Junior middle school Chinese grammar knowledge

1. Sentence components

1. Subject The subject is the object of the predicate statement, indicating "who" or "what" thing". For example: (1) The Chinese people have high aspirations. (2) Improving the scientific and cultural level of the entire Chinese nation is a vital undertaking for hundreds of millions of people.

2. Predicate The predicate states the subject, and explains the subject "what" or "how" the subject is. For example: (1) The dark clouds in the sky suddenly dissipated. (2) The leaves turned yellow. ( 3) Xiao Wang is sixteen years old. (4) Lu Xun is the founder of modern Chinese literature. (5) He will read any book.

3. The object is in the verb. Later, it indicates the person or thing involved in the action or behavior, and answers questions such as "who" or "what". For example: (1) What is information? (2) There is a group of spectators at the door. (3) Marx believes that knowledge. It is a means to carry out struggle and serve the cause of proletarian liberation.

4. Attributive Attributive is the associated component in front of a noun. It is used to modify and express the nature, status, quantity, belonging, etc. of people or things. For example: (1) The (heavy) rice is like rows of (all yellow) pearls (2) (Three cups) are beautiful to pay homage to relatives (3) There are (blood-red) pearl camellias in the snowy field, (hidden in the white). (green) (single-petal) plum blossom. (4) The history of (China) has its own characteristics.

5. Adverbial adverbials are conjunctive components in front of verbs or adjectives, used to modify and limit. Verbs or adjectives, indicating the state, way, time, place or degree of action, etc. For example: (1) He [has] left (2) Let’s see you [in Beijing]. (3) Sing [bring Teacher Wang] in. Deep memories. (4) Science [finally defeated divine authority with great irrepressible power]. Adverbs and adjectives are often used as adverbials, and nouns expressing time and place are often used as adverbials. Except for auxiliary verbs, general nouns are not used. Generally speaking, verbs are rarely used as adverbials, and prepositional phrases are often used as adverbials. Generally, adverbials are placed immediately before the central expressway. However, when nouns or prepositional phrases expressing time, place, and purpose are used as adverbials, they can be placed in front of the subject, such as [in Hangzhou] We visited the scenic spots of the West Lake. 6. Complements Complements are the conjunctive components behind verbs or adjectives. They are generally used to supplement the situation, result, degree, tendency, time, place, quantity, character, etc. of an action or behavior. For example: ( 1) The vast majority of people are doing it "with enthusiasm" (2) His writing is not "a little" better than before, but "much" better (3) He was born in "1918" (4) He was born in 1918. At the table>. (5) The color is so thick that it seems to be flowing down.

2. Content words and function words

1. Nouns represent people or people. The words that name things are called nouns. The underlined words represent the names of different people or things. There is a plaque hanging in the middle saying: Sanwei Bookstore; below the plaque is a painting of a very fat sika deer lying on an ancient tree. Next. There is no tablet of Confucius, so we salute the plaque and the deer. This is the method taught by Runtu's father. We practice calligraphy at noon and have lessons in the evening. The place is like "Sanwei Bookstore"; the time is like "noon" and "evening"; the direction is like "middle" and "below"; the things are like "sika deer", "plaque", "painting", "old tree" and "tablet". ; Represents abstract concepts such as "method".

2. Verbs Verbs are words that express actions, development and changes, psychological activities, etc. The underlined words represent different meanings. It turned out that he put on that beautiful dress to commemorate this last lesson! We all have much to blame ourselves for. Thinking of this, I regret so much! When you get to the platform over there, you have to cross the railway, jump down and climb up again. Those that express action behaviors such as "wear", "jump", "climb", "walk", "commemorate" and "blame"; those that express changes in existence such as "have", "increase" and "shrink"; those that express psychological activities such as "think" and "regret" ; Expressing possibility and willingness, such as "should"; expressing tendency, such as "go down" and "up"; expressing judgment, such as "yes".

