Fallacies can only be informal logic. (Error)

There are many fallacies, divided into two major categories, among which informal fallacies are the most common.

Formal fallacies: Various fallacies arising from violations of the rules of formal logic. There is more content and will be introduced later.

Informal fallacy:

1. Ambiguity fallacy.

1. Word ambiguity: the same word has two different meanings (that is, there are two concepts. According to the law of identity, the concepts must be consistent)

For example: I am I am a single dog. Dogs have very good noses, so my nose is very good.

2. Sentence ambiguity:

In a specific language environment, a sentence can be understood in two different ways.

For example, a classic high school example: the principal, vice principal, and other school leaders attended this meeting.

Does this other refer to other schools or other leaders? We don't know.

3. Phonetic ambiguity:

The fallacy that different pronunciations of the same sentence lead to different meanings of the sentence, because people tend to emphasize the emphasized part when reading a sentence, and a sentence has many kinds of emphasis. Options have different meanings in the eyes of different people.

2. Related fallacies.

Refers to the fallacy that the topic and argument appear to be related but are actually unrelated.

1. Appeal to ignorance: Not knowing that a certain fact exists does not mean that the fact does not exist. For example, a criminal defends himself: "I didn't know this was a crime"

2. Recourse to arbitrariness: It is subjective conjecture without evidence.

3. Appeal to pity: The fallacy of using someone or something as an argument that someone or something deserves mercy. For example, a fan group defended a disqualified artist: "He has to go to prison for more than ten years, how painful it is."

4. Appealing to emotions (applying to the public's liking): not through effective arguments, but through Some remarks that are in line with the improper interests of some people are used to win over people's hearts and gain support.

5. Personal attack: instead of discussing the matter, attack the enemy himself.

6. Appeal to authority: Quoting the words of authoritative figures without analysis and assuming that their words are correct.

7. Taking advantage of others’ words: Just because you love and admire the opponent, you will brainlessly believe that his remarks are correct. Such as crazy fans.

8. Nonsense based on people: Just the opposite of the above, just because you hate the oppositionalist, you will brainlessly believe that his remarks are wrong. Note: Everyone can notice it when you say something to someone else, but many students make the mistake of saying nothing to someone without knowing it. This is very dangerous.

3. The fallacy of insufficient evidence:

Violates the principle of sufficient reasons for argumentation. Includes: the fallacy of hasty generalization. The fallacy of frivolous comparison. The fallacy of using sequence as cause and effect. The fallacy of reverse causation. The fallacy of false reasons.

The meaning of informal logic:

Informal logic is also called "critical thinking". It broadly refers to a logic theory that can be used to analyze, evaluate, and improve informal reasoning and argumentation that appears in interpersonal communication, advertising, political debates, court debates, and mass media such as newspapers, television, and the Internet. It emerged in North America in the 1970s, and its founders were Ralph Johnson and Anthony Blair.

Logic's Self-Defense, co-authored by them in 1977, was an early introductory work that emphasized specific examples of informal reasoning. The first International Symposium on Informal Logic organized by them in 1978 and the "Informal Logic Letter" edited by them (later renamed "Informal Logic") marked the official birth of informal logic as an independent discipline.