1. An essay on "Aesthetics"

Chapter 1 Aesthetics, where to start (1) Overview of aesthetics and beauty What is aesthetics? Simply put, aesthetics is the study of the aesthetic relationship between people and reality.

It is neither different from ordinary art nor simple daily beautification activities. The origins of aesthetics as a science can be traced back to ancient slave societies.

Ancient thinkers’ philosophical discussions on issues of beauty and art, as well as their research and summary of artistic practice experiences, can be regarded as the bud and starting point of aesthetic theory. Aesthetics, as an independent science, is a product of modern times.

During the period of vigorous development of bourgeois philosophy and science in the eighteenth century, aesthetics began to be established as a special department in German classical philosophy. Baumgarten[1] first used the term "aesthetics" (Asthetik) in 1750 (its meaning is the theory of the study of feelings and emotions), and regarded aesthetics as an integral part of the philosophical system.

Subsequently, Kant, Hegel and others gave aesthetics a further systematic theoretical form, making it occupy an important position in their philosophical systems. In the 19th century, some bourgeois aestheticians, dominated by the spirit of positivism, tried to make aesthetics get rid of philosophy and become the so-called "empirical science".

Of course, empirical aesthetics, which claims to be the so-called "empirical science", has not and cannot be separated from the control of philosophy, but aesthetics was more widely and widely used in this period. developed independently. The emergence of Marxist philosophy provided a truly scientific worldview and methodology for aesthetic research, and changed the face of aesthetic research.

Classic Marxist writers also put forward many important principled aesthetic views, but they did not have time to systematize them. Therefore, establishing a scientific Marxist aesthetic system is still a task that needs to be completed.

It should be said that using Marxist perspectives to study aesthetics is still in the exploratory stage. As a social science, aesthetics is produced and developed on the basis of the material life and spiritual life of society. It is a science that studies the laws of beauty, aesthetic feeling, beauty creation and aesthetic education.

Beauty is an emotional experience of the external beauty or internal beauty of objective things. It is an emotion of affirmation, satisfaction, pleasure and admiration produced by people with certain aesthetic views when they evaluate the beautiful characteristics of external objective things.

Aesthetic experience has two distinct characteristics: 1. The perception of the perceptual appearance characteristics of the aesthetic object, such as lines, colors, phonology, harmony, vividness, symmetry, etc., is the basis for the generation of aesthetic feeling. 2. Perception and power of beautiful objects.

Aesthetic feeling is a subjective attitude towards aesthetic objects and a reflection of whether the aesthetic objects meet the needs of the subject. Aesthetics is the appreciation of beauty and ugliness. Only through recognition, evaluation, and appreciation activities can we have a sense of beauty.

Due to the different aesthetic needs, opinions, standards, abilities and cultural backgrounds of each person, the aesthetic experience of the same object is also different. Not only the evaluation and appreciation of beauty and ugliness can arouse people's sense of beauty, Moreover, the evaluation of good and evil will also affect people's aesthetic feelings and experiences. (2) Beauty and sense of beauty What is beauty? In Nietzsche's understanding, in addition to the theory of "illusion of appearance"[2] and the theory of "the projection of the abundance of vitality on the object", there are also the following statements that deserve attention: First, beauty is a place of strong desire. Tie.

Nietzsche believed that since Kant, all aesthetic theories have been corrupted by the concept of "disinterestedness". He despised the so-called "desireless contemplation" and advocated: "Where is the beauty? In the place where I have to will with all my will; in the place where I am willing to love and die so that the image does not remain just an image.

Love and death: always the same. The will to love: this is the willingness to die. ”

Second, beauty is the image of power. "When force becomes benevolent and drops to the visible, I call this drop beauty."

Nietzsche has the following main analyzes of aesthetic psychology: First, the theory of association. Judgments of beauty "endow a magic power to the object to which it is slightly emanated. This magic power is conditioned by the association between the various judgments of beauty, but has nothing to do with the essence of the object."

Put an The object feels beautiful because this object activates the subject's unconscious memories of various past beautiful experiences. All these experiences stimulate each other and gather around this object. Therefore, beauty is an illusion based on unconscious associations.