3. Adjectives Adjectives are words that express the shape, nature or state of something. The underlined words are all adjectives. This hazy orange-red light really couldn't shine very far; but the little girl's calmness, bravery, and optimistic spirit inspired me, and I seemed to feel that there was infinite light in front of me! Expressing shapes such as "small" (others such as "big", "high", "round", etc.); expressing qualities such as "calm", "brave" and "optimistic"; expressing states such as "hazy", "orange", "far", etc. . Adjectives are often used to modify nouns. Proper use of adjectives can make people or things more specific and vivid.

4. Pronouns Pay attention to the underlined words in the sentences below. What kind of spirit is it to regard the liberation cause of the Chinese people as his own cause? Many people... put the heavy burdens on others and pick up the lighter ones themselves. Just sleep here? How? I don't know when I fell asleep again. I thought the 30-mile mountain was just that little bit;... The underlined words in the above sentence all serve as references and are called pronouns.

Pronouns include: personal pronouns, which replace the names of people or things, such as me, you, him, us, you, them, myself, others; interrogative pronouns, used to ask questions, such as who, what, how, where, where; instructions Pronouns are used to distinguish people or things, such as this, that, here, there, so, then, every, each. When using personal pronouns, be aware that "they" can refer exclusively to men or to both men and women. Also pay attention to the difference between the usage of "we" and "we". "We" refers to the speaker, and sometimes the listener; "we" always includes the speaker and the listener. The demonstrative pronoun "that" is used for distal reference, and "this" is used for proximal reference.

5. Quantifier A 30-mile-high Yaoshan Mountain. After waiting for a long time, I took a few steps. Take out the little rice you have. More than a foot wide. The first difficult mountain. Fifth and Eighth Army Corps. Take a break. The dotted words above all express numbers and are called numerals. Among the numerals, some express exact numbers, such as one, two, one hundred, and thousand; some express approximate numbers, such as several, some, most, and few; some express ordinal numbers, which should be preceded by "th, first, and fourth" to express order. "Old" and so on, such as the first, the fifth, and the third. The words with - added above are all quantifiers indicating units. Some represent units of things; some represent units of actions and behaviors. There are many former ones, some of which represent individuals, such as only, one, platform, branch, and bar; some of which represent collectives, such as pairs, pairs, pairs, classes, and gangs; some of which represent indefinite quantities, such as some and dots; and some of which represent weights and measures. of, such as Zhang, Chi, Li, Mu. There are fewer of the latter, such as Ci, Hui, Xia, Pai, Bi, Zhen, Chang, Sui, Fan. Numerals and quantifiers are often used together to form quantifiers. Quantifiers that represent units of things are often used before nouns, such as a book; quantifiers that represent units of action or behavior are often used after verbs, such as going once.

6. Adverbs and conjunctions Adverbs are used before verbs and adjectives to express the degree, scope, time, frequency, situation, mood, etc. of behavior, action or nature, state, etc. Commonly used adverbs such as: very, more, most, very, all, only, only, just, already, just now, immediately, suddenly, gradually, finally, not, not, probably, almost, etc. Adverbs are mainly used to modify or limit verbs or adjectives, such as the sentence in the text: "The flowers are sweet; when you close your eyes, the trees seem to be full of peaches, apricots, and pears." Here the words "as if" are used together. The three adverbs "already" and "full" modify the verb "is" that expresses judgment. "As if" means situation, as if, as if; "already" means completion; "full" means deep. This sentence, from smelling the sweetness of flowers to associating it with abundant fruits, uses virtual writing to open up the attractive scenery of harvest. If these adverbs are not used, the sentence becomes "There are peaches, apricots and pears on the trees", which is not realistic and does not enrich the imagination.

Pay attention to the underlined words in the sentences below.

