Self-taught Examination: How to Learn College Chinese? College Chinese is a compulsory course for candidates majoring in non-Chinese language and literature. Its purpose is to require comrades who have obtained diplomas through self-taught examinations to learn Chinese language and literature knowledge and reach a certain level to ensure the study of their major. At present, foreign languages, law, tourism management and other majors are 6 credits; Business English, business administration and other majors are 4 credits. Different credits, different textbooks; Although the requirements of the exam are different, the form of the exam is similar. Here's a talk about learning methods, which are only for reference when candidates study by themselves.
First, about Chinese knowledge.
There are many learning contents of Chinese knowledge, including argumentative essays, narratives, poems and songs, and novels; From the time of the works, there are ancient, modern and contemporary points: 6 credits and foreign literary works. For candidates who study in their spare time, the amount is very large. Learning is the key to success. The correct method can get twice the result with half the effort. Of course, learning methods vary from person to person. I think we can pay attention to the following aspects.
First of all, pay attention to the key points. How to concentrate? Different styles of works have different emphases, so do intensive reading and extensive reading. Generally speaking, each text mainly revolves around the author, works, characters, words, sentences and chapters.
The author is mainly concerned with the times and nationalities. Mainly representative works, artistic styles and life stories. For example, Qu Yuan, a Chu man in the Warring States Period, is represented by Li Sao, whose artistic style is "unique in conception, rich in imagination, gorgeous in writing style and full of positive romanticism", and its core is "positive romanticism". Other contents are generally understandable. Another example is Yu Dafu, an influential writer in modern literature history. He once organized a creative society and participated in the League of Chinese Left-wing Writers. His novels mainly adopt autobiographical biography and first-person writing. His representative works include Sinking, Wave Point, Run, Night of Spring Breeze, She is a Weak Woman and so on. Another example is Gorky, a Russian revolutionary writer and the founder of the literature of the former Soviet Union. His representative works include the novel Mother and the autobiography trilogy.
Works, such as Ji Jianggong, are from The Analects of Confucius? The Analects of Confucius is a documentary prose, whose content is to record the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples. The author is not only a disciple of Confucius, but also a disciple of Confucius, and is the main work of studying Confucianism. The Tempest is selected from Lu Xun's collection of short stories "Scream". Another example is "Shi Chong and Competing for Hao" in Shi Shuo Xin Yu and "Coal in the Furnace" from Guo Moruo's Goddess. Comparatively speaking, the requirement of "4 credits" is not high in this respect.
Ci not only refers to the difficult words in classical Chinese, poems and songs, but also includes some words in modern Chinese. Of course, the words "non-ego" and "behavior" of "you have a job for Shennong" are all within the scope of the proposition, and the words "far away" and "idle" in modern literature may also be tested, so we have to pay attention to them. Of course, it is mainly classical Chinese vocabulary.
Polysemy is common in classical Chinese. For example, the word "zhi" is generally interpreted as the auxiliary word "de", but the word "zhi" in "Farewell to Meng Haoran's trip to Yangzhou" is interpreted as "go", and the three words "Guo" used as verbs, adjectives and nouns in Historical Records are as follows.
There are many phenomena of flexible use of notional words in classical Chinese. Verb causative usage: you are safe when you come, and you have food and clothes, among which "coming", "safe" and "wearing" are causative. Be sure of usage, such as "Ziwanmin", "Accompanied by fish and shrimp, and friends with milu deer", among which "Zimin", "Couple" and "Friends" are all conation. Nouns are adverbials, such as "a woman cries at night, and those who are in chaos should respond", and "night", "four" and "time" in "learning while learning" are all adverbials, which are translated into "night", "from all directions" and "often", and so on. There are also nouns as verbs, such as "drifting with the current", "being a disciple before crawling", and "former" is translated as "eastward" and "forward" and so on. When explaining these words, we should adhere to the principle that words are inseparable from sentences, that is, words should be meaningful in sentences, otherwise they are wrong.
