted it as a saint. Five karmas are attached to you in one move. Who, Your Majesty, has been afraid of this for a long time?

The power of the world means that there will be great diseases. One shin is as big as a knife, one finger is as big as a stock, and it is unyielding in ordinary life. One or two fingers are twitching, and the body is boring. If it is not cured now, it will definitely become a custodial disease. Even if there is a flat magpie in the future, it can't be done. The disease is not just a rash, but also a pain in the soles of the feet.

The son of King Yuan was the emperor's disciple, and the current king is the son of his disciple. The son of King Hui is also the son of his brother, and the current king is also the son of his brother. Those who are close may die to divide the land to pacify the world, while those who are sparse may control the power to force the emperor. The minister said: It is not just a disease, but also a pain in the soles of the feet. But those who cry bitterly have this disease.

◇Notes ①Shuguo: enfeoffing vassal states. Solid: strong. Number (shuò): many times. Be: receive. Disaster: disaster. Above: Refers to the emperor.

②My brother conspired to become the Eastern Emperor: refers to Liu Chang, King of Huainan, the younger brother of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, who colluded with the Huns to rebel in the sixth year of Emperor Wen (174 BC). Because his fief Huainan is east of Chang'an, he is said to be the Eastern Emperor. The brother's son attacked westward: refers to the Jibei King Liu Xingju, the son of Liu Fei, the brother of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty. In the third year of Emperor Wen (177 BC), he took Emperor Wen to Taiyuan to fight against the Xiongnu and attempted to attack Xingyang. Now Wu reports again: It refers to Wu Wang Liu Bi, the nephew of Han Emperor Liu Bang, who minted money, boiled salt, recruited dead people from the world, and expanded his power in the feudal country, and was reported.

③Spring and Autumn period: prime of life. Mo Da: powerful.

④Fu and Xiang: Taifu and Xiangguo are the highest administrators sent by the Central Dynasty of Han Dynasty to assist the princes and kingdoms.

⑤熭(wèi): exposure. It means to seize the opportunity.

⑥Tao: refers to the principle that opportunities cannot be missed. Quan'an: protect the princes and stabilize the court.

⑦ is: in the future. Fall: Same as "鳳", destroyed. Resistance: refers to beheading. Jishi: the end of the world.

⑧Anxiety: Worry, concern.

⑨Yaoluan: chaos. Flat room: In ancient times, sons other than the eldest son of a high official were called side rooms. 廄, same as "side". The power of the flat room: refers to a very small power. Yu: Same as "pre", in advance. Xi: rely on, rely on.

⑩Zhongjuan: The emperor’s personal attendant. Refers to the ministers around him. 廑: Same as "only", talent. Sheren: the servants who serve in the palace.

Wo: profound.

Nine Rebels: Refers to the rebellions of Ying Bu, Peng Yue, Han Wangxin, Lu Wan, Chen Xi, Han Xin, Guan Gao, Zang Tu, and Li Ji that occurred from the fifth year to the eleventh year of Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty. ** * is nine.

Angle material: Compare the level of ability.

Push: dodge. Shu: alienate.

Buyi: Common people, here means "general". This sentence means: In fact, everyone regards the relationship with the emperor as a brotherly relationship between ordinary people. Death is not: that is, nothing. Imperial system: The ceremonial system of the emperor. This sentence means that none of them does not want to adopt the emperor's rituals and regard themselves as the emperor.

Unauthorized knights: those who confer titles and titles to people without authorization. Yellow House: In ancient times, the silk-woven yellow car cover of the emperor's car was used to refer to the emperor's car. Failed: cannot be implemented.

Wanxing: Staring with round eyes, that is, glaring angrily. Wan: Same as "round". Fierce: Brave. Feng Jing: Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty was the imperial censor at the time. He exposed the rebellion conspiracy of Huainan King Liu Chang and was killed by an assassin.

Effectiveness: Proof, verification.

Rebellion follows the footsteps of kings with the same surname: princes and kings with the same surname follow the footsteps of kings with different surnames. Resurrection: refers to the restoration of the past rebellion.

Niu Slaughter Tan: According to legend, he was a man who was good at slaughtering cattle in the Spring and Autumn Period, so he was named Tan. One day: one day. Solution: dissection. Mangbian: a sharp blade. Dun: Same as "blunt". row: excision. Reason: Refers to muscle texture.

Hip (kuān): hip bone. Bi (bì): thigh bone. Jin: machete.

Ying: Deal with it.

Stealing traces: searching for and investigating in private.

Complete: Complete.

Fan: refers to Fan Kuai, who was granted the title of Marquis of Wuyang in the early Han Dynasty and later became the Prime Minister of Zuo. Li: refers to Li Shang, who was granted the title of Marquis of Quzhou in the early Han Dynasty and later became the Prime Minister of You. Jiang: Refers to Jianghou Zhou Bo, who was the Prime Minister of You during the reign of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty. Guan: refers to Guanying, Marquis of Yingyin, who served as Taiwei and Prime Minister. Although it is disabled: even though it has decayed and perished. Death can: No.

膹醢(zū_hǎi): chopped into meat paste.

Constraint: obedience.

Bi Yici: All in order of eldest and youngest. Fen Di (fèn): The land within Fen refers to the fiefdoms of princes and kings.

