Review Outline for the Seventh Grade History Volume 1
1. Basic Knowledge
1. The Yuanmou Man of Yunnan is the earliest known human being in our country, about 100 years ago Seven hundred thousand years.
2. The fundamental difference between humans and animals is whether they can make tools.
3. About 700,000 to 200,000 years ago, Beijingers lived in the caves of Longgu Mountain in Zhoukoudian, southwest of Beijing. They used stone tools and natural fire and lived in groups. They were early primitive human societies.
4. Our country is the country with the most ancient human ruins discovered in the world.
5. About 30,000 years ago, the Shanding Cave Man lived in the area where Peking Man lived. They still used stone tools, but they had mastered polishing and drilling techniques, and could make fire artificially. , hunting for a living. The collective they lived in also entered the matriarchal commune period.
6. Clan: It is combined by blood relationship and is descended from a common ancestor. They live together, work together and live together. There is no distinction between rich and poor. Such a collective difference.
7. In what ways are the lives of Shandingshan cave people better than those of Beijingers?
Represents culture, time, body, shape, tool manufacturing, production activities, concepts, social organization
Beijing people retained some characteristics of apes for about 700,000 to 200,000 years, made stone tools, gathered and hunted primitively People
The cave people on the top of the mountain began to master polishing and drilling techniques in about 18,000 years, basically the same as modern people: collecting bone needles, hunting and understanding the Aimei clan
8. Our country is the earliest in the world A country where rice and millet are grown.
9. The original inhabitants of Hemudu (about 7,000 years ago) living in the Yangtze River Basin and the original inhabitants of Banpo (about 5,000 or 6,000 years ago) living in the Yellow River Basin began to use ground stone tools. The settled life of primitive farming. The Hemudu people live in stilt-style houses for easy ventilation and moisture-proofing; the Banpo people live in semi-crypt-style houses.
10. Emperor Yan and Emperor Huang are famous tribal leaders in the Yellow River Basin in Chinese legends. In the Battle of Zhuolu, the two tribes united and defeated Chiyou, and then formed an alliance. After long-term development, they formed the future Chinese people.
11. Tribe refers to the fact that in primitive society, many closely related clans formed a tribe, and several tribes formed a tribal alliance.
12. The Yellow Emperor is revered as the "first ancestor of humanities" by later generations.
13. During the Yao, Shun, and Yu periods, the "abdication" method was used to elect leaders of tribal alliances.
14. About 2070 BC, Yu established the Xia Dynasty; the Xia Dynasty was the first dynasty in the history of our country. From then on, our country’s long primitive society ended and the slave society began. Qi inherited his father’s throne and became hereditary. The system of concession replaced the system of concession, and the "public world" became the "family world".
15. Around 1600 BC, Tang, the king of the Shang tribe in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, defeated Jie and established the Shang Dynasty.
16. King Pan Geng of Shang moved the capital to Yin, so later generations also called the Shang Dynasty the Yin Dynasty.
17. King Wen of Zhou appointed the wise man Jiang Shang and attached great importance to agricultural production, which gradually strengthened the national power. In 1046 BC, King Wen's son King Wu of Zhou defeated Zhou and destroyed the Shang Dynasty in the Battle of Muye and established the Western Zhou Dynasty, with its capital at Haojing.
18. In 771 BC, the Western Zhou Dynasty fell. In 770 BC, King Ping of Zhou moved his capital to Luoyi, marking the beginning of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
19. The largest existing bronze in the world is the Simuwu Ding from the Shang Dynasty.
20. The world-famous "Sanxingdui" culture is a unique bronze culture that was prevalent in my country's Chengdu Plain during the same period as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. It is famous for its bronze masks, bronze standing figures, bronze sacred trees, etc.
21. my country is the first country in the world to invent porcelain. The firing of primitive celadon began in the early Shang Dynasty.
22. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty is divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The Spring and Autumn Period lasted from 770 BC to 476 BC; the Warring States Period lasted from 475 BC to 221 BC.