Sentence, the sentence pattern of classical Chinese is quite special, which is different from modern Chinese. In judgment sentences, the verb "yes" is generally not used, but "xx, xx" is used to express the judgment. For example, "General Li is broad-minded and a native of Longxi". Passive sentences often use "Yu", "See" and "Lead initiative", such as "The laborer governs the person", "My parents laugh at the noble family" and "My country dies and laughs at the world" are typical examples. There are several kinds of inverted sentences. One is verb inversion, which is often used in exclamatory sentences, such as "Yizai, the proud teacher of Maling". Second, prepositional object. First, in negative sentences, if negative adverbs "no", "mo" and "Wei" appear, then the object in the sentence can be mentioned before the verb, such as "don't be yourself", "have nothing" and "don't be me"; Secondly, in interrogative sentences, verbs or prepositions can generally be preceded by interrogative pronouns, such as "Nothing too much?" Why cut it? "Object", "son" and "he" are all in front. Third, the attributive is postpositioned, such as "the scholar's daughter asks about Taoyedu and Yuhuatai", and the attributive is "asking about Taoyedu and Yuhuatai", which should be placed before the central word "the scholar's daughter" in translation. In short, the translation of sentences should follow the principle that sentences should not be divorced from the text, that is, sentences should be integrated with the context in the full text.
Chapter refers to the text structure of an article, including ideological and artistic. This is the most important, but also the difficulty of learning, but also the focus of the exam.
Author: Baby release date: August, 2006-10 The mastery of ideological content can be segmented according to the tips in the textbook, and the meaning of a paragraph can be summarized, making it clear that there are several levels in a paragraph. For example, the argumentation part of the exhortation is divided into three layers, that is, three natural paragraphs: discussing the present with ancient times, discussing people with things, discussing the present with things, and discussing the present with ancient times. It is easy to grasp the content by carefully dividing the levels. On the basis of summarizing the meaning of the paragraph, summarize the theme or center of the full text.
The artistry is mainly grasped from the aspects of conception, writing and rhetoric. For example, in the conception of "Qianchibi Fu", the article is structured with the clear breeze, bright moon and flowing water as the clue; The writing method is to integrate narration, scenery description, lyricism and discussion, and to reason with the dialogue between subject and object; The language expression pays attention to the combination of parallel prose, interspersed with lyrics and dialogues, and is lively.
In order to understand the structure of the article, you should learn to analyze it. It is necessary to grasp several tendons and concepts, and to illustrate with examples that there is flesh and blood. For example, the images of Qi Jin and Zhao in The Storm should not only understand that they are typical ignorant and backward farmers and remnants of imperial power who are good at hiding their positions, but also grasp their specific characteristics, so the changes and functions of Zhao Braids and bamboo robes can not be ignored. The same is true of grasping artistry, such as the narrative and scene description in the preface to Zhang Zhongcheng, which must be analyzed and understood.
These are not easy to do, and there are no shortcuts. Fortunately, there are hints in the textbook. Candidates should carefully refer to the "tips" and study the textbooks in depth. After mastering the basic methods, they can draw inferences from others and simplify the complex.
Secondly, use clever methods to help memory. Comparative methods, such as historical prose, Zuo Zhuan is a chronological style, Warring States Policy is a national style, and Historical Records is a biographical style. What about Bacon, Mo Bosang, Chekhov, Europe? Henry's nationality is English, French, Russian and American, so several foreign writers will not be confused. Comprehensive method, for example, most modern writers have participated in literary societies, Guo Moruo and Yu Dafu have organized creative societies in Japan, and Mao Dun, Zhu Ziqing and Bing Xin have all participated in literary research societies. Ba Jin did not join the Creation Society or the Literature Research Association. For another example, in the textbook, writers in the Northern Song Dynasty are Ouyang Xiu, Wang Anshi, Su Shi and Liu Yong, writers in the Southern Song Dynasty are Lu You and Xin Qiji, and Li Qingzhao is a writer who spans the Northern and Southern Song Dynasties. Qian Xuesen, Zhu Kezhen, Mao Yisheng and Hua are all natural scientists. They are nuclear physicists, geographers, bridge experts and mathematicians respectively. This is easier to remember. Individual mnemonics, such as Lao She's Manchu language, Shen Congwen's Miao language, [Yue Diao] are the names of various palaces, Shi Shuo Xin Yu is a collection of notes and novels, and so on.
