Chekhov

Overview of Chekhov

Chekhov (pronounced hē), ап. (антонпавловиччч)1860 65438+/kloc-0 Grandfather was a redeemed serf. Father opened a grocery store, 1876 went bankrupt and the whole family moved to Moscow. However, Chekhov stayed alone in Taganrog, making a living as a tutor and continuing his studies. 65438-0879 entered the medical department of Moscow University. 1884 After graduation, he practiced medicine in Rhodes, Vignau and other places, got in touch with civilians extensively and learned about life, which had a good influence on his literary creation. He, French Mo Bosang and American O Henry are called the three great short story masters.

Chekhov's experience

From 65438 to 1980 in Russia, the reactionary censorship of books and periodicals was unprecedentedly strict, and vulgar and boring humorous publications were all the rage. Chekhov often contributes to such magazines under the pseudonym of Antonia Chekhov (such as Dragonfly and Fragments). The short story A Letter to a Learned Neighbor (1880) What are the most common novels, such as humorous sketches, novels and novellas? (1880) is his early published work. Before the mid-1980s, he wrote a large number of humorous sketches and short stories, many of which were worthless jokes and funny stories, but there were also some excellent works, which inherited the fine democratic tradition of Russian literature and criticized the ugly phenomenon of society at that time, such as writing about those small officials who bullied the weak and feared the hard (on the nail, the death of an official, The winner's victory) 1996 the gentry and nobles who abused the weak (English women 1883), the slave bones of have it both ways (chameleon 1884), the defenders of the autocratic system (Sergeant Priscilla Beyev 1885). However, due to his lack of livelihood and experience, he mainly wanted to hurry up and produce more. 1886 in March, the famous writer Grigorovic wrote to demand respect for his talent. He was deeply inspired and began to take creation seriously. 1886' s Fanka, Distress and Longing for Sleep show the writer's deep sympathy for the poor workers. 1888 published the famous novella Prairie, which depicts and praises the nature of the motherland, ponders the fate of farmers and expresses people's desire for a happy life. The naming day (1888) and the duchess (1889) exposed the habits of hypocrisy, vanity and vulgarity. These works have made remarkable progress in ideological content and artistic skills. However, Chekhov, influenced by the petty-bourgeois environment, did not ask politics at this time, but only "wanted to be a free artist" and "the absolute freedom". Since 1886, he has been writing for the New Era published by reactionary scholar Suvorin. Although he got the advice of critic Mihailovski, he still kept in touch with it. 1888 10 Chekhov won half of the Pushkin Prize. At this time, he has been the author of five short stories (the story of Mel Pomney,1884; Colorful stories,1886; In the dark,1887; Naive words,1887; Collection of short stories, 1888). With the increasing reputation and status, he is strongly aware of his sense of social responsibility as a writer, and seriously thinks about the purpose of life and the significance of creation. He said: "A conscious life without a clear world outlook is not a life, but a burden and a terrible thing." This ideological image is reflected in the novella Boring Story (1889).

From this period, Chekhov began to create plays. One-act drama Marriage (1890) and On the Harm of Tobacco (1886), Fool (1888), Proposal (1888 ~ 1889), I. The script Ivanov (1887 ~ 1889) criticized the "redundant people" who lacked firm belief and could not stand the test of life in the 1980s.

From April 1890 to February 18, Chekhov, who was sickly, made a long journey to sakhalin island, where the czar's government placed exiles and exiles, and investigated all the residents there and "nearly 10,000 prisoners and immigrants" one by one. The trip to Sakhalin Island improved his ideological consciousness and artistic conception. In 189 1, he said in his letter: "... if I am a writer, I need to live among the people ... I need at least a little social life and political life, even a little." He began to realize that writing for New Times would only bring him "harm", and finally broke off relations with this publication at 1893. He had a deep understanding of Russian autocracy, and wrote sakhalin island (1893 ~ 1894) and Exile (1892), and the most important one was the Sixth District (1892). This novella accuses the prison-like czarist Russia of being gloomy and terrible, and at the same time criticizes Tolstoy's dogma of "Don't use violence against violence" which was stubborn not long ago. Lenin was strongly infected after reading it, saying that he "felt terrible", so that "he couldn't stay in his room" and "he felt as if he was locked in the sixth ward".

