Gender: male
Date of birth and death: 1452- 15 19.
Country: Italy
Life document:
Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci was the first painter in the Italian Renaissance and one of the most outstanding representatives in the whole European Renaissance. He is a profound, knowledgeable and versatile artist, master of science, literary theorist, great philosopher, poet, musician, engineer and inventor. He has made great contributions in almost every field. Later scholars called him "the most perfect representative of the Renaissance", "first-class scholar" and "prodigy". He deserves all the praise, even more. Leonardo da Vinci (1452- 15 19) was born in Kiano village near the Italian town of Vinci, which is very close to Florence. Leonardo da vinci is an illegitimate child and spent his childhood in his grandfather's grange. Da Vinci was smart and studious when he was a child, and he had a wide range of interests. He sings very well and learned to play the pipa very early. His impromptu singing, whether it is lyrics or tunes, is amazing. He likes painting very much and often paints for his neighbors. He has the reputation of "painting prodigy". Leonardo da Vinci's family was a famous family in Florence at that time. His father pierrot hoped that Leonardo da Vinci would become a lawyer like himself, but then something happened, which made pierrot change his mind and decided to let Leonardo learn painting. At that time, pierrot was entrusted by a farmer to draw a shield painting. He heard that his son could paint and wanted to try his son's painting skills, so he gave the task to Little Finch. With rich imagination, Little Finch spent a month drawing a terrible monster. This monster has fireball-like eyes, an open maw, and flames and poison gas spew out of his nostrils. It looks terrible. After the work was finished, Little Finch invited his father to his room. He covered half the window and erected an easel where the light just fell on the monster. When pierrot walked into the room for the first time, he saw this hideous monster at a glance and cried with fear. The sparrow smiled and said to her father, "Please accept it, it is the effect it should have." Convinced that his son had a talent for painting, pierrot sent Little Vinci to Florence to study plastic arts systematically under the guidance of the famous artist Rocchio. At this time, Da Vinci was only 14 years old. Rocchio's original boat was a famous art center in Florence at that time, where Italian humanists often gathered to discuss academic issues. Da Vinci established a large number of well-known humanists, artists and scientists here, and began to accept the influence of humanism. By the age of 20, Leonardo da Vinci had reached a high artistic attainments. He used brushes and carving knives to express the truth, goodness and beauty of nature and real life, and enthusiastically praised the happiness of life and the beauty of nature. Leonardo da vinci is not satisfied with his talent. He wants to master all fields of human thought. He has a unique vision, capable work and artistic soul. Once, he got lost in the mountains and came to a dark cave. When he later recalled this experience, he said, "I suddenly had two emotions-fear and longing: I was afraid of the dark cave and wanted to see if there would be anything strange in it." His life has been bound by these two emotions-he is afraid of the unknowable mystery of life, but he wants to expose, study, explain its meaning and describe its grandeur. He made up his mind to be a researcher, a teacher, and especially an artist.
Leonardo da Vinci has made amazing achievements in both art and natural science. His vision and scientific knowledge are beyond his time.
In the early Renaissance, people blindly accepted traditional ideas and worshipped ancient authorities and classical works. People learn scientific knowledge only by studying Aristotle's theory like the Bible, and only believe in written records. Leonardo da vinci objected to scholasticism taking past teaching and speeches as the knowledge base. He encouraged people to learn from nature and seek knowledge and truth from nature. He believes that knowledge comes from practice, and only by starting from practice can we explore the mysteries of science through practice. He said that "it is the greatest misfortune that theory is divorced from practice" and "practice should be based on good theory". Leonardo da Vinci put forward and mastered this advanced scientific method, and applied it to scientific research, making great contributions to natural science. This method, which he proposed, was later developed by Galileo and theoretically summarized by British philosopher Francis Bacon, and became the most basic method of modern natural science. Leonardo da Vinci believed in science. He hates religion and attacks Catholicism as a "shop selling deception". He said, "There is only one truth. He is not in religion, but in science. " Leonardo da Vinci's experimental working method paved the way for the later inventions of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler and Newton.
In astronomy, Leonardo da Vinci held a negative view of the traditional "geocentric theory". He believes that the earth is not the center of the solar system, let alone the center of the universe, but just a planet orbiting the sun, and the sun itself does not move. Leonardo also believed that the moon itself did not shine, but only reflected the brilliance of the sun. His view was put forward earlier than Copernicus's "Sun-centered Theory". Even then, Leonardo da Vinci fantasized about using solar energy.