Thirdly, mastering some literary common sense is not only to cope with exams, but also often used in life. For example, the difference between ancient poems and modern poems, the difference between regular poems and quatrains, the formal characteristics of poems, words, songs and fu, and the characteristics of hundred schools of thought's essays and historical essays. Interested candidates can separate prose and verse, or browse the "Overview of China Literature History" in the Appendix, which has a clear clue to the development of various styles.
Finally, recite some famous poems and sentences. China literature has a long history, and many famous poems have been circulated for more than 1000 years. As descendants of the Chinese people, we should understand them. The poems selected in the textbook are excellent works that combine ideological and artistic qualities. Reading and reciting should be a pleasure, not a burden. Why not?
Second, about composition.
Composition is a comprehensive test of candidates' ideological accomplishment, Chinese knowledge and expression ability, accounting for 40 points in the test paper. It is a "check and control" type of question, and it is also the focus and difficulty of candidates' learning.
There are three kinds of propositions in the composition test of "6 credits" paper: one is propositional composition, the other is material composition, which has only been tested once, and the third is material plus proposition. Judging from the situation of propositions in recent years, it is possible to add propositions to propositional compositions and materials. Material plus proposition is the synthesis of two propositional forms. This kind of composition is not only limited by the proposition, but also closely related to the material, which is difficult to operate and comprehensive in assessment. Comparatively speaking, this form is the most difficult to write, but the exam is the most likely.
Candidates can practice writing several compositions according to their own writing foundation, ask the teacher to correct them, point out their own shortcomings and gradually improve their writing level. So, how to practice?
Many candidates want to guess the exam questions, which is understandable, but it is actually not desirable. Instead, we should master the writing methods of general argumentative essays, so as to change with the same. I suggest you do a few composition questions that you have tested in previous years. The specific steps are as follows:
Examine the questions. Read the materials and propositions provided in the test paper carefully for three times, and pay attention to every word. A good beginning is half the battle. If you make a mistake in the exam, you can write a thousand words and digress from Wan Li. The consequences are unimaginable.
First instance materials, see what information the materials provide to us, and what are the requirements? What does the material have to do with the topic?
The style of the second trial is generally argumentative, but it must be read clearly to prevent accidents, and the requirements of the test paper should prevail.
Third, check the theme and see its relationship with the material. Grasp the key words of the topic.
The number of words in the fourth trial is generally 600 to 1000.
Other requirements of the fifth trial, such as contact with reality, contact with personal experience, no roll call, and so on.
First, determine the central argument according to the materials and topics, and sometimes the topic is the central argument. The second is to determine the argument, which is an important step and an arduous task. Generally speaking, the central argument is divided into two or three sub-arguments. Each parameter can be a paragraph of its own. The third is to choose the arguments for argumentation, including factual arguments and theoretical arguments. Factual arguments are divided into historical facts and current facts including data. Generally, two factual arguments can be used to arrange a historical case and a current case. A positive case, a negative case. This is more convincing. You can use detailed and rough methods when writing. Theoretical arguments can be scientific principles, theorems, axioms, laws, famous sayings, proverbs and proverbs. Theoretical foundation can make the article deep and improve the quality of the article. When choosing arguments, we should pay attention to typicality and accuracy, and get twice the result with half the effort. Of course, you should not only consider what to write, but also what not to write. You can't write a word about something that has nothing to do with the central argument.