23. The Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period refer to Duke Huan of Qi, Duke Wen of Jin, King Zhuang of Chu, King Helu of Wu and King Goujian of Yue who successively dominated.
24. In the late 7th century BC, in the Battle of Chengpu between Jin and Chu, the Jin army defeated the Chu army, and Jin Wengong became the overlord of the Central Plains.
25. The Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period refer to Qi, Chu The seven heroes of Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin coexisted.
26. After the Changping Battle between Qin and Zhao in 260 BC, the six eastern countries were no longer able to resist the attack of the powerful Qin.
27. The emergence of iron farm tools and the use of oxen for farming in my country began in the Spring and Autumn Period;
28. During the Warring States Period, Li Bing, the prefect of Shu in the Qin State, built Dujiangyan on the Minjiang River, making the Chengdu Plain a "Land of Abundance".
29. Oracle bone inscriptions refer to the characters written on tortoise shells or animal bones by the people of the Shang Dynasty. The current Chinese characters in our country were developed from oracle bone inscriptions.
30. The era when our country has written texts that can be tested begins with the Shang Dynasty.
31. The first solar eclipse record with an exact date in Chinese history was the solar eclipse that occurred on September 6, 776 BC.
32. In 613 BC, astronomers from the State of Lu left the world’s earliest record of the exact period of Halley’s Comet.
33. There are 24 solar terms in a year since the Warring States Period.
34. Bian Que, a famous doctor during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, summarized the Four Treasures of Inspection, Smell, Inquiry, and Incision, which have always been used by traditional Chinese medicine.
35. Qu Yuan, a famous patriotic poet in ancient my country, his representative lyrical poem "Li Sao" has been translated into multiple languages; the World Peace Council designated Qu Yuan as a world cultural celebrity.
36. A complete set of precious chimes from the Warring States Period was unearthed in Suizhou, Hubei.
37. Confucius' remarks are recorded in the book "The Analects of Confucius".
38. Laozi, a famous thinker in the late Spring and Autumn Period, was the founder of the Taoist school, and his teachings were recorded in the Tao Te Ching.
39. From 230 BC to 221 BC, King Qin won the government, unified the six countries, established the Qin Dynasty, and made Xianyang the capital. The Qin Dynasty was the first unified and centralized feudal state in Chinese history.
40. The Qin Great Wall starts from Lin in the west and ends in Liaodong in the east. It is a symbol of the wisdom and originality of the working people in ancient my country.
41. The territory of the Qin Dynasty extended to the East China Sea in the east, Longxi in the west, the Great Wall in the north, and the South China Sea in the south. It was a major country in the world at that time.
42. In 209 BC, Chen Sheng and Wu Guang led the Dazexiang Uprising, and the peasant uprising broke out in the late Qin Dynasty. The Chen Sheng and Wu Guang uprising was the first large-scale peasant uprising in Chinese history. Their revolutionary initiative inspired millions of working people in later generations to fight against brutal rule.
43. In the Battle of Julu in 207 BC, Xiang Yu's people defeated the majority with a small number, and defeated the main force of the Qin army, laying the foundation for the demise of the Qin Dynasty. Later, Liu Bang led his troops to Xianyang and the Qin Dynasty was destroyed.
44. In 202 BC, after four years of Chu-Han War, Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu and established the Han Dynasty, with its capital in Chang'an, which became the Western Han Dynasty.
45. During the period of Emperors Wen and Jing of the Han Dynasty, they implemented the policy of light corvee and low taxes and the development of agriculture, and the peaceful and prosperous era of "Wen and Jing's rule" appeared.