Second, the animal *** hybrid theory. There are animal sexual states in us such as sexual excitement, drunkenness, cruelty, etc. When an object arouses a little excitement in the area where these sexual states reside, "these extremely subtle aspects of animal sexual desire and desire" The mixture of nuances is the aesthetic state."

Third, the theory of empathy. In ancient times, people were trained in fear and saw danger in all strangers, so they learned the ability to quickly guide and imitate their feelings in their hearts, that is, they learned to empathize.

People have even extended this view from humans and animals to natural things, believing that all movements and lines contain intentions. Fear leads to the practice of empathy, and empathy leads to various types of beauty, including the beauty of nature.

This theory is equivalent to the theory of empathy, but Nietzsche pointed out that empathy originated from the fear of primitive people. Fourth, distance theory.

Beauty depends on a certain distance in space or time. (3) Aesthetic conception arising from the sense of beauty. This is where all the inspiration provided by the “bottom-up” aesthetics [3] started by Fechner lies.

Now that we have human real aesthetic experience as the logical starting point of the aesthetic theoretical framework and the most original basis for discussing all aesthetic issues, the hypothesis about the objective existence of beauty immediately becomes a Luxury, and definitely a luxury that gets in the way. The most important issue faced by aesthetics starting from the sense of beauty is no longer the so-called essence of beauty, no longer the ontological proof of whether beauty is an objective existence, but the essence of beauty, the essence of the process of beauty, which is the essence of human beings. The process itself of the subject aesthetically perceiving and grasping objects.

This means that aesthetics has been transformed from a science about "beauty" to a science about "beauty" and "aesthetics", and the foothold of aesthetics has rapidly changed from the ontological level. It has shifted to the epistemological level, from the metaphysical study of ontology to the metaphysical study of cognition. A philosopher once said that when people unanimously praise an object as "beautiful," they may be talking about completely different things.

Everyone’s psychological feelings are unique. 2. Aesthetic Prose Aesthetic Prose

The following is my article.

The spirit of dancing has not yet arrived in the middle of winter, and the cold wind has begun to blow on the earth. This spirit of dancing, galloping on the plateau, followed the call of Mother Earth and came... When the thick fog was blown by the morning The wind tears, when the fresh air opens with the morning light, when the lonely bird crows for longing... The box buried deep in the sky quietly opens under the temptation of this paradise on earth intertwined with love and beauty. The dusty box door has been opened for a long time, and the colorful dancing spirits are enjoying themselves in the morning dew! They are like pure goose feathers fluttering in the breeze; like strands of willow catkins as light as feathers, supported by the breeze; like poplar flowers as white as jade, crystal clear... They are white but not pure, but It's quite a bit of fun - look, the sky was full of silver flowers just now, but now the earth is covered in silver. They float in the sky, singing and dancing; they are like goddesses scattering flowers, and they are like a group of immortals dancing; they are as light as goose feathers, as soft as catkins, and as white as willows.

In the wonderful scene where everyone is singing and dancing, they show off their skills and dance with graceful and graceful movements, which is easy to see at a glance. Looking up at the blue sky, the clouds are smiling at us.

I thought: In that vast expanse of white, there must be dreams of flying freely... Even though it has passed, the next stop is still wonderful. How can the spring blossoms not be a wonderful scene? What about your sexual intentions? . 3. "Aesthetics" has wonderful and classic sentences

If the book is not around, just write what you like from memory.

(Not the original text, I will understand it after reading it)

What is beauty?

People in different social periods have different concepts. Among the more mainstream ones, there is someone from a country whose name has been “forgotten” who proposed: Harmony is beauty. The opposite of harmony is chaos.

And who said it in the Spring and Autumn Period of China: truth, goodness, and beauty.

It is also said that when a person feels that something is "beautiful", then this person is in a state of "goodness". That is to say, goodness is beauty.

Artists have innocent hearts that are more sensitive than people who live a numb life.