1. This prose praises the vitality of spring and brings hope and strength to people.

2. You can be influenced by beauty by appreciating nature or reading and writing lyrical articles about scenery.

3. As long as you recite it repeatedly, you can memorize the text. The first sentence "and" connects "hope" and "strength", indicating a parallel relationship; the second sentence "or" connects "appreciating nature" and "reading and writing scenic and lyrical articles", indicating a selection relationship; the third sentence "as long as" means Condition, used with the adverb "on". These connecting words are called conjunctions. Common conjunctions include: same, with, and, and, and, although, but, if, only because, so, etc.

7. Prepositions, particles, interjections, onomatopoeia - prepositions Prepositions are often used in front of nouns, pronouns, etc., and combined with these words to express the start and end, direction, location, etc. of actions, behaviors, traits, etc. Time, object, manner, reason, purpose, comparison, etc. For example: (1) From the first group (start of duty) (table start and end)

(2) Go north (walk) (table direction)

(3) Along the river Side (running) (table of place)

(4) From morning to night (not idle) (table of time)

(5) (delivery of medicine) to the patient (table of object) )

(6) According to his appearance (doing) (expressing way)

(7) Because of catching a cold (he fell ill) (expressing reason)

(8) (struggle for) the "four modernizations" (table)

(9) (much hotter) than the previous few days (table comparison) Common prepositions and their usage: (jingle) From, from, to, when, for, according to, because of, for, for, to, and, with, to compare, in, about, except, with, to, towards, towards, toward... Used before noun pronouns , the modification of "movement" and "shape" should be kept in mind.

Two particles Particles are function words that have no independence and have the least real meaning.

Particles can be divided into three categories: Structural particles: de, de, etc., where "de" indicates the modification relationship between the two parts, and "de" indicates the supplementary relationship.

For example: a glorious journey ("brilliant" modifies "process"), walks slowly ("slowly" restricts "walk"), jumps high ("high" supplements and modifies "jump")

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Dynamic particles: zhu, liao, guo, express the state of action and behavior. Among them, "Zhu" means that the action or behavior is in progress; "Le" means that it has been completed; "Guo" means that it has happened before.

For example: He is gone (meaning he has left here) He is walking (meaning he is walking) He has been here (meaning he has been here but is not here now) Mood particles: of, , , , , ah, ah, It expresses statements, questions, imperatives, exclamations and other moods, and is used at the end of sentences.

For example: He will. (in a positive tone) He won. (expressing a determined tone) Are you cold? (in a questioning tone) Go ahead. (expressing an imperative tone) How beautiful! (Expressing the tone of exclamation) Three interjections Interjections are words that express sounds such as exclamation, call, and response. Interjections are generally used alone, and their position is relatively flexible. They can be before the sentence, in the middle, or at the end of the sentence. The meaning of the sentence remains unchanged. For example: Hey, did you hear that? (Before a sentence) Hey, did you hear that? (in the middle of the sentence) Did you hear that? Hello! (At the end of the sentence) Four Onomatopoeias Onomatopoeias are words that imitate sounds. Such as: bang, clatter, clang, jingle, rumble, etc.

3. Phrases (1). Parallel phrases There is no priority between words, and they have equal status.

1. Type:

1) Name + name culture and education today or tomorrow (noun phrase)

2) Action + action investigation and research willing and implementation (verb phrase)

3) Shape + shape brilliant, solemn and solemn (adjective phrase)

4) Generation + generation for me and him like this or that (noun phrase)

5) Quantity + quantity in all directions for thousands of generations Three pounds and five ounces (noun phrase)

2. Parallel phrases generally can interchange places before and after, such as: factory, countryside, me, you, him. But some parallel phrases cannot be reversed because they have a certain order.