From 1890 to 1900, Chekhov went to Milan, Venice, Vienna and Paris for recuperation and sightseeing. Since 1892, I have settled in the newly purchased Meryhovo Manor in Sherpukhov County, Moscow Province. From 65438 to 0898, Chekhov, who suffered from severe tuberculosis, moved to Yalta. 190 1 married Olga knibir, an actor of Moscow Art Theatre. In Yalta, he often met with lev tolstoy, Maxim Maxim Gorky, Bunin, kuprin and Levitan.

Chekhov PK

19 The 1990s and the early 20th century were the heyday of Chekhov's creation. At that time, the Russian liberation movement entered a new stage of proletarian revolution. Encouraged by the revolutionary class, the democratic spirit among students and other residents gradually became active. Chekhov also gradually overcame the tendency of not asking about politics and actively participated in social activities: 1892, rescued the famine in Nizhny Novgorod and Voronezh provinces; 1892 to 1893, participating in the cholera fighting work in Sherpukhov County; 1897 to participate in the census; 1898 supported the just action of the French writer Zola in defending Dreyfus, and thus alienated the relationship with Suvorin; 1902 In order to protest against the decision of the czar authorities to cancel the qualification of honorary academician of Maxim Maxim Gorky Academy of Sciences, he and Korolenko gave up the title of honorary academician of Academy of Sciences obtained in 1900; 1903 he sponsored persecuted young students to fight for democracy and freedom. His democratic stance became more and more firm, his observation of social life became more and more profound, his premonition of the brewing revolution became more and more clear, and he gradually saw a faint "fire" from the dark reality. His creation has entered a new stage. He emphasized that works of art should have clear ideas (the seagull play,1896); He came into contact with major social problems in a series of works. For example, Farmers (1897) reflects the poverty of farmers' material life and spiritual life with sober realism: extreme poverty, ignorance, backwardness and barbarism; In the Canyon (1900) also describes the rural bourgeoisie-the rich peasants' crazy plunder and cruel nature of wealth. These novels are a powerful refutation of populists who beautify the life of rural communes. The theme of exposing capitalism can also be found in The Kingdom of Women (1894) and Three Years (1895). Interview (1898) shows that the capitalist "devil" not only crushes the workers, but also tortures the conscience of the descendants of factory owners. They realize that life is meaningless and unreasonable, so they are deeply depressed. The drama Uncle Vanya (1897) describes the tragic fate of intellectuals who have no real ideals and serious goals, and their honest and selfless work eventually becomes meaningless sacrifice. The Woman with a Dog (1899) takes love as its theme, exposing vulgarity and hypocrisy, and arousing readers' "aversion to a muddled and half-dead life". "A House with an Attic" (1896) and "My Life" (1896) denied the "trivial" theory that prevailed in the 1980s and 1990s, criticized the progressive ideas of liberals, and thought that "a stronger, braver and faster way of struggle" was needed to get out of daily activities. His creation gradually sounded "can't live like this anymore!" Sound. In The Trap Man (1898), it reveals the suppression of society by reactionary forces in the 1980s, its conservatism and weakness, and lashes the trap man's habits that existed at that time. In gooseberry (1898) and Yao Neiqi (1898), he described the emptiness and depravity of a selfish and humble person curled up in a small world of personal happiness, pointing out that "what people need is not a land of three Russian feet, nor a manor, but the whole earth, the whole nature and that vastness.

Chekhov's life curtain call

With the further upsurge of social movements in the early 20th century, Chekhov realized that a powerful and sweeping "storm" was coming, and the bad habits of laziness, indifference and aversion to labor in society would be swept away. He praised labor and hoped that everyone would use their own labor to prepare for a better future (three sisters, 1900 ~ 190 1). The Bride (1903), written on the eve of the revolution in 1905, expressed the desire to "turn over a new leaf" and move towards a new life. The script cherry orchard (1903 ~ 1904) shows the inevitable decline of the nobility and its historical process of being replaced by the emerging bourgeoisie, and at the same time shows the optimism of resolutely bidding farewell to the past and yearning for a happy future: the axe sound of cherry orchard's logging is accompanied by "Long live the new life!" Cheers. However, because Chekhov's ideological position has never gone beyond the scope of democracy, the newcomers in his works do not know the only way to create a new life, and the "new life" they yearn for is always just a hazy vision.