Art is about "perception" rather than "recognition", and it aims to defamiliarize common things. 4. Request the translation of the classical Chinese article "The Beauty of Mountains and Rivers"

Translation:

The magnificence of mountains and rivers has been talked about by people since ancient times. The peak reaches into the sky, the clear stream reaches the bottom, and the cliffs on both sides are colorful and complement each other. The lush forests and emerald green bamboos last all seasons. When the morning mist is about to dissipate, the chirping of apes and birds is heard; in the evening, when the sun is about to set, fish swimming in the water compete to jump out of the water. This is truly a paradise on earth! Since Xie Lingyun, no one has been able to appreciate this beautiful landscape. Answer supplement The article starts with emotion: The beauty of mountains and rivers has been talked about since ancient times. Only those with elegant feelings can appreciate the beauty of mountains and rivers. It is a great pleasure in life to communicate inner feelings with friends. The author regards Xie Zhongshu as a friend who can talk about mountains and rivers, and at the same time he also hopes to stand shoulder to shoulder with Lin Quan, a master of the past and present. In the next ten sentences, the author uses clear and solemn brushwork to describe the beautiful mountain scenery in detail. "The peak reaches the clouds, and the clear stream reaches the bottom." He tried his best to describe the height of the mountain and the purity of the water. With a concise pen and only eight characters, he wrote two perspectives of looking up and looking down. The three scenes of white clouds, high mountains and flowing water create a fresh state of mind. "The stone walls on both sides of the strait are in five colors. Green forests and green bamboos are available in all seasons." It is also used from a flat and high perspective to look far into the distance. The green bamboos and colorful rocks set off, presenting a splendid scene. The refreshing and pleasant picture adds vitality to all things.

"The fog is about to break at dawn, and the apes and birds are chirping wildly; the sunset is about to fade, and the sunken scales are jumping up and down." This is a transition from a quiet scene to a description of a moving scene. The chirping of apes reached my ears through the dissipating mist in the early morning; in the afterglow of the setting sun, fish competed in the water. These four sentences add a sense of agility to the picture and convey the breath of life through the activities of creatures in two specific time periods, morning and evening. The author selected representative scenery and combined these ten sentences to give readers a complete and unified impression of the mountains and rivers. Supplementary answers Finally, the article ends with emotion, "The Fairyland of Real Desire", this is really a fairyland on earth! Since Xie Lingyun, no one can appreciate its beauty, but the author can find endless fun in it, with a sense of pride, and the desire to be on par with Xie Gong is beyond words. Wang Guoweiyun: "All scenery language is love language." When describing scenery in this article, it does not just stop at the scenery itself, but captures the soul of the scenery, that is, the vitality of all natural things. Through the changes in height, distance, movement and stillness, the vision and hearing are The three-dimensional feeling is used to convey the joy of life that integrates with nature, and reflects the author's interest in loving nature and retreating to the woods and springs. The text is clear and unobtrusive. 5. Thoughts after reading "Aesthetic Prose" 800 words

1. Thoughts after reading Lin Qingxuan's prose - Watching a Pure Land

Lin Qingxuan's Prose contains the works of Mr. Lin Qingxuan from two creative periods. Excellent work. Lin Qingxuan first entered the literary world and devoted more of his energy and passion to the countryside. His representative works include "Youth Journey" and "Mandarin Duck Incense Burner". Subsequently, he did not stick to the creation of local prose, and tried to integrate Eastern aesthetic concepts and Buddhist philosophical feelings. He began the second period of his creative career represented by the "Bodhi Series" and also entered the stage of his personal creation. In its heyday, the prose collection included a large number of outstanding works of the period, such as "Buddha Drum" and "Four Books of Light".

Lin Qingxuan's prose is quiet and atmospheric, revealing excitement in the tranquility, maintaining warmth in the coldness, and reflecting concentration in the flow. He inherited the broad wisdom and broadmindedness of Buddhism. With a gentle wave of his sleeves, his ambition in casual clothes was skillfully transformed into the eternity of heart fragrance and the warmth of humanity under the soft moonlight.