After planning an article and selecting the material, you can consider the structural layout and material arrangement of the article. Due to the limited examination time, there is no time to draft, and the outline method is usually used. If possible, the thinner the outline, the better. A short argumentative essay is generally divided into three paragraphs. The first paragraph puts forward the argument that an excellent argumentative essay is always extremely clear-cut. For example, the book of remonstrating and expelling guests, the preface to the five dynasties' spiritual officials and on perseverance are all straight to the point today. The first paragraph is only two or three lines, so don't hesitate to say goodbye, not to mention "However, before she started walking towards us, we called a thousand times and urged her for a thousand times, and still hid half of her face behind her guitar". The beginning is concise and the argument is clear, which can make people fall in love at first sight. The proof argument in the second paragraph is the main body of the article, which can be discussed in turn according to several sub-arguments, focusing on facts and reasoning. In line with the principle of combining positive and negative, detailed and appropriate, make overall arrangements. Induction, deduction or analogy are commonly used in general argumentation, and one or more of them can be selected for use. We should not only pay attention to the clarity of discussion levels, but also pay attention to logic. We should also carefully design the opening words of each section, consider the transitional related words between sections, and even some details such as allusions and idioms. The third part is the conclusion. The whole text should come to an abrupt end with endless aftertaste. Words should be clean, neat and refined, leaving a deep impression on people.
Organize this article into a paper, get rid of the rough and get the essence. From the outline to the article, it is not only the enrichment of the text, but also the process of meticulous carving. Can not only show basic skills, but also show their talents. The outline is the same, and people with different literacy can write different articles. Also pay attention to the specifications of copying, such as fluent language, neat handwriting, punctuation, line format and so on.
Revise, after the article is finished, you must quickly revise it again. You can use the method of modifying while watching. Mainly to fill in the gaps and find flaws, such as multiple words, missing words, typos, unreasonable sentences, punctuation errors and so on. It can be solved by modification to make the article perfect. Anyway, if it is not revised, these hidden problems will affect the quality and score of the article.
The life of composition is "new", and candidates strive to write new ideas. With new ideas, the quality is high, and naturally you can get high marks. However, the exam is different from peacetime. Generally, candidates are nervous. It is lucky to be able to play their level normally. What about supernormal play? Therefore, we should not only emphasize innovation, but also stability, or "innovation in stability". That is, seek stability first, and then seek innovation. If one-sided innovation, there are risks. For the vast majority of candidates, it is better to write an argumentative essay that is fluent, focused and meets the requirements.
"4 credits" candidates have different compositions. The outline requires that "the focus of assessment is the ability to discuss, explain and describe", and the wording is vague. Combined with the examination propositions in recent years, it is more likely to publish an article with narration and discussion. From the point of view of lower requirements than "6 credits", narrative should be the main one. When writing a narrative, we should pay attention to the time, place, people, events, causes and effects of the narrative, especially the arguments in the narrative, so as to combine the arguments with the narrative. Remember, narration is the basis of discussion, and discussion is the sublimation of narration. For example, 1998 exam composition topic is "wish" and narrative is required. Describe a person's process from establishing a wish to realizing it. The main pen and ink is narrative, but some parts can be discussed appropriately. For example, why do you want to establish this wish? What is the significance of realizing this wish? Wait a minute. With a little comment, the article has a soul and the text adds highlights. The whole article is flesh and blood. However, it should be noted that the length of the discussion should not be too large, enough is enough, and a few words will make the finishing point; You can't rob the owner by making noise. In the composition, you can only assist, season and season, and you can't be long-winded, which will reduce the weight of the article. Therefore, we must grasp this degree.