Time order: spring, summer, autumn, winter Size order: province, city, county

Age order: old, middle, young

Logical order:

Inherit and develop language habits close to literature and those who love literature: men, women, old and young, gold, silver, copper, iron, oil, smoke, soy sauce, vinegar

1. Parallel phrases generally require the same part of speech, but there are differences in individual cases. For example: sister and I (noun + pronoun) are hard-working, brave, and not afraid of hardship (form + form + generation) (2), biased phrases: "biased" modifies and restricts "positive". 1) Ding + middle (name, generation), such as: (motherland) the pace of the earth (a) camellia (forward)

2) zhuang + middle (action, shape), such as: [very] Haokan [independently] thinks [slowly] and follows the old grammar: "的" is the sign of attributive; "地" is the sign of adverbial. New grammar: unified as "的".

(3) Verb-object phrases The relationship between verb-object and verb-object is the relationship between domination and being dominated, involving and being involved. Verb + Object The object answers the verbs "who", "what", and "where". Such as: destroy the enemy, put down the burden, leave it behind, develop production, carry out struggle, win trust, restore calm, love fun, be determined, have a sense of humor, like pearls

(4), dynamic and complementary phrases Move + supplement. The complements in verb-complement phrases cannot answer the verbs "who", "what" and "where". For example: see clearly, go for a trip, pick it up, bring it to mind

(5), form complement phrase form + complement, when the adjective is the center, there is only a complement after it, because the adjective cannot take an object . The structural particle "get" is a sign of a complement, such as: run fast, walk fast, be clever, be airtight

(6) Subject-predicate phrase The relationship between the statement and the statement. Noun (pronoun) + verb (adjective) The subject can answer the predicate "who" and "what"; the predicate can answer the subject "how", such as: increased awareness, emancipation of the mind, bright sunshine, good mood. Special subject-predicate phrase: noun as predicate . For example: today is Wednesday, tomorrow is National Day, he is of medium stature. 4. Complex Sentences (1) Types of Complex Sentences A sentence composed of two or more single sentences or clauses that are closely related in meaning and independent in structure is called a complex sentence. The clauses of a compound sentence can be subject-predicate sentences or non-subject-predicate sentences. There is a brief pause in speech between clauses, indicated in writing by a comma or semicolon. The relationship between clauses is often expressed by conjunctions, adverbs and some related phrases. There is a certain logical relationship between clauses in a complex sentence. According to the different logical relationships between clauses, complex sentences can be divided into parallel , inheritance, progression, choice, turning, cause and effect, hypothesis, conditions, explanation, purpose and other types.

1. Parallel complex sentences are composed of two or more clauses in parallel. They describe several related things or explain several related situations. There is no priority between the clauses. points, commonly used related words include "that is A, and also B". For example: A single thread cannot make a thread, and a single tree cannot make a forest. It is not consciousness that determines existence, but existence that determines consciousness.

2. Successive complex sentences are also called Shun Cheng complex sentences and coherent complex sentences. Several clauses express things or actions that occur continuously, and they cannot move in sequence with each other. Commonly used related words include "A, then B", "A, then B", "A, then B", "A, then B". For example: The two of them walked hand in hand through the woods, over the hill, and back to the thatched cottage.

3. Progressive complex sentences are composed of two clauses with a progressive relationship. The latter clause indicates that the meaning is one level higher than the previous clause.

Commonly used *** couplets include "not only (not only, not only) A, but also (also, again) b", "and", "and", "not only a, not to mention b", "don't say a even (that is) )B". For example: He not only studies well, but also works well, especially his thinking.

4. Choose several clauses of a complex sentence to state various situations respectively, and ask to choose one from them, expressing "either this or that", "either this or that", "it is better to do that than this", etc. mean. Commonly used related words include "or (or) a, or (or) b", "either a or b", "either a or b", "with A, such as b". For example: If you don’t break out in silence, you will perish in silence.

5. A transitional complex sentence consists of two clauses with a transition relationship. The meaning of several clauses is not to follow the meaning of the previous clause, but to make a transition and go to the opposite. Meaning comes up. Commonly used related words include: "Although a, but b", "a is not b", "but", "however", "but", etc. For example: Nature is great, but humans are greater.