1June, 904, Chekhov went to Badenville, Germany for treatment,1July, 5, died. Before he died, his wife poured him a glass of champagne. He said in German that I was going to die, and then he smiled at his wife with his lovely smile. Then he calmly drank the glass of champagne, lay on his side on the sofa and entered his eternal dream.

Chekhov's artistic achievements

Chekhov created a lyrical psychological novel with unique style and concise and delicate art. He intercepted ordinary fragments of daily life, described and portrayed life and characters with exquisite artistic details, and showed important social contents from it. This kind of novel is lyrical, expressing his dissatisfaction with ugly reality and longing for a better future, and integrating praise and criticism, joy and pain into the image system of his works. He believes that "the sister of genius is concise" and "the ability to write is the ability to delete poor writing". He advocated "objective" narrative, saying that "the more objective, the deeper the impression". He trusts readers' imagination and understanding ability, and advocates readers to ponder the meaning of works from the image system.

The theme, tendency and style of Chekhov's drama creation are basically similar to his lyric psychological novels. He does not pursue bizarre twists and turns, but describes ordinary daily life and characters, from which he reveals important aspects of social life. Chekhov's plays are rich in subtext and lyricism. His realism is full of inspiring power and profound symbolic significance. Seagull and cherry orchard are his original artistic symbols. Stanislavski, Danchenko and Moscow Art Theatre (founded in 1898) cooperated creatively with Chekhov and made great innovations in stage festivals.

Chekhov occupies a place in world literature. He is as famous as Mo Bosang for his short stories. Many writers in Europe and America have talked about the influence of Chekhov's creation on 20th century literature. In China, shortly after Chekhov's death, novels such as Pastor in Black and Ward 6 were translated and introduced. His plays Hai Ou, Uncle Vanya, Three Sisters and cherry orchard were translated into Chinese by Zheng Zhenduo and Cao Jinghua on 192 1 and 1925 respectively. Later, Lu Xun Art Academy performed Fool, Proposal and Memorial Day in Yan 'an. Qu Qiubai, Lu Xun, Mao Dun, Guo Moruo and Ba Jin all discussed Chekhov. Almost all his novels and plays are translated into Chinese. Chekhov (1860-1904) was a great Russian critical realism writer in the 9th century. He was born in an ordinary citizen's family. He finished middle school as a tutor, 1879 studied medicine at Moscow university, and 1884 began to write literature after graduation.

Chekhov story

/kloc-one day in 0/896, Chekhov's four-act comedy Seagull premiered in Petersburg for the first time.

The theater was packed with people. In the special seat on the right, a young, beautiful and elegant lady is watching the stage attentively. Her face was red. It can be seen that she came to see the premiere with special excitement and tension.

The third act begins. Nina, the heroine, is saying goodbye to playwright Terry Goering. She handed him a medal and said ... as a parting souvenir. I carved your initials on it ... and the name of one of your books on the other side.

"This is too valuable!" Trigoring kissed the medal and said, "What a lovely gift!" "

When Nina left, Trigoring stroked the medal over and over again and clearly read: "... face 12 1, line 1 1 and 12." Then she stepped aside, looked at the figures again and asked the hostess who had just walked in, "Is there any work of mine here?" Then read: "12 1 Fang ...".

He got the book, found the lines, and then read word for word:

"If you need my life, come and take it."

He stepped aside and reread the sentence.

Such a plot that is not particularly conspicuous has produced unexpected artistic effects on this young lady. She paused, as if out of breath and her brain was buzzing. However, she tried to remember the numbers and recited them several times: face 12 1, line 1 1, line 12. ..... After the performance, she got into the carriage in confusion and walked home.

It was a day in February of 1895, and Chekhov received a delicate little package from Gortsev (editor-in-chief of Russian magazine Thought). Inside is a beautiful little box with a gold bracelet pendant. The style is very special and interesting. It is neither the usual circle, diamond or rectangle, nor the tacky heart-shaped symbol of love, but a model of a book. One side of the book is engraved with "Collection of Novels by Ann Chekhov" and the other side is engraved with "Page 267, lines 6 and 7."