He wrote in an essay titled "The altitude of 500 meters above sea level": "Mountain climbing experts only see the top of the mountain. Unlike us, we can enjoy the pleasure of 500 meters above sea level." I was once attracted by this line of text Very touched. We are gradually losing a contented and peaceful state of mind in the drive called "conquering". Therefore, we can only try to imagine the loneliness and coldness of "the height is too cold", but turn a blind eye to the charming scenery halfway up the mountain. As everyone knows, without a free mood and a calm mind, no matter how ambitious a goal is, it will be nothing more than a fantasy. I still remember the young man who lived in the woods that Lin Qingxuan described to us. When people asked him why he didn't work outside the mountains, his tone was unquestionable: "This is my home." Many people secretly laughed at him However, he looked back at the thousands of lanterns in the city and said, "From a distance, each person's home is just a small window." How could it compare to the boundlessness of the vast forest? In the eyes of young people, all creatures in the forest convey vastness and nature, bringing a familiar atmosphere to their homes; they will never forget the old man selling wontons in Mr. Lin's works, who always knocks on the door late at night The wooden fish rising from the clear sky conveys business signals to regular customers, without interrupting the dreams of those who are sleeping soundly, and inadvertently warming the hearts of those who are sleeping late. It is the ordinary sound played by this ordinary musical instrument that euphemistically conveys the old man's indifferent mentality, making the strings of light and clear sounds linger in the sky for a long time...

This sound and that The realms of "five hundred meters above sea level" and "making the forest your home" play the same tune, which is "Qing Huan". It is a kind of calmness after joy, detachment after helplessness, looking back after exile, and relief after catharsis. In our increasingly abundant material world, we have become more resourceful, less leisurely, more sophisticated, and less elegant. When will we be able to relive the indifferent mood of "polygonum wormwood and artemisia bamboo shoots try the spring dish, the taste of the world is pure joy" in the world, and proudly bow to the soul of "melancholy, a branch of snow in the southeast, how clear life is" in the world of mortals. ask? I could only pray devoutly amidst the sound of Buddhist drums... 6. Composition "I Study Classical Chinese"

When I was learning the language, I learned from the well-known saying "The moonlight is bright in front of the bed, it seems like frost on the ground". The famous sentences come into contact with ancient Chinese literature.

Since then, my curiosity about ancient Chinese literature has lingered in my heart. Gradually, as I grow older, I gradually understand this familiar yet unfamiliar culture.

Tracing the history of ancient prose and exploring its evolution, I was deeply impressed by its magic and richness. Ancient prose, it shows people China's long history; ancient prose, it tells people China's splendid ancient culture.

It is deep and simple, it is concise and beautiful, it is full of charm, and it has profound meaning, which makes everyone applaud. From the ancient texts, I felt the profound thoughts of the ancients.

As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, hundreds of schools of thought contended, and the teachings of Confucius and Mencius are still widely circulated and can regulate our words and deeds at all times. As late as the Ming and Qing Dynasties, how could every beautiful article and every story not be worthy of our reference and appreciation? Ancient prose completely conquered me.

I am full of longing for the Utopia where "yellow hair hangs down and I am happy"; I admire the clean and self-sufficient spirit of "coming out of the mud but not stained, washing the clear ripples without being evil"; I am " I was shocked by the patriotic spirit of "I feel the flowers shed tears when I feel the flowers in time, and I hate the birds in my heart." The scene of "Jade City Snow Mountains coming from the sky" often appears in front of my eyes, and the scene of "the sky, clouds, mountains and water, white above and below" often appears in my dreams... Whenever I read the incisive sentences of ancient Chinese When it is introduced into a composition and won praise, I always secretly admire the magical "magic" of ancient prose.

Every time I write a letter to a friend far away, I add a few ancient sentences, which always seem so fulfilling, interesting and memorable. Now, when you see me holding the original text of "Three Kingdoms" and reviewing it over and over again, please don't disturb me. I must be intoxicated with it and never want to leave! What to take pleasure in? I take pleasure in ancient prose.

. 7. A classical Chinese composition seeking full marks in the high school entrance examination

1. The Death of Red Rabbit In 221 AD, the twenty-sixth year of Jiang Xinjie's founding, Guan Yu fled to Maicheng, was defeated and captured, refused to surrender, and was killed by Sun Quan.