46. Table of representatives of Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism, Legalism, and Military during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
The main ideas of the works on names and titles during the period
Confucius, a great thinker and educator in the late Spring and Autumn Period; the founder of Confucianism, put forward the theory of "benevolence" in "The Analects of Confucius" and advocated "governing with virtue" ". He advocated "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude", being modest and eager to learn, and "reviewing the past to learn the new"
Mencius, a thinker during the Warring States Period, and a representative of Confucianism during the Warring States Period proposed "unjust wars in the Spring and Autumn Period" to oppose all wars; he required rulers to govern the country with "benevolent governance"; Advocates following the seasons and rationally utilizing natural resources
Mozi thinker in the Warring States Period and founder of the Mohist school advocated "universal love" and "non-aggression"
Laozi thinker in the late Spring and Autumn Period and founder of the Taoist school "Tao Te Ching" believes that everything has its opposite, and the opposite sides can transform into each other. Advocated the use of softness to overcome strength
Zhuangzi, a thinker during the Warring States Period, and a representative of the Taoist school during the Warring States Period advocated "governing by doing nothing" and letting nature take its course
Han Fei, a thinker during the Warring States Period, and a representative figure of Legalism during the Warring States Period advocated reform and advocated The rule of law and the establishment of a centralized monarchy system
Sun Wu, a military strategist during the Warring States Period and the originator of military strategists, "Sun Tzu's Art of War" "Know yourself and the enemy, and you will never be defeated in a hundred battles"
47. Dong Zhongshu suggested to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: "Depose a hundred soldiers." "The family only respects Confucianism" and regarded Confucianism as feudal orthodoxy.
48. The Imperial College held by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in Chang'an was the highest institution of learning in ancient my country.
49. In 25 AD, Liu Xiu established the Eastern Han Dynasty and made Luoyang the capital. Liu Xiu was Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty. During his reign, the society was stable and the economy improved. It was known as the "Guangwu Zhongxing" in history.
50. The plows of the Western Han Dynasty were equipped with plow walls, which was more than a thousand years earlier than in Europe. The two-oxen lifting method is commonly used in cattle farming; the new sowing tool, the columbine, also appeared in the Western Han Dynasty.
51. Wang Jing, a water conservancy expert during the reign of Emperor Ming of the Eastern Han Dynasty, regulated the Yellow River so that it would not change its course for the next eight hundred years.
52. my country’s iron smelting technology in the Han Dynasty was at the forefront of the world. Du Shi, the prefect of Nanyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty, invented water drainage and used water power to blast iron for smelting.
53. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the outstanding leader of the Xiongnu, Maodun Chanyu, unified the Mongolian grassland for the first time.
54. In 119 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent generals Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to attack the Huns, and defeated them in the battle of Mobei.
55. During the reign of Emperor Yuan of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhaojun came out of the fortress and married Huhanxie Chanyu, which stabilized the Han-Hungarian border for a long period of time. Wang Zhaojun and Hu Hanxie Chanyu made significant contributions to the friendly coexistence and cultural exchanges between Han and Hungary.
56. In 138 BC and 119 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian on two missions to the Western Regions, opening the Silk Road.
57. In 60 BC, the Western Han government set up the "Western Region Protector" in the Western Regions to take charge of the affairs of the Western Regions. This marked that Xinjiang began to fall under the jurisdiction of the central government and became an integral part of our country.
58. The Silk Road refers to China’s silk and silk fabrics starting from Chang’an, passing through the Hexi Corridor, and today’s Xinjiang region, and then transported to West Asia and then to Europe. This land route connecting China and the West is The famous Silk Road.
59. In 73 AD, the Eastern Han government sent Ban Chao as envoy to the Western Regions. Ban Chao managed the Western Regions for 30 years, further strengthening the connection between the Western Regions and the mainland.
60. In 166, the Great Qin Dynasty sent envoy Andun to visit the Eastern Han Dynasty. This was the first direct exchange between a European country and our country.
61. The earliest known paper in the world is unearthed in Tianshui, Gansu Province, my country. It was made of hemp in the early Western Han Dynasty, 1,200 years earlier than in Europe.
62. Cai Lun of the Eastern Han Dynasty improved papermaking. The invention of papermaking is a huge contribution of our people to world culture.
63. "Nine Chapters on Arithmetic", written in the Eastern Han Dynasty, is the earliest existing ancient mathematics monograph in my country. It systematically summarizes the mathematical achievements from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the early Eastern Han Dynasty. Some of the contents in the book were world advanced at the time. ]
64. Zhang Heng invented and manufactured the first scientific instrument for observing earthquakes in history, the seismograph, which is recognized as the earliest seismic instrument in the world.