6. A causal complex sentence consists of two clauses with a causal relationship. The relationship between the clauses is to explain the relationship between cause and effect. Commonly used relative words include "because a therefore b", "since a then (then) b", "therefore". For example: Because he has firm beliefs, he never gets discouraged when encountering difficulties.

7. A hypothetical complex sentence consists of two clauses with a similar hypothesis relationship. The former clause assumes that a certain situation exists or occurs, and the latter clause explains the results produced by this hypothetical situation. , commonly used related words include "if (if) a, then (then) b", "even (even if) a, also b", "then A, also b", "if", "if", "if", " "If", for example: If the quality of the product is not good, no matter how large the quantity is, it has no use value.

8. A conditional complex sentence consists of two clauses with a conditional relationship. The former clause puts forward a condition, and the latter clause explains the result produced under this condition. Commonly used related words include "As long as a, then b", "Only (unless) a, then b, "No matter (no matter) a, all (also) b". For example: Only when the party's style is upright can the career prosper. Repeated sentences are Refers to complex sentences with more than two levels of relationships between clauses. To analyze the levels and relationships of multiple repeated sentences, you can use the "underline method" to mark the first level with "|" and indicate the relationship: there are "|| "Demarcate the second level and indicate the relationship: and so on. Steps to analyze multi-faceted complex sentences: The first step is to look at the overall situation, analyze it as a whole, and find out the relevant clauses on the first level of the sentence. Clarify the points The relationship between sentences; the second step is to analyze each clause of the first level to see if they are complex sentences. If they are complex sentences, then find out the clauses that constitute this complex sentence and clarify the relationship between them. , this is the second level: and so on, until all clauses are analyzed to be single sentences. To analyze multiple repeated sentences, first look at semicolons, secondly look at related words, and thirdly look at logical relationships. Underline the semicolon. If a complex sentence has no associated words, look at the logical relationship between the clauses. For example: Some people miss their past, (turn) but the things in the past will never come back (causation). They feel that the future is uncertain. (Cause and Effect) Never put their hope in the future (Tao Zhu's "Noble Ideal") (2) The difference between single sentences and complex sentences.

Generally, the following is the difference. Differences in three aspects:

(1) Definition method. A single sentence has only one subject and predicate part; a complex sentence is composed of two or more simple sentences, and the single sentences that make up the complex sentence can be called clauses. A subject-predicate sentence can also be a non-subject-predicate sentence. Example 1

(2) The main body method: No matter how long or complex a sentence is, it can be reduced to a very concise and clear sentence, and the main part of the sentence only contains. A set of subject and predicate parts. Example 2

(3) External marking method: There are two main forms of complex sentences. One is that two or more clauses are directly combined in a certain order. This complex sentence has no associated words. Another type of complex sentence is combined with the help of relative words. For this kind of complex sentence, you only need to underline the associated words that express various meanings to know that it is a complex sentence. These associated words become the outside of the complex sentence. Language markers. Example

3 However, this method sometimes requires a combination of the first two methods to accurately distinguish between single and complex sentences, because some components of some single sentences are also served by complex sentences. Example

4 Example 1: “Different societies, different classes, and the specific meaning of backbone are also different. " A complex sentence composed of 3 single sentences, use "ye" to connect the first two clauses, and express juxtaposition with the third clause. Example 2: "This ‖ [for a group of people who are disenchanted with new ideas], [for a group of people who despise technology [It is also] an excellent lesson for people who think that work is insignificant and that there is no way out. " Trunk: This is a lesson. Example 3: "This kind of bridge is not only beautiful in form, but also has a solid structure. " Related words: not only... but also... (progressive relationship) Example 4: "We just think that spending uncontrollably, even if it is the income of one's own labor, is contrary to the spirit of frugality. " In this sentence, the object of "think" is served by a two-complex sentence. It would be a mistake to judge it as a complex sentence if you see the related word.

But as long as you combine the first two methods to judge, the problem can be easily solved