His mount, a red rabbit horse, was given to Ma Zhong by Sun Quan. One day, Ma Zhong wrote: Chi Tu Ma has been on a hunger strike for several days and will die soon.

Sun Quan was shocked and urgently visited Bo Xi, a famous scholar from Jiangdong. This person is a descendant of Bole, and people say he is proficient in horse language.

Ma Zhong led Bo Xi back to his home and went to the trough, where he saw the red rabbit horse lying on the ground, neighing mournfully. Everyone was puzzled, but Bo Xi knew it.

Bo Xi dismissed everyone, stroked his back and sighed: "In the past, Cao Cao said in "The Turtle is Longevity": 'The old man is in trouble, and his ambition is a thousand miles. In his old age, a martyr is full of ambition.'

"I know in my heart that you miss General Guan's kindness and want to take advantage of it. However, when Lu Fengxian died in Baimenlou, I didn't see you so dependent. Why do you commit suicide today? Isn't it a failure of your ambition?" He hissed sadly and sighed: "I have heard: 'When a bird is about to die, its song is sad; when a man is about to die, his words are also kind."

'I am fortunate to meet you now, and I can speak from the bottom of my heart. Tell me. I was born in Xiliang and was captured by Dong Zhuo. This man was domineering and killed the young emperor. He was actually a Han thief. I deeply hate him."

Bo Xi nodded and said, "Later. After hearing Li Ru's suggestion, he gave the king to Lü Bu. Lü Bu was the most brave general in the world, and everyone said: "Lü Bu is among men, and the red rabbit is among horses." Chi Tu Ma sighed and said: "The public statement is wrong. Lu Bu is the most untrustworthy person. He killed Ding Yuan for glory, assassinated Dong Zhuo for beauty, surrendered to Liu Bei and captured his Xuzhou, married Yuan Shu and beheaded his envoy.

"No one can stand without faith". It is really a great shame of my life to be named as such a person without integrity! Later, I returned to Cao Cao. Although his subordinates were as fierce as the clouds, no one could call me a hero. I am afraid that in this life I will only be humiliated at the hands of slaves and die in a stable.

Cao Cao later gave me to General Guan; I saw his bravery in front of Hulao Pass and his kindness on the White Gate Tower. I have admired you for a long time. General Guan was also very happy to see me and thanked Cao Cao.

When Cao Cao asked why, General Guan replied: "I know that this horse can travel a thousand miles in a day. I am lucky to have it today. If it is like this, it will be like this." You can find out your brother's whereabouts in a day.

As the saying goes: "The birds fly with the phoenix, and the people are virtuous and high-quality." Dare I not repay him with death? " Bo was delighted to hear this and sighed: "Everyone says that General Guan is a man of integrity. What I heard today is that it is true. Shu Qi's high righteousness. Jade can be broken but its whiteness cannot be damaged. Bamboo can be broken but its knots cannot be destroyed.

A scholar dies for a close friend. People survive because of their integrity. I am willing to eat Wu millet. Do you want to live in this world?" After saying this, he fell to the ground and died. Bo Xi burst into tears and said: "Things are like this, how can people be embarrassed?" This was later reported to Sun Quan.

Quan also cried when he heard this: "I didn't know that Yunchang was so honest. Now that this loyal and righteous man has been harmed by me, how can I see the common people in the world?" The rabbit and horse were buried generously. Comment: This article is an on-the-spot essay on the topic of "Integrity" in 2001. The author is a Nanjing candidate.

This article is amazing to read. First, the story is novel.

The author is familiar with the stories of the Three Kingdoms, and has compiled a touching story of Red Tuma dying for his integrity. His imagination is really rich. The second is to have high aspirations.

The article personifies the red rabbit and horse, allowing it to show its praise and criticism of Guan Yu, Dong Zhuo, and Lu Bu in its dialogue with Boxi, realizing the theme of "a true hero must be honest"; In addition, the couplet "Birds follow the phoenix and soar far away, and people are accompanied by virtuous and high-quality people" and the sentence "Things are like this, how can people be worthy of it" express the ambition of choosing good things in life and adhering to integrity, which takes the purpose of the article to a higher level. . The third is language sophistication.