The steps of "4 credits" composition are slightly the same as those of "6 credits" composition, except that the pure discussion is changed to narrative discussion. Narrative also has its own characteristics, that is, it must be turbulent and tortuous, and it cannot be clear at a glance. "Looking at the mountain doesn't like peace", we should try our best to use flashback, interpolation, supplementary narration and other methods, be good at setting suspense, stir up waves with feet and water, and avoid plain narration. We should also focus on the process of development, that is, the beginning, development, climax and ending, pay attention to literary talent, pay attention to the use of rhetorical devices, and strengthen the readability of the article.
Narrative can be interspersed with arguments and explanations. As long as you master the methods of explanation, such as definition explanation, contrast explanation, metaphor explanation, example explanation, chart and data explanation, etc. You can explain it if necessary.
In the composition test of "4 credits", we should be proficient in the writing methods of narration, interspersed discussion and explanation.
Third, matters needing attention
I often contact some self-taught candidates and find that many people have some problems in their self-taught methods, which are summarized into several aspects to attract the attention of candidates.
First, correctly handle the relationship between teaching materials and reference books. The self-study of any course must be based on the key links and foundations. College Chinese self-study must be based on textbooks. According to the requirements of the Outline, we should study every text carefully, especially the intensive reading of the text. We should not only master words and phrases, but also go deep into details and master their internal knowledge points. For example, in the article Shi Xiang, the word "farmer" appeared twice. What's the point? There have been four "backs" in "Back". What are their functions? Wait a minute. However, many candidates want to take shortcuts, often shelve textbooks and cling to reference books as straws. I think this is putting the cart before the horse. We have no objection to reading reference books, but we should refer to them in combination with textbooks. It is not advisable to read reference books separately from textbooks. What's more, due to the impact of the commodity economy, all kinds of reference books are mixed. If you don't check the quality, you should trust the reference books, and sometimes it will even have a negative impact. Therefore, we don't have to read reference books, but we must be familiar with the text.
The second is to correctly handle the relationship between Chinese knowledge and writing. Many candidates are biased. Some people work hard on writing, but they are too lazy to practice writing, thinking that they can give full play to their inspiration during the exam. As we all know, we would rather believe in sweat than rely on inspiration, which is also bred by sweat. Some students may be engaged in writing, feel good about themselves, and ignore the composition intentionally or unintentionally. I think it is still necessary to strengthen composition training, especially to meet the needs of the exam, not to draft, but to list the outline, directly from the outline to the composition. Practice at least three compositions. You can practice the composition topics you have tested in previous years. Other candidates have a good composition level, thinking that they can get high marks, so they don't spend much time on Chinese knowledge, so they are lucky. Classical Chinese, in particular, is difficult to read, so I made a detour. Look at the flowers, don't ask for answers, seem to understand, and they are wrong when they take the exam. I suggest that all candidates who take the exam must read the textbook carefully twice and try to understand it. There is no shortcut to acquiring knowledge through hard work. Only by respecting objective laws, step by step, diligent study and asking more questions can we succeed. In short, we should attach importance to both language knowledge and composition.
Third, correctly handle the relationship between word understanding and article analysis in classical Chinese. Some candidates have spent a lot of energy to understand classical Chinese vocabulary, and they have indeed achieved results; However, the overall grasp of the text structure is relaxed, and as a result, some big problems are not well understood. Such as characters, artistic style, rhetorical devices, etc. Instead, it was ignored. This is actually catching sesame seeds and losing watermelon. The purpose of understanding words is to understand the text. If you emphasize the text unilaterally and ignore the analysis of the article, then you are standing still. Although you enjoy it, you will never get to the other side. To say the least, it doesn't matter if you don't understand a word or two, but if you can't understand the whole text, you may make a big mistake. Therefore, it is necessary to combine dredging sentences with analyzing articles.
