Generally speaking, the economic prosperity in the early Tang Dynasty was mainly manifested in the rise of agricultural production, and the prosperity after the middle period was mainly manifested in the commercial sector, especially in the prosperity of commerce. Due to the large consumption of the ruling class, the other side of commercial prosperity was seriously exploited by farmers, and agriculture continued to decline.
Feudal economy lies in agriculture. The rise and fall of agriculture in the Tang Dynasty was related to the advance of Tian Jun Zhuang Tian and the transfer of tenancy tax. Wude Tang Gaozu seven years (624). Provide permanent transfer law and lease law. The above two methods have different bases for recording this book. Now, with reference to his book, I will briefly describe Tang Heyong's method of renting.
"Old Foodstuffs Tang Zhi Dynasty" says that newborn men and women are called Huang Shang, young men over four years old are men over 16 years old, and those over 2 1 year old are adults over 60 years old. Establish an annual population account and build a house for three years. This is the most important law, and the rent transfer of Tian Jun Yongshi Law Firm is based on this law. Tang Zongshi, Wei Chengdi was only 23 years old. Xuanzong Shi/Kloc-male over 0/8 years old, Ding Cheng over 23 years old, veterinarian over 58 years old. 16 years old changed from 18 years old, Ding Cheng changed from 2 1 year old to 23 years old, and changed from 60 years old to 58 years old, all in order to reduce worship services and benefit the general public.
Tian Jun Law-18-year-old male, with a field of more than one hectare, of which two-tenths are business in the world (Yongye) and eight are divided into mouths. 40 mu for the elderly and the disabled. Widowed wife, widowed concubine to 30 acres, in the case of the head of household, plus 20 acres. After the death of the recipient, his career was accepted by Tian, and he was assigned to the hall from Taguchi and assigned separately.
Yong Tenancy Transfer Law-Tang Li Law: The annual tenancy is satisfied with millet or rice at 23 o'clock. Transfer, use locally produced silkworms, and meet the needs of Ding Ling, Silk and Silk in rural areas every year. Yes, 32 cotton heads, Chen Nabu, a non-silkworm township, and three catties of hemp. Yong, serve for 20 days every year, and the leap will increase by two days. If you don't serve, you can touch the silk cloth three times a day or three times five or seven inches. The payee is male and pays the rent and service fee after the transfer. Military service. National emergency, plus service No.20 15, free transfer; Services added on the 30th are free of rent transfer. Together with the increased length of service, the cumulative length of service shall not exceed fifty days. Floods, disasters, sects frost and other disasters, the loss of more than four people free of rent, more than six people free of transfer, more than seven people free of transfer, free of charge services.
In 604, Sui Yangdi ascended the throne, abolished women and slaves and stepped into the service class. Kai Huang's virtuous woman system was exempted from the provisions of service, and the imperial army changed the woman into a free man, which was a tax reform. The emperor who rented Tang Yong used a new system transfer method and stopped serving her cabin service. The Northern Zhou Dynasty released the sage and domestic slaves several times, but still allowed the nobles and female guests in the Northern Zhou Dynasty to keep some steps, and the number would not be large. There is no so-called "slave stealing" army in Suipingliang. The head of the army was born a slave, and many soldiers were born slaves. Tang also grew up in slave management. After traveling with the same nation, he probably won't further reduce the steps of slave trading, tenancy law and Yung Yung's transfer, and abolish the slave working class, as in the Sui War, mainly because women are different service classes in the sense of limited income. Doctor Tang is an official of the Ministry of Punishment, in charge of the slave officer. Slaves who rebel against prisoners and criminals' families. Serving the people all the year round is called a public servant. Exempt (the imperial court officials and servants are pardoned, and ordinary sinners can be exempted) the family once called Fan, serving three times a year, and each person has a month's service. Second, avoid being a miscellaneous household or miscellaneous household and take lycopene five times every two years. As three free citizens. The lack of 60-year-old and disabled officers is valid for a lover over 70 years old. The civil servants living outside the county, Qian Dingnan 1500, and the 300-year-old female slave, the treatment and punishment of civil servants in Tang Dynasty, have no economic significance. Private servants were not used in the main production, so the number and role of slaves were greatly reduced compared with the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty.
The Tang Dynasty was a prosperous and powerful dynasty. The reason for the emergence of this great dynasty is: (1) In the Yellow River valley, the peasant uprising in the Sui and Tang Dynasties severely hit the landlord class, which made some changes in the production relations in the early Tang Dynasty. (2) The Yangtze River basin, below the Eastern Jin Dynasty, witnessed a sustained economic rise. Before the Southern Dynasties, it had already shown a trend of surpassing the Yellow River basin, which made the unified Tang Dynasty have a strong economic strength. Another reason is that the rulers in the early Tang Dynasty were generally afraid of the power of the peasant uprising in the Sui Dynasty, and did not dare to indulge too much politically, which enabled the society to maintain a peaceful state for a long time and was conducive to economic recovery and development. In the mid-Tang Dynasty, the Yellow River valley was hit by war, and the court relied on the wealth of the Yangtze River valley to pay huge expenses. In the late Tang Dynasty, the separatist war broke out in the Yangtze River valley, and the imperial court declined or even perished. The Yangtze River basin played such an important role in unifying the dynasty, which is a new phenomenon that began in the Tang Dynasty. This shows that the Yangtze River basin has developed into a fertile area, and merged with the Yellow River basin to form a base, which is more than double that of R&F in the Han Dynasty. Therefore, since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, China's feudal economy has entered a higher stage of development.
Generally speaking, the economic prosperity in the early Tang Dynasty was mainly manifested in the prosperity of agricultural production, and the prosperity since the middle period was mainly manifested in the prosperity of industry and commerce, especially commerce. Due to the large consumption of the ruling class, the other side of business prosperity is that farmers are seriously exploited and agriculture declines.