Required: Wait. Jushi Junzhi: It means that all the people will be handed over to their descendants to rule.

Cut: deprive. quite: a lot, a lot. Mi: move, here it means "adjustment". So repay it in full: it means to repay the deprived land to their descendants in full.

Times: back. Pan: same as "rebellion".

Li Ji: Originally a general under Xiang Yu, he later surrendered to the Han Dynasty and was granted the title of Marquis of Yingchuan. He was killed in a rebellion in 202 BC. Chai Qi and Kaizhang: Both were counselors to Huainan King Liu Chang and participated in the rebellion. Moe: Happens.

Chizi: a newborn baby. This refers to the young emperor. Planting the posthumous child: establishing the posthumous child. Chaowei Qiu: the relics of the late emperor.

Yidong: refers to the measure of "building more princes but less power". Five karmas: refers to the five karma of Ming, Lian, Benevolence, Righteousness, and Saint mentioned above.

瘇 (zhǒng): swollen feet.

Shin: calf. Main point: Same as "waist". In ordinary times, it cannot be bent: it cannot bend or straighten in ordinary times. Letter, the same as "stretch". convulsion (chù): convulsion. Boredom: Feeling uncomfortable all over the body. Bored, with nothing to rely on.

Confinement disease: an incurable disease.

Bian Que: Surnamed Qin, named Yue, he was a famous doctor during the Warring States Period.

Metatarsus (lì): The sole of the foot is twisted.

Relatives: refers to the close relatives of Emperor Wen of Han among the princes and kings with the same surname. The sparse ones: refers to the distant relatives of Emperor Wen of Han among the princes and kings with the same surname, such as Liu Wu, Liu Ze, etc. Force: threaten.

◇Appreciation

This article is also called "Chen Zhengshi Shu", which is part of the excerpt from the original text. Jia Yi proposed a famous strategy to weaken the power of the vassal states, consolidate centralization of power, and maintain long-term peace and stability for the Han Dynasty in response to the situation where the power of the princes and kings with the same surname gradually grew stronger and even threatened the central power during the reign of Emperor Wen. It was a pity that Emperor Wen did not adopt his opinions, and by the time of Emperor Jing, chaos broke out among the seven kingdoms of Wu and Chu.

The main purpose of this article is "to build up the princes with less strength". It not only discusses from the negative side, it will be difficult to achieve long-term peace and stability if this is not done, but also discusses from the positive side that only in this way can long-term peace and stability be easily achieved, emphasizing the weakening of the princes and kings. necessity and urgency. The full text is eloquent and eloquent in six thousand words, stating that "one may cry bitterly, another may shed tears, and six may sigh." It is the longest text in the Western Han Dynasty and the ancestor of thousands of words in later generations.

This policy statement has three distinctive features: First, it can focus on the overall situation, that is, starting from the stabilization and consolidation of the political power of the Han Dynasty at that time. This can most impress the hearts of the rulers at that time and encourage them to pay attention to the We have a clear and profound understanding of the situation and draw attention to it. The second is to grasp the key point, that is, the local separatist forces with the same surname at that time were the greatest potential threat to the centralization of power in the Han Dynasty, and were a key issue in whether the Han Dynasty's regime could be consolidated, and the events that Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty personally encountered are powerful examples. , is irrefutably convincing. The third is to put forward a feasible policy, that is, "build more princes but less power". This strategy has little resistance when implemented, can eliminate the hidden dangers of the Han Dynasty invisibly, and has practical feasibility. Its implementation will undoubtedly play a beneficial role in promoting national unification and consolidating centralization. All these fully demonstrate the foresight of Jia Yi, a young politician with reform ambitions.

The article uses a large number of historical, realistic examples, metaphors, and classic famous sayings to provide positive and negative arguments, using the past to prove the present, poignant speeches, precise use of allusions, appropriate metaphors, sharp rhetoric, and full of emotion. , the momentum is compelling, and it is indeed a magnificent and magnificent piece of political commentary. Gui Zhenchuan commented that this article is "the best book of all time" and has a profound influence on later generations.

◇Good comment: This article has seven stanzas, but the knots change and each stanza is different.

——Volume 5 of "Wenbian" written by Shunzhi of the Ming Dynasty and Tang Dynasty

This article is about the arrogance of the princes and kings at that time in passing the ancient system. The idea is to "build more princes but less of them" "Power" sentence. Before this sentence, it was said that if it were not like this, it would be difficult to maintain public order. After this sentence, if you can do this, it will be easy to maintain peace and order. Starting a knot is always done in a timely manner. Although they only emphasize the power of those with the same surname, they compete with each other layer by layer with different surnames, which is particularly wonderful in the guest-host method.

——Volume 6 of "Guanwen Guanzhi" by Wu Chucai and Wu Tiaohou of the Qing Dynasty

Jia Ce decisively ranked Xijing's writing first. There are the majestic carvings of the family order, but the skills are not famous; there are the mellowness of Guangchuan, but the spirit is more heroic; the rush and slowness are balanced, the metaphors and the positive are perfect, and the Meishan craftsmen are full of ingenuity.

——Volume 32 of Pu Qilong's "Ancient Wen Meiquan" of the Qing Dynasty