In physics, Leonardo da Vinci rediscovered the concept of liquid pressure and put forward the principle of communication device. He pointed out: in communication devices, the liquid level of the same liquid is the same, the liquid level of different liquids is different, and the height of liquid is inversely proportional to density. He discovered the principle of inertia, which was later proved by Galileo's experiment. He believes that a projectile initially rises along an inclined straight line, makes a curve displacement under the mixed action of gravity and impulse, and finally runs out of impulse under the action of gravity and makes a vertical falling motion. His discovery shook Aristotle's theory of falling objects. He developed the lever principle, which not only deduced the relationship between acting force and arm length, but also calculated the relationship between speed and arm length. He pointed out that perpetual motion machine is impossible as an energy source. Leonardo also predicted the atomic principle of matter and vividly described the power of atomic energy: "that thing will explode from the ground, ... causing people to die suddenly in silent breathing, and the castle will be completely destroyed." It seems destructive in the air. " Leonardo da vinci has also made great achievements in anatomy and physiology, and is known as the originator of modern physiological anatomy. He mastered the knowledge of human anatomy and studied physiology and medicine from anatomy. He first used wax to express the internal structure of human brain, and he was also the first person to imagine making hearts and eyes out of glass and ceramics. He discovered the function of blood and thought that blood played a metabolic role in human body. He said that blood constantly transforms the whole body, bringing nutrition to all parts of the body, and then taking away the waste in the body. Leonardo da Vinci studied the heart. He found that the heart has four chambers and drew the heart valve. He believes that one of the causes of death in the elderly is arteriosclerosis, which is caused by lack of exercise. Later, William Harvey in England confirmed and developed these physiological achievements of Leonardo da Vinci. Leonardo da Vinci's research and inventions also involved military and mechanical aspects. He invented aircraft, helicopters, parachutes, machine guns, grenades, tanks, submarines, double-hull warships, cranes and so on. He also made great contributions in the fields of mathematics and hydraulic engineering. It can be said that Leonardo da Vinci's research involves all departments of natural science, and his thoughts and talents go deep into all fields of human knowledge. He is a rare scholar with all-round development in the world. However, most of Da Vinci's works and manuscripts were published many years after his death. Dampier, a historian of science, said of Leonardo da Vinci, "If he publishes his works, science will jump to the situation a hundred years later." When it comes to artistic creation, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael achieved the highest achievements during the Renaissance. Their artistic achievements reached the second peak of western plastic arts after ancient Greece, and reached the first peak in Europe only in painting. Among them, Leonardo da Vinci is the most prominent, and Engels called him a giant among giants. In terms of artistic creation, Leonardo da Vinci solved three difficult problems of plastic arts-architecture, sculpture and painting: 1, and solved the design of memorial central dome building and the planning of ideal city; 2. Completed the task of15th century, which has been a headache for sculptors; 3. Solved two important problems in painting at that time-memorial murals and altar paintings. Leonardo da Vinci's artistic works not only reflect things like mirrors, but also express them by thinking, observing and choosing beautiful parts of nature, thus guiding his own creation. Mural The Last Supper, Altar Madonna in the Rock and Portrait Mona Lisa are three masterpieces of his life. These three works are one of the treasures left by Leonardo da Vinci to the world art treasure house and the cornerstone of European art. Leonardo da Vinci had more and wider fantasies than anyone in the Renaissance. He is profound in thought and knowledge. He studied all the mysteries of nature and life with a never-ending spirit of exploration. He integrated art and science, reason and emotion, body and spirit, inherited and carried forward the humanistic thought and realistic expression of predecessors, pushed art to an unprecedented height and made great contributions to the development of natural science. Leonardo da Vinci is well-deserved "the most perfect representative of the Renaissance". Leonardo da Vinci (1452- 15 19), whose full name is Leonardo Dissel Piero da Vinci, was an Italian painter and scientist in the Renaissance and a symbol of human wisdom. He was the most famous artist in the Italian Renaissance. He is not only a great painter, but also a futurist, architect, mathematician, musician, inventor, anatomist, sculptor, physicist and mechanical engineer. He is famous for his superb painting skills. He also designed many inventions that could not be realized at that time, but appeared in modern science and technology. Generally speaking, Leonardo da Vinci