The root of feudal economy lies in agriculture. The rise and fall of agriculture in Tang dynasty was related to the change of farmland and rent to two taxes. In the seventh year of Tang Gaozu Wude (624), the method of land equalization and rent adjustment was stipulated. There are many discrepancies between the records of the two methods. According to the records of Old Tang Shu and Shihuozhi, and referring to other ancient books, this paper briefly describes the methods of Tang Harmony.
According to "Old Tang Book", men and women are born yellow, young at the age of four, middle-aged at the age of sixteen, mature at the age of twenty-one and old at the age of sixty. Do a population account once a year and a household registration once every three years. This is the most important law, and the implementation of land equalization law and tenancy adjustment law is based on this law. When I was there, I asked Ding to be twenty-three years old. When Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was a middle-aged man over eighteen, a mature man over twenty-three and an old man over fifty-eight. Middle-aged people have changed from sixteen to eighteen, adults from twenty-one to twenty-three, and old people from sixty to fifty-eight, all of which are beneficial to the general public.
Land-linking method-/kloc-Men over 0/8 years old give one hectare of land, of which two-tenths are the boundary industry (permanent industry) and eight are the mouth. Forty acres for the elderly and the disabled. Widows and concubines are given 30 mu, and if they are heads of households, they are given 20 mu. After Tian's death, his inheritance was accepted by the heirs, and Kubanden was returned to the official and distributed separately.
Rent-rent law-Tang tax law: rent, and collect two or three millet stones every year. Sound, with local production, silkworm township every DingNaLing, silk,? Two feet per person, three ounces of cotton, two feet and a half of Naboo, a non-silkworm town, and three pounds of hemp. Yes, each student will serve 20 days a year, plus 2 days in leap months. If you refuse to accept it, you will receive three feet of silk or three feet, seven inches and five inches every day. After harvesting the fields, middle-aged people were hired, transferred to service, and served in the army as adults. If the country has something to do, you can go to work on the 20 th 15 without transfer. Thirty days of extra service, rent and transfer are free. The cumulative time of additional service and active service shall not exceed fifty days. In case of flood, drought, insect disaster and frost disaster, rent-free service will be granted for damage above Grade 4, transfer-free service will be granted for damage above Grade 6, and shift-free service will be granted for damage above Grade 7.
In 604, Emperor Yangdi ascended the throne, and issued a decree to abolish the class service of women, handmaiden and trilogy. The imperial system stipulated that chaste women were exempt from class service, and Emperor Yang Di changed them into free women, which was a major reform of the tax system. The new system of Emperor Yang Di was adopted in the Tang Dynasty, and women's classes were no longer offered. Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty released slave miscellaneous households several times, but still allowed the nobles of the Northern Zhou Dynasty to keep some geisha, and the number would not be too large. There was a so-called "slave-stealing" army in Pingliang in the Sui Dynasty. The leader was born in slavery, and naturally there were many people born in slavery among the soldiers. In addition, slaves in the Tang army were also recruited to fight, and they received the same rewards as ordinary people after their meritorious service. Probably after the Sui and Wei Wars, the number of slaves and trilogy decreased even more. The main reason for renting and transferring the trilogy of abolitionist classes is that their income is limited, which is different from that of abolitionist classes. In the Tang dynasty, punishments were all official doctors, managing officials and slaves. The source of slaves is the families of prisoners and traitors. A person who has served for one year is called an official servant. Exemption from service (the imperial court pardons the imperial edict, and officials, handmaiden and ordinary sinners enjoy the same exemption from service) was once called Fanhu, and it was served three times a year for one month at a time. Avoid being called a miscellaneous household or an official household twice and take it five times every two years. Avoid being a good person (civilian). An official servant who is over 60 years old or disabled can be an official household or a lover over 70 years old. For officials and handmaiden living in other counties, Ding pays 1500 annually, while Ding and Zhong Kui pay 300 annually. The treatment of official servants in the Tang Dynasty was punitive and had no economic significance. Private handmaiden is mainly not used for production, so the number and function of slaves in the Tang Dynasty are greatly reduced compared with those in the Northern and Southern Dynasties.
General history:
After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, the system of three provinces and six departments, imperial examination, land equalization system and tenancy system was continuously improved, and the society developed rapidly. During the reign of Emperor Taizong, "the rule of Zhenguan" appeared. Since then, the political situation has changed, resulting in the history of Wu Zetian changing to Tang Jianzhou. During the Kaiyuan period, the Tang Dynasty reached its peak. After the Anshi Rebellion, on the one hand, there was a separatist situation in the buffer region, and at the same time, the eunuch's authoritarian power and bureaucratic forces launched a fierce struggle, which gradually weakened the rule of the Tang Empire. After the peasant uprising in Huang Chao, the Tang Dynasty quickly went to ruin.
During the Tang Dynasty, the social economy developed rapidly. Agricultural production technology advances, grain yield per mu increases; The level of handicraft industry has improved, and the products are richer and more sophisticated; With the expansion of commercial scale and the close economic exchanges between North and South, cabinets and flying money have appeared. At the same time, there is a trend that the economic center of gravity moves south. The Tang dynasty strengthened the management of the surrounding minority areas, so it stood tall in the world as the center of economic and cultural exchanges. During the Tang Dynasty, the culture was brilliant, with brilliant achievements in religious thought, literature and art, history, science and technology, which produced outstanding figures such as Li Bai, Du Fu, Xuanzang, Liu Zhiji, monks and his party, and Sun Simiao. In addition, the open social atmosphere and colorful folk life made the Tang Dynasty show a high degree of civilization.