According to this page number, if you open Chekhov's novel, you will find two lines we read from Trigoring in the work Neighbor:

"If you need my life, come and take it."

What a novel gift, what a sincere confession of love! From this short sentence, it seems that you can feel the slight tremor of a soul full of contradictions and pains, struggling in such complicated feelings.

Whose gift is this? Chekhov immediately fully understood: this is a gift from a 28-year-old female writer Avinova.

Chekhov carefully treasured this gift. He didn't say a word, didn't write back or visit. It's simple. They have been in love for several years, and have reached the level of mutual understanding, warm and deep love, purity and nobility ... but they all know that it is absolutely impossible to be together-Avinova not only has a husband who loves her, but also a mother of three children. If she's going to give up her life, it's not a, no, no.

I remember one time. They chatted with some friends. Some people say: because you chose the wrong husband or wife, you ruined the couple's life, right? Some people say that there is no question of right or wrong here. Now that you're married in the church, you can't change it. Some people cite various reasons to strongly oppose it. Chekhov didn't speak, but suddenly asked Avinova in a low voice, "What do you think?" Avinova said without thinking: "We must first decide whether it is worth it." "I don't understand, what is worth it?" Is it worth the sacrifice for the new feelings? ..... You know, sacrifice is inevitable, and children come first. You should think of sacrifice, not yourself. This will make it clear whether it is worth it. "

Obviously, he can't give any answer yet, but he must give some answers. ..... A year later, they met unexpectedly. Avinova dressed up in disguise at a masked ball held by a writer. She wore a mask and a shovel in her mouth, which changed her original voice. She went straight to Chekhov and stopped.

"I'm so glad to see you!" She said.

"You don't know me, masked man." Chekhov looked at her carefully and replied.

Really don't know each other? No, Chekhov recognized her at a glance. Chekhov took her arm and took it to an empty corridor.

"You know, my play will be on soon."

"I know, seagull."

"Then take a closer look. I want to answer you in the play. But listen carefully and don't forget. "

"What question do you want to answer me?"

"Answer a lot of questions, be sure to be serious, and remember when you go to the opera."

Avinova is waiting for Chekhov's promise, and she is anxiously waiting for this day ... three "It seems that this is the answer.

He answered me on the stage: page 12 1, lines 1 1 and 12 ... "Avinova mused these numbers," but this number is completely different from what I carved on the bracelet pendant.

What is the answer? "She thought anxiously.

When she came home, she found Chekhov's collection. With trembling hands, she turned to page 12 1 and found those two lines:

"... but why are you looking at me so engrossed? Do you like me? "

Can't understand. What do you mean? Is this not a joke? She was lying in bed and suddenly got up again. Like lightning, an idea rose in my mind: "Why don't you choose two lines in my book as my answer?" She soon found her collection of novels "Happy People", turned to two lines according to the page number, and read aloud a way:

"Young girls should not go to masquerade parties."

By the way, this is the real answer. It did answer many questions: who gave the bracelet pendant, who wore a mask, who loved him so much … everything, everything, he knew.

Her eyes were filled with tears of pain and happiness.

In love, they didn't go further. Chekhov and Avinova seldom meet each other, but they have always maintained a sincere and close friendship and kept correspondence. In his letter, Chekhov directed the writing of female writers, frankly and seriously pointed out the shortcomings and deficiencies in his works, and gave moderate, pertinent and beneficial suggestions. This communication continued until Chekhov's death.

Chekhov was a great Russian critical realist writer at the end of 19, a humorous satirist with meaningful interest and sharp style, a master of short stories and a famous playwright. He added two immortal artistic images to the gallery of world literary figures with his outstanding satirical and humorous talents. His famous saying "Simplicity is the sister of genius" has also become the motto pursued by later writers.

His novels are short and pithy, concise and simple, compact in structure, vivid in plot, humorous in style, vivid in language, full of musical rhythm and profound in meaning. He is good at discovering people and things with typical significance from daily life, making artistic generalization through humorous plots, and shaping a complete typical image to reflect the Russian society at that time. His representative works The Chameleon and The Man in the Trap are exquisite and perfect artistic treasures in the history of Russian literature. The former has become synonymous with have it both ways who is good at profiteering in disguise. The latter has become a symbol of the conformist, timid and afraid of change.

The following is a more detailed introduction:

Chekhov, I'm the one. (антонпавловичехр)1860 65438 Grandfather was a redeemed serf. Father opened a grocery store, 1876 went bankrupt and the whole family moved to Moscow. However, Chekhov stayed alone in Taganrog, making a living as a tutor and continuing his studies. 65438-0879 entered the medical department of Moscow University. 1884 After graduation, he practiced medicine in Rhodes, Vignau and other places, got in touch with civilians extensively and learned about life, which had a good influence on his literary creation.

From 65438 to 1980 in Russia, the reactionary censorship of books and periodicals was unprecedentedly strict, and vulgar and boring humorous publications were all the rage. Chekhov often contributes to such magazines under the pseudonym of Antonia Chekhov (such as Dragonfly and Fragments). The short story A Letter to a Learned Neighbor (1880) What are the most common novels, such as humorous sketches, novels and novellas? (1880) is his early published work. Before the mid-1980s, he wrote a large number of humorous sketches and short stories, many of which were worthless jokes and funny stories, but there were also some excellent works, which inherited the fine democratic tradition of Russian literature and criticized the ugly phenomenon of society at that time, such as writing about those small officials who bullied the weak and feared the hard (on the nail, the death of an official, The winner's victory) 1996 the gentry and nobles who abused the weak (English women 1883), the slave bones of have it both ways (chameleon 1884), the defenders of the autocratic system (Sergeant Priscilla Beyev 1885). However, due to his lack of livelihood and experience, he mainly wanted to hurry up and produce more. 1886 in March, the famous writer Grigorovic wrote to demand respect for his talent. He was deeply inspired and began to take creation seriously. 1886 wrote Wanka, Distress and Longing for Sleep, which showed the writer's deep sympathy for the poor workers. 1888 published the famous novella Prairie, which depicts and praises the nature of the motherland, ponders the fate of farmers and expresses people's desire for a happy life. The naming day (1888) and the duchess (1889) exposed the habits of hypocrisy, vanity and vulgarity. These works have made remarkable progress in ideological content and artistic skills. However, Chekhov, influenced by the petty-bourgeois environment, did not ask politics at this time, but only "wanted to be a free artist" and "the absolute freedom". Since 1886, he has been writing for the New Era published by reactionary scholar Suvorin. Although he got the advice of critic Mihailovski, he still kept in touch with it. 1888 10 Chekhov won half of the Pushkin Prize. At this time, he has been the author of five short stories (the story of Mel Pomney,1884; Colorful stories,1886; In the dark,1887; Naive words,1887; Collection of short stories, 1888). With the increasing reputation and status, he is strongly aware of his sense of social responsibility as a writer, and seriously thinks about the purpose of life and the significance of creation. He said: "A conscious life without a clear world outlook is not a life, but a burden and a terrible thing." This ideological image is reflected in the novella Boring Story (1889).

From this period, Chekhov began to create plays. One-act drama Marriage (1890) and On the Harm of Tobacco (1886), Fool (1888), Proposal (1888 ~ 1889), I. The script Ivanov (1887 ~ 1889) criticized the "redundant people" who lacked firm belief and could not stand the test of life in the 1980s.

From April 1890 to February 18, Chekhov, who was sickly, made a long journey to sakhalin island, where the czar's government placed exiles and exiles, and investigated all the residents there and "nearly 10,000 prisoners and immigrants" one by one. The trip to Sakhalin Island improved his ideological consciousness and artistic conception. In 189 1, he said in his letter: "... if I am a writer, I need to live among the people ... I need at least a little social life and political life, even a little." He began to realize that writing for New Times would only bring him "harm", and finally broke off relations with this publication at 1893. He had a deep understanding of Russian autocracy, and wrote sakhalin island (1893 ~ 1894) and Exile (1892), and the most important one was the Sixth District (1892). This novella accuses the prison-like czarist Russia of being gloomy and terrible, and at the same time criticizes Tolstoy's dogma of "Don't use violence against violence" which was stubborn not long ago. Lenin was strongly infected after reading it, saying that he "felt terrible", so that "he couldn't stay in his room" and "he felt as if he was locked in the sixth ward".

From 1890 to 1900, Chekhov went to Milan, Venice, Vienna and Paris for recuperation and sightseeing. Since 1892, I have settled in the newly purchased Meryhovo Manor in Sherpukhov County, Moscow Province. From 65438 to 0898, Chekhov, who suffered from severe tuberculosis, moved to Yalta. 190 1 married Olga knibir, an actor of Moscow Art Theatre. In Yalta, he often met with lev tolstoy, Gorky, Bunin, kuprin and Levitan.

19 The 1990s and the early 20th century were the heyday of Chekhov's creation. At that time, the Russian liberation movement entered a new stage of proletarian revolution. Encouraged by the revolutionary class, the democratic spirit among students and other residents gradually became active. Chekhov also gradually overcame the tendency of not asking about politics and actively participated in social activities: 1892, rescued the famine in Nizhny Novgorod and Voronezh provinces; 1892 to 1893, participating in the cholera fighting work in Sherpukhov County; 1897 to participate in the census; 1898 supported the just action of the French writer Zola in defending Dreyfus, and thus alienated the relationship with Suvorin; 1902, in order to protest against the decision of the czar authorities to cancel the qualification of honorary academician of Gorky Academy of Sciences, he and Korolenko gave up the title of honorary academician of Academy of Sciences obtained in 1900; 1903 he sponsored persecuted young students to fight for democracy and freedom. His democratic stance became more and more firm, his observation of social life became more and more profound, his premonition of the brewing revolution became more and more clear, and he gradually saw a faint "fire" from the dark reality. His creation has entered a new stage. He emphasized that works of art should have clear ideas (the seagull play,1896); He came into contact with major social problems in a series of works. For example, Farmers (1897) reflects the poverty of farmers' material life and spiritual life with sober realism: extreme poverty, ignorance, backwardness and barbarism; In the Canyon (1900) also describes the rural bourgeoisie-the rich peasants' crazy plunder and cruel nature of wealth. These novels are a powerful refutation of populists who beautify the life of rural communes. The theme of exposing capitalism can also be found in The Kingdom of Women (1894) and Three Years (1895). Interview (1898) shows that the capitalist "devil" not only crushes the workers, but also tortures the conscience of the descendants of factory owners. They realize that life is meaningless and unreasonable, so they are deeply depressed. The drama Uncle Vanya (1897) describes the tragic fate of intellectuals who have no real ideals and serious goals, and their honest and selfless work eventually becomes meaningless sacrifice. The Woman with a Dog (1899) takes love as its theme, exposing vulgarity and hypocrisy, and arousing readers' "aversion to a muddled and half-dead life". "A House with an Attic" (1896) and "My Life" (1896) denied the "trivial" theory that prevailed in the 1980s and 1990s, criticized the progressive ideas of liberals, and thought that "a stronger, braver and faster way of struggle" was needed to get out of daily activities. His creation gradually sounded "can't live like this anymore!" Sound. In The Trap Man (1898), it reveals the suppression of society by reactionary forces in the 1980s, its conservatism and weakness, and lashes the trap man's habits that existed at that time. In gooseberry (1898) and Yao Neiqi (1898), he described the emptiness and depravity of a selfish and humble person curled up in a small world of personal happiness, pointing out that "what people need is not a land of three Russian feet, nor a manor, but the whole earth, the whole nature and that vastness.

With the further upsurge of social movements in the early 20th century, Chekhov realized that a powerful and sweeping "storm" was coming, and the bad habits of laziness, indifference and aversion to labor in society would be swept away. He praised labor and hoped that everyone would use their own labor to prepare for a better future (three sisters, 1900 ~ 190 1). The Bride (1903), written on the eve of the revolution in 1905, expressed the desire to "turn over a new leaf" and move towards a new life. The script cherry orchard (1903 ~ 1904) shows the inevitable decline of the nobility and its historical process of being replaced by the emerging bourgeoisie, and at the same time shows the optimism of resolutely bidding farewell to the past and yearning for a happy future: the axe sound of cherry orchard's logging is accompanied by "Long live the new life!" Cheers. However, because Chekhov's ideological position has never gone beyond the scope of democracy, the newcomers in his works do not know the only way to create a new life, and the "new life" they yearn for is always just a hazy vision.