The whole text uses simple classical Chinese in the style of "Three Kingdoms", which is comprehensive and intricate, clear and fluent, with high literary talent and no leakage. This kind of sophisticated language skills is difficult for ordinary candidates to match. 2. Turning point Geng Liang (Beijing Candidate 2003) once heard that the eagle and vulture belong to the same family. Their name is Falcon, and they hunt in the wilds every day.

There is a severe drought every year, the grass and trees wither, the deer and rabbits race to death, and the falcons become hungry. Some may fight against the sky, migrate to Hongmeng, and search for the tops of mountains; some may gather their wings and feathers, flutter away at the dust, and prefer to bury their flesh among carrion corpses.

The former is proud and turns into an eagle, while the latter is contemptuous and is called a vulture.

After hearing this, I said: The year of severe drought is the autumn of the Falcon clan's turning point.

At this time, if you have different ambitions, your future will be different. Wherever you belong, it is up to your will.

In all things in the world, the turning point is not limited to this one case. There is no such thing in the vast universe. Have you ever seen a clear spring flowing out of a boulder? This spring is also turning.

Those who choose to retreat will hide in the shadows of rocks and escape in forest depressions, and will not be famous in the world, and will become rotten for a long time; those who choose to advance will be fearless when encountering obstacles, and they will attack millions of times, turning into a disease in the deep valley. The flow restrains the boat. Have you also seen the breeze blocked by the cliff? This is the turn of the wind.

Those who choose to avoid will be scattered outside the mountains, becoming invisible for a moment, and disappear in an instant; those who choose to advance, will continue to grind for thousands of millions of years, and then they will be covered by the flying sand of the red desert. However, the appearance of an object always depends on the turning point.

And in the history of history, all those who have made great achievements have chosen turning points. Baili Xi's actions and Sun Shuao's official career all suffered from adversity.

And the heart of Shi Qian, the great ambition is not easy, the torture is not discouraged, the resolute choice of life under the heavy humiliation, and finally has a swan song, a rhymeless show, which makes later generations of writers Fujuan sighed. He also has the ambition of Wu Hou, inheriting the virtues of the late emperor, serving the country with all his loyalty, pointing his sword at the Central Plains, and never ending the victory.

Although the big plan failed in the street pavilion, Yi refused to retreat. He went out again and again, and finally gained the reputation of being tired and earned eternal sighs. From this point of view, turning points are mostly caused by obstacles.

Only those who have great ambitions and never give up will become outstanding people. The number of people who often wandered back after minor setbacks can be counted in the vastness of thousands of years, and there are only a few who have left their names! We know that when hualiu gallops in the vast wilderness, some of them will fall into the dust and mud, those who choose to be determined will die, and those who choose to rise up will benefit; when apes climb on the cliff, some of them will lose their hands and break their arms, and those who choose to be discouraged will perish, and those who choose to fight hard will Those who gain magical skills.

There must be those who stand in the wind and rain; those who choose to be content and live in a cave, closed in and ignorant for the rest of their lives; those who choose to stand proudly and wander along, waiting for the rainbow to be like a painting, and then climb up Smooth journey and refreshing breeze. Tao Qian chose to live in seclusion and give up his glory instead of fighting for rice, so "Return to Come" has been passed down through the ages. Unyielding in the face of swords and halberds, Wen Tianxiang chose to die in his country and gave up his official title, and his burning eyes and heart will shine in history forever.

Yu Yousui sighed and said: In the right turning place, where to go, everyone has their own wishes, and they cannot be forced. However, spreading justice to the world and spreading fame to future generations cannot be done without fear of dangers and perseverance. The only one who is angry! Comments In terms of specific content and writing skills, this article can be said to have an extraordinary beginning by quoting legends; it is based on "ambition" to make an argument, which is of far-reaching significance; it explores the depth and breadth of the story; it concludes cleverly and the theme is clear.