Fourth, pay attention to the play of non-intellectual factors in the exam. This has nothing to do with self-study, but with examination skills. There are a lot of contents in this respect, so I will briefly say a few points. For example, in the arrangement of the answer sheet, it is necessary to ensure that the composition has enough time, rather than sacrificing a few small questions, but also to ensure that the composition is well written; The answer sheet should be written neatly and clearly; When discussing problems, we should be clear-headed, pay attention to examples and analysis, be comprehensive and specific, and don't get things done in a few words, and so on.
Nothing is difficult to the man who will try. As long as each candidate has a correct attitude, a clear purpose, proper methods and the determination and perseverance to overcome difficulties, then this course can be learned well. This will not only make you a qualified college graduate, but also be of great significance to strengthening the construction of socialist spiritual civilization.
How to learn college Chinese from the self-taught college is a compulsory subject for all students in the self-taught college, and it is also a Chinese exam that everyone is familiar with since childhood. How should I learn to pass the exam when I get the book? Below I will share my experience with you, hoping to help you pass the exam smoothly!
First of all, we should understand the overall structure of the book.
As can be seen from the catalogue of College Chinese, the book can be roughly divided into four genres: argumentative, expository, narrative and poetry. In addition, each type of model essay is accompanied by a "reading and writing", which is also of great significance for us to learn and write similar articles.
Second, make clear the exam outline and study the text after class.
At the end of the book, there is an outline of college Chinese self-taught examination, and the structure of the book, the key points and difficulties of each part, and their scores in the examination are analyzed from different angles. After understanding the basic content of the outline, we begin to learn the text, and then contact the after-class tips and the author's resume background before class to start carpet learning, which is the key for us to learn the text well. Finally, combined with the "thinking and practice" after class, the important paragraphs in the article are excavated. After these three "attacks", a text should be free of doubts and loopholes.
Third, pay attention to the study of classical Chinese and ancient poetry.
From the examination syllabus, we know that classical Chinese and ancient poetry occupy a considerable proportion in the examination. Therefore, while learning vernacular Chinese well, we can't ignore the study of ancient Chinese. Ancient prose mainly examines the author's understanding of the works, the recitation of some poems and the understanding of important words, words and sentences in the text. In view of these parts:
1, "list comparison method" is a shortcut for us to master the knowledge of writers' works as soon as possible. For example, according to the dynasty, society, status, main representative works, characteristics of works, background of the times and other aspects, it is very convenient to remember;
2. Morning reading is a good way to recite and understand ancient Chinese. If you can use it, spend half an hour reading classical Chinese every morning. After a while, you will get the best return in the same time and environment. "A day's plan lies in the morning";
3. In order to fully and systematically understand the ancient and modern meanings of important words, sentences and paragraphs in the text, we still have to rely on the most primitive method-repeated reading and memory.
Fourth, do more, write more, practice more, and grasp the sprint stage.
Most self-taught students may study in their spare time. When you have studied the text comprehensively, it's time to approach the exam. In the critical sprint stage, a complete set of simulated test papers is an essential review material. The key to our review is to do each review question well, be good at finding the shortcomings from each test paper, sum up the key points, analyze the test paper from different angles and gain insight into the test trend.
Composition is an indispensable part of Chinese examination. If you want to pass the exam of this subject successfully, you must have good writing ability. Of course, this foundation can only rely on oneself to read more model essays at ordinary times, and at the same time ask oneself to write more and practice more. Only by reading, writing and practicing more can we get inspiration and achieve extraordinary results in the examination room.
What textbooks are there for self-study accounting? You can have a look at the online self-study exam in your province.
There are detailed introductions about which school will attend this major and which courses this major will attend.
Can I use the People's Education Edition textbook for the self-study exam? What are the teaching materials for the self-study exam? Can I use the People's Education Edition textbook for the self-study exam? That depends on whether you want to be admitted to adult education. Or self-study.
If you have any questions about the self-taught/adult-taught examination, don't know the contents of the test sites for self-taught/adult-taught examination, and don't know the local policies for self-taught/adult-taught examination, click on Mr. official website at the bottom to get the review materials for free: /xl/