greatly surpassed the level of architecture, anatomy and astronomy at that time, but failed to promote its development. He was born in Florence on 1452. Although he is an illegitimate child, he is highly valued. According to historical records, Antonio Da Vinci (Da Vinci's grandfather) wrote on the back page of the translation notebook: On Saturday, April 1452, at 3 o'clock in the middle of the night, I had a grandson, my son. At the age of five, he was able to draw a portrait of his mother on the beach from memory, and at the same time, he could improvise and sing with himself, which attracted the admiration of the people present. The Last Supper is the most famous religious painting in the world, while Mona Lisa is the most famous and greatest portrait painting in the world. These two world-renowned works make Leonardo da Vinci's name immortal. Leonardo da vinci's unique artistic language is to use light and shadow to create a plane. There are mistakes in the English translation of the old translation of Da Wen Xi; Italian ci is pronounced "strange" instead of "western") "God sometimes endows a person with beauty, elegance and talent, making his behavior all superior, which shows that his genius comes from God rather than human strength. This is the case with Leonardo. His elegance and grace are unparalleled, and his wisdom can solve all problems. " This is vasari's praise of Leonardo da Vinci. Da Vinci1April, 452 15 was born in Finch, not far from Florence in central Italy, and spent his childhood there. 1469, he came to Florence and worked as an apprentice in verrocchio's studio. 1472 entered the artists association of that year. In art, he is an expert in sculpture, but he pays special attention to painting. He said, "Painting is the daughter of nature." Legend has it that when he was young, he helped his teacher draw a little angel in a painting called John the Baptist Christ. As a result, his level surpassed all the other characters drawn by the teacher. The famous teacher was ashamed, so he stopped dabbling in painting and only engaged in sculpture. Leonardo da vinci is best known for his superb painting skills. His most famous works include Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, Our Lady in the Rock, Santa Anna and The Virgin.
The Mona Lisa was painted for four years. It is said that the model is a Florentine who just lost her child. In order to relieve her pain and show her natural smile, Leonardo asked someone to play music for her. Her smile is a topic that people talk about, sometimes it looks serious and sometimes it looks gentle; Sometimes it's sad, sometimes it's ironic. Mona Lisa's right hand is called "the most beautiful hand in art history". The Last Supper was painted on the wall of the sacred dining room of Gracy Church. Leonardo da Vinci changed the layout of the Last Supper painted by his predecessors, so that all the characters sat in a row facing outward, with Jesus Christ in the middle. In Science, he observed celestial bodies and wrote, "The sun is motionless." Almost at the same time, Copernicus discovered the "sun-centered theory"; He studied the scientific principle of flight and designed and built the first airplane. He dissected more than 30 corpses, explored the human body structure, and was the first to discover the growth process of the baby in the mother. He once said, "you may be avoided by this natural stench ... or you may be impatient and not diligent enough." In these respects, I am not hindered by greed or laziness, but by lack of time. " When he was young, Da Vinci studied painting in the studio of Florence painter verrocchio, and left Florence for Milan in 148 1. Later, he was invited to France by King Francis I of France. Leonardo da vinci was a genius in the world at that time. His main talents are scientific discovery and imagination. He has designed helicopters, airplanes, hot air balloons, siege machines, urban defense systems and drainage systems, and studied human anatomy, proportion and perspective. He is the first painter in Europe to paint landscapes, and is famous for his scientific and clear mind. Of course, some people think that he seldom realizes his ideas and makes real achievements, because he is only a hollow reputation in science. Among the "Three Masters" of the Renaissance (the other two are Michelangelo and Raphael), the characters in his paintings are realistic and the composition is rigorous and steady. His most famous paintings are the mural The Last Supper and the portrait of the Monastery of Santa Maria in Milan, Mona Lisa and the Virgin in the Rock. His works include On Painting.
In his later years, Leonardo da Vinci settled in the Castle of Clos in the Loire Valley of France, where he completed his self-portrait. In his later years, Leonardo became calm and quiet, and devoted himself to studying the relationship between faith and nature. He died in Crowe Castle in 15 19.
"For a whole day, you can sleep peacefully; A full life, you can have no regrets "is a famous sentence in his will." "
1452 On April 5th, Da Vinci was born in Da Vinci Town near Florence, Italy. My father is a well-known local notary with a well-off family. Leonardo da Vinci showed his talent for painting from an early age. His little animals are lifelike, so his father sent him to his friend, the famous painter and sculptor Frogia's painting studio as an apprentice.
= = = = = = = = = = Van Gogh's artistic achievements = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
A representative of post-impressionism
He abandoned all the knowledge he had acquired,
Ignoring the doctrine cherished by the college,
I even forgot my own reasons.
In his eyes,
Only the vibrant natural landscape,
He was so absorbed in it that I forgot everything.
He believes that the universe is an indivisible whole,
Wholeheartedly,
Embrace everything.
Van Gogh became a highly personalized painter very late, only eight years before his death.
Van Gogh had little formal training in painting. He worked hard day after day and got canvases, oil paints and painting tools. He was constantly in a state of spiritual contradiction and he was under pressure to pursue artistic perfection. These, if not the direct cause of his later illness, also planted seeds for his life tragedy.
Van Gogh is interested in the representation of real feelings, that is, he wants to show his feelings about things, not the visual image he sees.
Van Gogh classified his works into another category different from impressionist painters. He said, "In order to express myself more forcefully, I use colors more freely." In fact, not only the color, but also the perspective, shape and proportion have changed to show an extremely painful but very real relationship with the world.
Van Gogh is an artist with a real sense of mission, which is also a feature of artists who call themselves expressionists. Van Gogh summed up this feeling when talking about his own creation: "I risked my life for it;" Because of it, half my reason collapsed; But it doesn't matter ...
Van Gogh never gave up his belief that art should care about practical problems and explore how to awaken conscience and transform the world.
Van Gogh committed suicide at the age of 37. As an artist, it was not until shortly before his death that he won the praise of critics for his shocking and imaginative paintings.
Within a few years after Van Gogh's death, some painters began to imitate his painting methods. In order to express strong feelings, they can't truthfully reflect the reality. This creative attitude is called expressionism and proved to be a lasting trend in modern painting.
Although Gauguin and Van Gogh have become pioneers of modern expressionism and models of extremely personalized artists, it is hard to imagine how different their personal characteristics are. Gauguin was a man who attacked traditional ideas. His language is mean, cynical, cold and sometimes rude. Van Gogh, on the other hand, is full of naive enthusiasm and deep love for artists who engage in * * *. After his life experience, this love made him become an art dealer, and he had the desire to conduct theoretical research, and later became a missionary in the Belgian coal mining area. 1880 began to learn painting, and later studied in Brussels, The Hague and Antwerp. He came to Paris in 1886, where he met Lautrec, Seurat, Sinek, Gauguin and the original impressionists.
Van Gogh's palette brightened after he met an impressionist painter in Paris. He found that the only thing he loved deeply was color, brilliant and incongruous color. The color characteristics in his hands are fundamentally different from those of Impressionism. Although he used impressionist skills, his conclusion has an extraordinary personality because of his unique observation ability of people and nature. It has always been like this.
Van Gogh's passion came from the world he lived in and the strong reaction of people he knew. This is by no means a simple reaction made by a primitive man or a child. His letter to his brother Theo is the most touching story written by the artist. The letter shows his highly sensitive perception, which is completely in line with his emotional response. He is keenly aware that he is getting the effect, which is achieved through yellow or blue. Although most of his color concepts are used to express his love for man and nature and his happiness in the process of expression, he is very sensitive to dark colors, so when talking about Cafe at Night, he said, "I try to express the terrible passion of human beings in red and green." The cafe at night is a nightmare composed of dark green ceilings, red walls and uncoordinated green furniture. The golden floor presents a vertical perspective and enters the red background with incredible power. Conversely, the red background is also quite competitive with its strength. This painting is an irreconcilable struggle between the perspective of space and the aggressive color trying to destroy it. The result is a terrible experience of claustrophobia and oppression. The work indicates surrealism's exploration of perspective as a means of fantasy expression, but no exploration can have such shocking power.
Van Gogh's universe can last forever in the starry night. This is an illusion, surpassing any attempt by Byzantine or Roman artists to express the great mystery of Christianity. Van Gogh's paintings of exploding stars are more closely related to space exploration in that era than to the era of mysterious belief. However, this illusion is caused by the accurate brushwork that took a lot of effort. When we understand expressionism in painting, we often associate it with brave brushstrokes. Whether it is bold and unrestrained or flame-like brushwork comes from intuition or spontaneous performance, and is not bound by rational thinking process or rigorous techniques. The originality of Van Gogh's paintings lies in his supernatural experience, or at least his extrasensory experience. And this kind of experience can be proved by a cautious brush stroke. This brushwork is like an artist racking his brains to accurately copy what he is observing. In a sense, it is true, because Van Gogh was an artist who painted what he saw. What he saw was an illusion, and he was also an illusion. Starry Night is a landscape painting both near and far, which can be seen from the high-viewpoint landscape techniques of Bruegel, a landscape painter in the16th century, although Van Gogh's direct source is some impressionist landscape paintings. Tall poplars trembled and floated slowly in front of us; Small villages in the valley live safely under the protection of the steeple church; All the stars and planets in the universe are spinning and exploding in the "doomsday judgment". This is not the final judgment of man, but the final judgment of the solar system. This painting was painted by/kloc-0 in June, 1989 in St. Remy's sanatorium. After the second nervous breakdown, he lived in this nursing home. There, his illness was good and bad, and when he was conscious and full of emotions, he kept painting. The colors are mainly blue and purple, and the yellow of the stars beats regularly. The dark green and brown poplars in the foreground mean endless nights around the world.
Van Gogh inherited the great tradition of portrait painting, which is rare among his contemporaries. His passionate love for people made it inevitable for him to paint portraits. He studied people like nature, from the initial sketch to the last self-portrait he drew a few months before 1890. It faithfully shows the terrible and tense eyes that crazy people stare at. A madman, or a person who can't control his behavior, can't draw such a measured and skillful painting anyway. In different levels of blue, some rhythmic lines set off the beautiful sculptural head and strong trunk. Everything in the painting is blue or blue-green, except the dark shirt and the head with red beard. All the color and rhythm combinations from the head to the trunk to the background, as well as the subtle changes in the emphasis parts, show that this artist has a very good grasp of modeling methods, as if Van Gogh could record his appearance when he was fully awake.
Van Gogh-Zoroastrians
He chased the sun like Kuafu, and finally burned in the sun and collapsed-whenever I see Van Gogh's works, I always think of the words of Herakt, an ancient Greek wise man, about the world: "The past is, the present is, and the future will always be an eternal living fire", "Everything turns into fire and is cremated into everything." Van Gogh was a Zoroastrian in the art world. His life experience, mental state and painting creation are all shining with the brilliance of life burning. He is the greatest self-immolator in the history of art, and an ancient and simple belief is accepted by modern people.
Perhaps Van Gogh's personal life history is the best theme of a heroic epic. In fact, irving stone's documentary novel Longing for Life strongly proves the value of ideals, morality and personality to life. People have set an example of martyrs from Van Gogh's difficult and tragic experience and his persistent and fanatical pursuit of art, which has always inspired those geniuses who are at the bottom of society and have been unknown so far.
But these are far from the most important. For a painter, we need to study his artistic creation directly.
Van Gogh began painting at the age of 30. He has extensive literary knowledge, but he didn't become a literary painter. At the beginning of his painting study, he sought advice from the Dutch painting tradition and became impulsive interested in Impressionism. However, his fiery passion for nature made him abandon the gloom and silence of the Dutch painting school and quickly get rid of Impressionism, because Impressionism's pursuit of external instant authenticity is far from his mental state full of subjective consciousness. Van Gogh belongs to romanticism in essence. In 1888, he admitted that he was deeply influenced by Drakva's thought: "Because I am not trying to accurately describe the nature in front of me, but I want to express myself through stronger colors."
Romanticism is a prelude to modern art, and its basic spirit is the liberation of personality and emotion. Delacroix developed a personal style full of movement, vitality, strong light and dark, and fiery colors in his historical paintings, and occasionally incongruous color juxtaposition appeared in his paintings. Romanticism, as a direct manifestation of social conflict and spiritual conflict, prominently represents the direction of modern spirit. However, this expression is still limited to the unchangeable expression system, and this artistic system formed in the Renaissance, out of group norms and social ideals, refused the individual's right to self-determination in front of nature, and Delacroix could not overcome this inherent contradiction. Impressionism has changed the face of traditional painting in the study of light and color, but this is only a superficial change in the artistic system, because its view of truth is still based on people's obedience to nature. In this way, as a new spirit of the times, romanticism's admiration for individuality (that is, rebellion against social norms) and respect for emotion (that is, the impact of rationalism) will inevitably find its successor in the European world at the end of 19. In this sense, Van Gogh is lucky. He can meet history when abandoned by the environment.
When nature is eternal, Van Gogh corrects his passion and imagination for religion and primitive life and seeks spirituality beyond painting itself, while Van Gogh tirelessly creates works of art belonging to the spiritual world by virtue of his boiling vitality and sensitive response to the characteristics of things. It is their differences and incompatibility that open up the possibility of the multi-directional development of modern art, among which Van Gogh is a humanist, and he guards the sublimity of individual life and the value of internal needs with full excitement and piety. He is a popular romantic, which has something to do with his love of naturalism (Zola). It stems from his cordial concern for ordinary things-chairs, pipes, old leather shoes, humble pubs, etc. -We can feel the equality between people and things before God. Van Gogh is the pioneer of the "subjective-expressive" tendency of modern art, which is based on the comprehensive recognition of individual values.
It is easy for people to regard Van Gogh as the pioneer of self-expression in western art, and his outstanding personal style and strong subjective expression will give people this impression. However, it should be pointed out that self-expression is not the same as the lonely exploration of the inner world and the arbitrary venting of personal feelings. The subjective consciousness of Van Gogh's works does not exclude his study of nature: he often uses the changes of lines to grasp the characteristics of things, such as the landscape paintings made in the village of Saint-Marie, France, drawing straight walls, curves of cigarettes, points of roads, thick spirals of leaves, and so on. However, this kind of research is by no means obedient to nature. Van Gogh's capture of characteristics is subjective and individual, so themes and objects are only a starting point in his paintings. Similarly, the emotional expression of Van Gogh's works does not exclude the role of rational thinking in creation. He once wrote in a letter: "Don't think that I am willing to make deliberate efforts to make myself crazy. On the contrary, please remember that I was attracted by a complicated calculus, which led to the rapid production of paintings that were quickly waved, but these were carefully calculated in advance. " Van Gogh's creation is a kind of persuasion and assembly, and the resulting formal creation shows the intense process of emotional generation, not just a meditation and description of the emotional status quo.
Van Gogh is always at the center of contradiction: when he respects nature, he opposes it; Living in passion but seeking the help of calm analysis; Pursue something higher than yourself in the process of expressing yourself; Even on the critical line of mental breakdown, it maintains the strongest self-control-this mental state full of inner conflicts, which was once a secret that human beings could not reveal, has long been suppressed at the psychological bottom. Van Gogh fully exposed them for the first time in his painting creation. Van Gogh's artistic achievement is to sincerely show the artistic achievements of the human mind. Spiritual contradictions and psychological actions, each image is full of dramatic conflicts. People tremble in front of canvases and paints, and they are looking for ways to realize their hearts in order to soar beyond their mysterious world behind reality, that is, the ultimate world. All the creative achievements of Van Gogh's artistic language-lines, strokes, colors and spaces-come from this, so it has a deeper and more enlightening significance.
Van Gogh seems to have a natural sensitivity to the emotions that lines can contain, which can be seen everywhere in his sketches. He expanded the color points of Impressionism into color lines, thus surpassing Impressionism and becoming a master of painting with the mind. In the aspect of expressing line brushwork, he has something to do with the Dutch painting school, but the relationship between Rembrandt's meticulous brushwork and broad brushwork and the mental state of the creative subject is obscure and quite limited, while Van Gogh extracted the elements in Rembrandt's painting as a method to make it clear, pure and original, and pushed it to the extreme. He obeys the call of the mind (more subconsciously), and often uses wavy and spiral strokes to carry the surging emotional flow, which is rough and bold, full of momentum, tension and strong sense of rhythm: the earth is shaking, the sky is like a whirlpool flame, and the trees are twisting, as if to uproot themselves. This powerful brushwork full of spontaneous passion neither obeys the inherent texture of things (Rembrandt) nor tends to the dynamics of objects themselves (Koro), but is a spiritual symbol extracted from nature. Van Gogh's thicker brush strokes made his spirit more and more focused on the directness of reasoning with things. Perhaps, the sensitivity to the pigment itself (color, texture, shade and thickness) is the direct reason for a painter to distance himself from nature and surpass himself. Here, Van Gogh reveals the possible direct connection between painting form and human emotion, and between material and ultimate truth.