65. Hua Tuo, a famous medical scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty, was good at surgery. The general anesthetic "Mafei San" he made was a pioneering work in the history of world medicine.
66. "Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases" written by Zhang Zhongjing comprehensively expounds the theory and treatment principles of traditional Chinese medicine. He has superb medical skills and noble medical ethics, and is honored as the "Medical Sage" by later generations.
67. The three major religions in today’s world are Christianity, Buddhism and Islam.
68. Buddhism was introduced to the Central Plains of my country in the late Western Han Dynasty; Taoism emerged among the Chinese people in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
69. Wang Chong was an outstanding materialist thinker in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He wrote the book "Lunheng" to clarify that there are no ghosts and gods in the world.
70. Sima Qian was a great historian in ancient my country. His "Historical Records" compiled by him recorded the historical events from the Yellow Emperor to the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It was the first biographical general history of our country.
71. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang’s Mausoleum are outstanding representatives of the sculpture art of the Qin and Han Dynasties and a shining pearl in the world’s art treasure house.
72. In the Battle of Guandu that took place in 200, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao with a small number and defeated a large number, laying the foundation for Cao Cao to unify the north.
73. The Battle of Chibi took place in 208. The coalition forces of Sun and Liu used fire attacks to defeat Cao Cao. Subsequently, the situation of the Three Kingdoms was formed.
74. Table of the situation of the Three Kingdoms
The founder of the country, the economic characteristics of the capital during the establishment period
Wei Cao Pi built water conservancy in Luoyang in 220 years, and developed agricultural production in 266 years , replaced by the Western Jin Dynasty
In 221 Liu Bei of Shu, the silk weaving industry in Chengdu developed, and Shu brocade was destroyed by Wei in 263 of the Three Kingdoms
In 222 of Wu Sunquan, Jianye's shipbuilding industry developed; Zeng Weiwen arrived in Yi Taiwan (now Taiwan) In 280, the Western Jin Dynasty destroyed Wu, and the Three Kingdoms era ended
75. In 266 years, Sima Yan established the Western Jin Dynasty and made Luoyang the capital. In 316 AD, the Huns who were moved inland were destroyed, which lasted 50 years.
76. The northern ethnic minorities that migrated inland during the Western Jin Dynasty mainly included the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jie, Di, Qiang, etc. They lived together with the Han people for a long time, which promoted the integration of our country's ethnic groups.
77. In 317, Sima Rui established the Eastern Jin Dynasty, with its capital in Jiankang; in 420, General Liu Yu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty established himself as emperor, ending the Eastern Jin Dynasty and beginning of the Southern Dynasties.
78. In the late 4th century, the Di people established the pre-Qin regime, and Fu Jian of the pre-Qin Dynasty unified the Yellow River Basin.
79. In 383, the Eastern Jin army defeated Fu Jian of the former Qin Dynasty with a small number and a large number, and won the Battle of Feishui.
80. The Northern Wei Dynasty was established by the Xian people. In 439, the Northern Wei Dynasty once again unified the Yellow River Basin.
81. The Southern Dynasties included the four dynasties of Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen; the Northern Dynasties included the five dynasties of Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi, and Northern Zhou.
82. Wang Xizhi’s collection of calligraphy has sublimated my country’s calligraphy into a high-level art form. His masterpiece "Lanting Preface" has the reputation of "the best running script in the world"; Wang Xizhi is called the "Sage of Calligraphy" by future generations.
83. Gu Kaizhi was a famous painter in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. His representative works include "The Picture of Admonitions of the Female History" and "The Picture of Luo Shen Fu".
84. "On the Destruction of Gods" written by Fan Zhen, a thinker in the Southern Dynasties, systematically elaborated on atheistic ideas and exposed the fact that the ruling class used Buddhism to deceive the people.
85. The Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi and the Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan are the two most famous grottoes excavated in the Northern Dynasties.
86. Scientific achievements table of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties