First, the ancient residents of the motherland
1, Yuanmou person
Time: About1700,000 years ago, it is the earliest known human in China.
Location: Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province. (Yangtze River Basin)
2. Beijingers
Time: About 700,000-200,000 years ago.
Venue: Longgushan Cave, Zhoukoudian, Southwest Beijing. (Yellow River Basin)
Second, the primitive farming life
1, Hemudu people
Time: About 6000 years ago.
Venue: Hemudu Village, Yuyao City, Zhejiang Province
The main farm tools and crops: stone grinders and bone implements are widely used. Rice and vegetables. China is the first country to grow rice in the world. )
2.Banpo people
Time: About five or six thousand years ago.
Venue: banpo village, Xi, Shaanxi.
Main farm tools and crops: grinding stone tools are widely used. Grow millet. China is the first country to grow millet in the world. )
Third, magical ancient legends.
1, the formation of Huaxia nationality Yan Di and Huangdi tribe formed an alliance, which later developed into Huaxia nationality and became the predecessor of Han nationality.
2. Yan Di: No, Shennong, who teaches people to farm, is the founder of agricultural production. "Taste a hundred herbs" to find herbs for people to treat diseases.
3. The Yellow Emperor-the ancestor of mankind (later generations think that the Yellow Emperor is the founder of Chinese civilization. Many inventions: making weapons, making cars, boats and palaces, teaching people to dig wells and dyeing five-color clothes.
4. Yao Shunyu: According to legend, after the Yellow Emperor, Yao Shunyu was an outstanding tribal alliance leader in the Yellow River valley of China. At that time, the abdication system was adopted, and the leader of the tribal alliance was democratically elected. (Basis for abdication: virtue and talent)
Yao: frugal, simple and loving the people.
Shun: Diligent and filial to parents.
Yu: Water control is meritorious.
Test site 2: the emergence of the country and the change of society.
Knowledge list-clearly test what
I. Xia Dynasty
1, established: In 2070 BC, Yu established the Xia Dynasty.
2. Political system: From the beginning, the hereditary system of the throne replaced the abdication system. (The "public world" has become the "family world")
Second, the Shang Dynasty
1, established: about 1600 BC, the Shang Dynasty was established in the Tang Dynasty.
2. Politics: Pan Geng moved the capital to Yin and ruled stably.
3. Extinction: About 1046 BC, Zhou Wuwang conquered Zhou, and the Shang Dynasty perished.
Three. Western Zhou Dynasty
1, established: 1046 BC, the battle of Makino defeated the Shang army. After the demise of Shang Dynasty, Zhou Wuwang established the Zhou Dynasty, with Haojiang as its capital.
2. Political and economic system: enfeoffment system and state-owned land system.
3. Death: 77 BC1year, the Western Zhou Dynasty perished.
Fourth, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty
(1) Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period: Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuangwang, King He Lv of Wu and King Gou Jian of Yue were the five overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Qi Huangong: The first hegemony: Guan Zhong's reform, "respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries", Kwai Chung Alliance.
Jin Wengong: "Away from three houses".
Chu Zhuangwang: Win the Central Plains.
Gou Jian, King of Yue: Sleeping on the salary and tasting courage.
(2) Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period: Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, Wei and Han. (Situation map) (Eastern Qi, Western Qin, Southern Chu, Northern Yan, Zhao Wei and Han are in the middle. )
(3) Shang Yang Reform: In 356 BC, Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang Reform.
1, purpose: Qiang Bing, a rich country.
2. Content: Recognize private ownership of land and allow land to be bought and sold freely; Reward farming; Implement the county system.
3. Influence: The old system was abolished, agricultural production was promoted, the combat effectiveness of the army was improved, and Qin became the most prosperous vassal state at the end of the Warring States period, which laid a solid foundation for the subsequent annexation of six countries and the reunification of China.
4. Enlightenment: the reform is not smooth sailing, and sometimes it even costs blood; The reform that conforms to the historical trend will eventually win. At the same time, we should learn from Shang Yang's courage and dedication to reform and innovation.
Test site 3: establishing a unified country
Knowledge list-clearly test what
First, the rule of Qin dynasty and the peasant war in the late Qin dynasty
(1) The rule of the Qin Dynasty
1, unified time: 22 BC1year, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, was unified. (photo by Qin Shihuang)
2. Qin Shihuang's measures to strengthen centralization:
Establish centralization; Unified text currency weights and measures; Burn books to bury Confucianism and control thoughts.
3. The territory of the Qin Dynasty: East to the East China Sea, west to Longxi, south to the South China Sea and north to the Great Wall. (test chart)
4. Significance of reunification: It ended the long-term separatist regime since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and created the first unification situation in the history of China. The Qin Dynasty was the first unified multi-ethnic centralized country in the history of China.
(2) Chen Guang Uprising.
1, location: osawa Township (Anhui)
2. Significance: This is the first large-scale peasant uprising in the history of China. Driven by this uprising, Liu Bang and Xiang Yu overthrew the brutal rule of the Qin Dynasty. Uprising has revolutionary initiative.
Second, the rule of the Han Dynasty.
1, Western Han Dynasty
Time: In the first 202 years, Liu Bang made Chang 'an his capital.
Early Han Dynasty: county system, enfeoffment system, rest and recuperation policy.
Prosperity of the Western Han Dynasty: A unified situation appeared during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
2. Eastern Han Dynasty: Time: 25-220 years. Founder: Liu Xiu. Capital: Luoyang.
Third, Qin Shihuang and Han Wudi
(1) Qin Shihuang-the first emperor in China's ancient feudal society.
Achievement: 1. Realizing reunification and destroying the six countries ended the long-term separatist regime since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and established the first centralized feudal country in the history of China.
2. Consolidate unity and establish a set of centralized feudal autocracy, which has far-reaching influence.
3. Unifying writing, currency, weights and measures and tracks is conducive to economic and cultural exchanges and development.
4. Attack Xiongnu in the north and build the Great Wall of Wan Li; Develop southern Xinjiang.
The rule was cruel: heavy taxes, harsh criminal laws and numerous military services accelerated the demise of the Qin Dynasty.
Burning books and burying Confucianism: destroying culture and suppressing thoughts.
(2) the unification of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty
Background: Economic prosperity and strong national strength.
Measures: 1. Politics: Promulgate the decree of promotion and seize the titles of a large number of princes. Solve the problem of the kingdom and strengthen centralization.
2. Economy: the local right to coin and the right to operate salt and iron will be centralized, and five baht will be minted in a unified way.
3. Thought: Accept Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", set up imperial academy, vigorously promote Confucian education, and appoint Confucian scholars as officials. Achieve ideological unity.
4. Military aspect: Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were sent to attack Xiongnu on a large scale many times, which basically relieved the threat of Xiongnu to the northern border counties.
Results: There was a unified situation.
Fourth, the Silk Road.
1, Zhang Qian meets the Western Regions.
Western Regions: The Han Dynasty refers to Yumen Pass, that is, the area west of Yangguan, east of Congling, south of Balkhash Lake and north and south of Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang today.
Objective: In order to jointly attack Xiongnu with Da Yue, Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions twice in BC 138 and BC 165438.
Influence: I learned the situation of the Western Regions for the first time, and the desire to communicate with the portraits of the Western Regions in the Han Dynasty.
The Western Han Dynasty established friendly relations with western countries for the second time, strengthened economic and cultural exchanges, promoted the development of the western regions, and created conditions for the opening of the Silk Road.
2. The Silk Road
Opening time: Emperor Wudi of the Western Han Dynasty.
Route: Starting from Chang 'an, passing through Hexi Corridor, now Xinjiang, reaching Central Asia, South Asia and West Asia, and then turning to Daqin.
Significance: It has promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West.
Review the outline under the history of the first day of junior high school
Prosperous sui dynasty
1. Unification of the Sui Dynasty: 58 1 year, Emperor Wendi, the consort of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, seized power, established the Sui Dynasty, and made Chang 'an its capital. In 589, the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen and unified the north and south. (6 18, Yang Di was killed in Jiangdu and the Sui Dynasty perished. It ended the 270-year-old split and confrontation situation since the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, created the 320-year-old "great unification" situation in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and laid the foundation for the prosperity and development of economy and culture.
Thinking: In connection with the historical characteristics of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, think about why the Sui Dynasty was reunified after experiencing the great division of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
After a long period of division and war, the people long for reunification.
② North: After the great ethnic integration of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the ethnic boundaries narrowed, creating conditions for the reunification of the North and the South.
South: With the economic development in the south of the Yangtze River, the people in the north and south demand to end the separatist regime and strengthen cross-strait economic exchanges;
(3) The Sui Dynasty managed vigorously, and its national strength was strong. The Chen dynasty ruled corruptly and its national strength was weak.
Second, the rule of opening the emperor: during the reign of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wendi's ruling measures were: ① reforming the system; (2) developing production; (3) attach importance to official management, make great efforts to manage, and advocate frugality. During the reign of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, the country was unified and stable, the people's burden was light, and the social economy was prosperous. History calls the rule of Emperor Wen "the rule of opening the emperor". National unity, social stability, rapid population growth, expansion of cultivated land and abundant granaries. History is called "the rule of opening the emperor." )
Third, the Sui Grand Canal:
Objective: In order to visit Jiangdu, strengthen the traffic between north and south, and consolidate the rule of Sui Dynasty over the whole country, Yang Di sent people to dig the Grand Canal. Route: With Luoyang as the center, Zhuo Jun in the north and Yuhang in the south, with a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers. It is divided into four sections: Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal, Hangou River and Jiangnan River, connecting five rivers (from north to south): Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River. Significance: This is the longest canal in the ancient world, and its excavation has greatly promoted the economic exchanges between North and South.
Lesson 2 "The Rule of Zhenguan"
1. Establishment of the Tang Dynasty: Li Yuan set out from Taiyuan and captured Chang 'an in 6 18 to establish the Tang Dynasty. (Time: 6 18 Founding Emperor: Tang Gaozu Li Yuan Capital: Chang 'an)
Second, the rule of Zhenguan: Character: Taizong. Measures: pay attention to summing up historical experience and lessons and attach importance to people's strength; Pay attention to the development of production and reduce the burden on the people; Advocating frugality; Appoint talents (Du Ruhui's advice) and coachable (Wei Zhi) with an open mind. Performance: Political clarity, rapid economic development, a scene of prosperity, and gradually strong national strength. Historically, the rule at that time was called "the rule of chastity".
Wu Zetian: The only female emperor in the history of China, who proclaimed herself emperor in her later years and changed her name to Zhou. Wu Zetian attached importance to developing agricultural production and promoting talents. Guo Moruo said that his rule was "to open up a new era with politics and to rule the macro festival." (Why is Wu Zetian's rule known as "opening up the new century with politics and governing the macro festival" in history? A: During the reign of Wu Zetian, Emperor Taizong continued to carry out the policy of developing agricultural production and selecting talents, which further developed the social economy and enhanced the national strength of the Tang Dynasty. It paved the way for the prosperity of Kaiyuan. )
Lesson 3 Kaiyuan Shi Sheng
First, "The Rule of Kaiyuan"
Character: Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty. Measures: ① Appoint talents (Yao Chong); (2) attaching importance to local bureaucracy; ③ Pay attention to thrift. (The performance of Tang Xuanzong's efforts in governance: (1) Appointing talents (Yao Chong) (2) Attaching importance to official management (3) Advocating frugality) Performance: In the early days of Tang Xuanzong's rule (Kaiyuan years), the politics was clear, the economy was unprecedentedly prosperous, the warehouses were full and the population increased obviously. The Tang Dynasty entered its heyday, which was called "the prosperous time of Kaiyuan" or "the rule of Kaiyuan" in history.
Second, the economy of the Tang Dynasty
1. Agriculture: ① Construction of large-scale water conservancy projects. ② Improvement of farming techniques: Rice seedlings are generally transplanted. ③ Development of tea production: The world's first tea monograph, Tea Classic, appeared in the Tang Dynasty, and its author Lu Yu was called "Tea God" by later generations. Tea drinking began in Sheng Xing in the Tang Dynasty. ④ Improvement of production tools: A new agricultural tool ── Qu Yuan Plow appeared; Create a new irrigation tool-pipe truck.
Handicraft industry: ① Silk weaving industry: there are many varieties of colors and superb technology. (2) Ceramic industry: Yue kiln celadon, Xing kiln white porcelain and Tang Sancai (world craft treasures).
Business prosperity: ① Famous metropolises: Chang 'an, Luoyang, Yangzhou and Chengdu. ② Chang 'an City: The city is divided into Fang and Shi, Fang is a residential area and Shi is a bustling commercial area. ① Urban layout: Palace, yamen, workshop and city are separated, and the palace area is located in the north-central part of the city; The whole city is symmetrically distributed from east to west; The streets of the city are tidy and lined with trees. ② Population: one million people. (3) People from all ethnic groups and countries in the border areas gather together and have a prosperous business. Chang 'an, Tang Dou is the center of ethnic exchanges and an international metropolis.
The fourth lesson is the establishment of the imperial examination system
1. Since Wei and Jin Dynasties, most officials have been selected from the children of dignitaries.
Second, the birth and perfection of the imperial examination system
The influence of the contribution of stage figures
With the establishment of the imperial examination system, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty began to select officials by subject examination, which improved the employment system: scholars with low academic qualifications can become officials by virtue of their talents, so that talented scholars have the opportunity to serve in governments at all levels. The power to select officials is also centralized from local governments to the imperial court.
2. It promotes the development of education, and it is welcome for scholars to study hard.
3. It has promoted the development of literature and art, especially because Jinshi attaches importance to the examination of poetry and fu, which is also greatly conducive to the prosperity of Tang poetry.
4. The imperial examination system lasted for more than 1,300 years in China feudal society, and it was not abolished until the end of Qing Dynasty.
Yang Di officially established the Jinshi branch, and the imperial examination system was formally born.
To improve the imperial examination system, Emperor Taizong expanded the scale of Chinese studies and increased the number of examinees.
Wu Zetian added palace entrance examination and martial arts.
Tang Xuanzong enriched the content of the examination: poetry became the main examination content of Jinshi.
Third, the influence of the imperial examination system.
1, the employment system has been improved, and talented scholars have the opportunity to work in governments at all levels. 2. It promotes the development of education. 3. It promoted the development of literature and art. (It was not abolished until the late Qing Dynasty)
Lesson 5 "Family Harmony"
In the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Taizong and Wu Zetian successively set up the highest administrative and military institutions for managing the western regions in Xinjiang today-the viceroy of Anxi and the viceroy of Beiting.
First, Songzan Gambu and Princess Wencheng
1, Tibetan customs ① Living area: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. (2) Production: nomads, and some make a living by farming. (3) Advocate the meritorious military service and be proud of death.
2. Princess Wencheng entered Tubo
What is the significance of the relationship between Princess Wencheng and Songzan Gambu? (1) has maintained peace and enhanced friendship. ② The economic and cultural exchanges between the two sides are closer.
3. Princess Jincheng entered Tibet.
Second, the ethnic minorities around the Tang Dynasty (the Tang Dynasty handled ethnic relations)
The life of the national ancestor leader
The significance of the regional model (each parent, awarded the title)
Emperor Taizong married Princess Wencheng to Songzan Gampo, a Tibetan on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which strengthened the economic and cultural exchanges between Tang and Fan and enhanced the friendly relations between China and Tibet.
In the Tang Dynasty, Kridê Zukzain Zanpu married Princess Jincheng to Kridê Zukzain.
Uygur
(Stork) Huairen Khan In Xinjiang, Gansu, the leader of the Selenger River Basin was named "Huairen Khan" by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. The relationship between the two sides is friendly and the economy and trade are prosperous.
Songhua River, the northeast king of Bohai County, was named "King of Bohai County" by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty in Heilongjiang Province. The area is constantly expanding, the population is constantly increasing, the trade with the mainland is frequent, and the economic and cultural level is improved. It is known as the "Haidong Guo Sheng"
With the support of the Tang Dynasty, Yunnan King, the chief resident of Liuzhao, Yi and Bai people in Erhai, Cangshan, Yunnan Province, was named "Yunnan King" by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty.
Lesson 6 Friendly Exchange with Foreign Countries
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, foreign exchanges were active, and there were contacts with some countries in Asia, Africa and Europe. Major foreign friendship cities: Chang 'an, Luoyang, Guangzhou and Yangzhou. The Tang Dynasty enjoyed a high reputation in the world, and people all over the world called China a "Tang man".
First, the relationship between Tang and Japan & Tang envoys and the eastward journey.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, China and Japan had close contacts. During the Zhenguan period, many Japanese envoys, overseas students and monks came to study in the Tang Dynasty.
2. The envoys of the Tang Dynasty were highly valued after returning to China. Taking the system of the Tang Dynasty as a model, they carried out political reforms and created Japanese characters with reference to Chinese characters. Up to now, they still retain some customs of the people of the Tang Dynasty in social life.
Among the envoys and monks who went to Japan in Tang Dynasty, Jian Zhen was the most influential one. He sent six missions to Japan to spread the culture of the Tang Dynasty in Japan.
Tang Wenhua's influence on Japan: political system, writing, architecture, coins, customs, etc.
Second, the relationship between Tang and Silla
1, mode: ① sending envoys and a large number of international students to study in the Tang Dynasty; Silla merchants came to China to do business, and Silla products ranked first in the Tang Dynasty. The introduction of Korean music into China has enriched the culture of China.
2. The performance is as follows: imitating the Tang system to establish a political system, adopting the imperial examination system to select officials, and introducing China's scientific and technological achievements in medicine, astronomy and calendar calculation.
Third, the relationship between the Tang Dynasty and Tianzhu ── Xuanzang's Journey to the West
During the Tang Dynasty, China had frequent contacts with Tianzhu, and the most outstanding messenger was the monk Xuanzang. In the early years of Zhenguan, he set off from Chang 'an and went to Tianzhu. After returning to China, he devoted himself to translating Buddhist scriptures and wrote the famous "Datang Western Regions". This book is an important classic for studying the history and Buddhism of Central Asia, Indian Peninsula and Xinjiang.
Why did the Tang Dynasty maintain frequent friendly exchanges with other countries in the world? 1. The prosperity, prosperity and progress of the Tang Dynasty have great attraction to all countries in the world. 2. The relatively open policy and relatively developed foreign traffic in the Tang Dynasty provided conditions for the friendly exchanges between the Tang Dynasty and other countries. The first network of new curriculum standards
Comparison among Emperor Taizong, Emperor Xuanzong and Wu Zetian
Emperor Taizong Wu Zetian Tang Xuanzong
The ruling method is diligent, attaches importance to the development of production, reduces farmers' taxes and corvees, reuses talents, and is humble and trainable. Continue to implement the national policy of Emperor Taizong to develop agricultural production and select talents, appoint Yao Chong who is familiar with bureaucrats and full of reform spirit, attach importance to local bureaucrats, let outstanding central officials take up local posts, burn pearls and jade, advocate thrift and develop agricultural production.
The rule of Zhenguan, commonly known as Zhenguan, is the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, the macro Zhenguan is the beginning of the Millennium, and the rule of Kaiyuan is the beginning.
The imperial examination system expanded the scale of Chinese studies and increased students. The creation of imperial examinations and Wu Ju's poems and prose became the main contents of Jinshi.
In foreign exchanges, Du Dong visited Jian Zhen from Tibet to the west.
Ethnic relations married Princess Wencheng to Songzan Gambu, and named the leader of Uighur as "Huairen Khan", the leader of Mohong as "King of Bohai County" and the leader of Nanzhao as "King of Yunnan"
Appointing Party, Du Ruhui, Yao Chong.
Water can carry a boat and overturn it. Take people as a mirror, you can know the gains and losses. Heroes of the world, enter my trap. China has been valued since ancient times, and I love it as always.
Others are regarded as "Tiankhan" by the leaders of the north and the western regions. The song and dance "Qin Wang Broken Array Music" participated in the arrangement of "Dress Dance"
Lesson 7 and Lesson 8 Brilliant Sui and Tang Cultures
First, superb architectural level.
1, designed by Zhao Zhouqiao: Li Chun of Sui Dynasty. Zhao Zhouqiao is the oldest stone arch bridge in the world.
Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty was the largest city in the world at that time.
Second, the invention of block printing.
1, in Sui and Tang Dynasties, woodblock printing was invented.
2. The earliest existing printed matter with exact date in the world.
Third, the eternal glory of poetry
The characteristics of the poet's representative works
Li Bai's "Early Making Baidicheng" and "Difficult Road to Shu" are bold and imaginative. Immortal poet
Du Fu's "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" are vigorous or depressed, reflecting social reality. Poet saint
Bai Juyi's Qin Zhongyin and New Yuefu are easy to understand and reflect social reality.
4. Brilliant calligraphy and painting
1, calligraphy 2, painting
Calligraphy calligrapher's masterpiece
Yan Ti Yan Zhenqing's "Duobaota Monument"
Liu Ti Liu Zongyuan's Mysterious Pagoda Monument
Yan's Walking Map
Wu Daozi's Born of Gautama Buddha.
Art treasures Mogao Grottoes is one of the biggest art treasures in the world.
The music and dance of the intransitive verb is grand and exultant. The famous music and dance songs include "The Music of the King of Qin Breaking the Array" praised by Tang Taizong and "Colorful Feather" composed by Tang Taizong.
Lesson 9 the era of coexistence of state power
An Shi Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline. In 907, the Tang Dynasty was destroyed by the buffer region.
First, Liao, Song and Xixia coexist.
1, The Rise of Qidan (1) Living customs of Qidan: nomadic, and gradually began to have a farming life in the late Tang Dynasty. (2) The establishment of the Khitan State
2. Establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty (1) Establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty (2) Relieving the military power with a glass of wine: relieving the military power of the unified army generals by hosting a banquet.
3. The establishment of Xixia
4. Peace War between Northern Song Dynasty and Liao Dynasty
(1) In the early Song Dynasty, we failed to fight against Liao, so we had to adopt a defensive policy.
(2) In Song Zhenzong, the alliance between Liao and Song was that Liao withdrew and Song gave Liao ancient coins.
5. Peace War between Northern Song Dynasty and Xixia
Peace talks between Song and Xixia: ① Yuan Hao became a vassal of Song; (2) Old coins given to Xixia in Song Dynasty; The two sides opened up trade at the border.
Second, the confrontation between Jin and the Southern Song Dynasty.
1, establish Jin 2, Jin destroyed Liao Northern Song 3, established Southern Song 4, Yue Fei resisted Jin 5, Shaoxing peace talks.
In the Southern Song Dynasty, Jin became a vassal and gave him gold coins. The two sides draw a dividing line from Huaihe River to Dasanguan. The confrontation between Song and Jin Dynasties took shape.
The establishment time of political power and country is the capital.
Qidan (Liao) Qidan1At the beginning of the 20th century (9 16), Bao Ji of Liao Taizu went to Beijing.
Song Taizu, Zhao Kuangyin and Tokyo (now Kaifeng) Han nationality in the Northern Song Dynasty in 960.
Xixia Tangut in the early 20th century 165438+ Li Yuanhao Xingqing (1038).
Jin Nvzhen/kloc-at the beginning of the 20th century (1 1 15), Jin Taizu moved to Zhongdu after Huining.
Han nationality in Southern Song Dynasty 1 127 Lin 'an, Zhao Gou, Song Gaozong (now Hangzhou)
Song dynasty peace treaty
The content and significance of both sides of the peace treaty
The alliance of Chanyuan-Northern Song Dynasty-Liao, the Liao army retreated, and the Song Dynasty gave Liao old coins to maintain the long-term peace of Liao and Song Dynasties.
From the Southern Song Dynasty to Xixia, Yuan Hao became a vassal of the Song Dynasty, and the Song Dynasty gave Xixia a New Year's coin. Border trade flourished in Song and Xia Dynasties, and Xixia established and translated Chinese documents to learn Central Plains culture.
From the Southern Song Dynasty to the Southern Jin Dynasty, Jin surrendered to Jin and gave him a New Year's coin. The confrontation between Song and Jin Dynasties was formed when the two sides took the big three passes as the dividing line.
The shift of economic center of gravity to the south
First, the development of agriculture in South China
1, the performance of agricultural development in Jiangnan:
(1) Introduction of crop varieties (occupation of urban rice); (2) substantially increase the grain output mainly based on rice ("Suzhou and Shanghai are ripe, and the world is full")
(3) Promote the cultivation of cash crops such as tea and cotton (cotton: from Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian to the Yangtze River basin)
2. What are the reasons for the rapid development of agriculture in Jiangnan?
(1) Economic factors: A large number of people from the Central Plains moved to the south, which increased the labor force in the south and brought advanced technology and production experience;
(2) Natural factors: the climate in the north and south became cold in the Song Dynasty, and the south was relatively suitable for crop growth; The natural conditions in the south are still very good.
(3) Political factors: There are fewer wars in the south, which provides a relatively stable social environment for economic development.
Second, the prosperity of handicrafts in South China.
1, the improvement of silk industry (Sichuan silk industry is "the best in the world") 2, the rise of cotton textile industry (Hainan Island develops to the southeast coast)
3. The achievements of porcelain industry (ice crack porcelain in Geyao; Porcelain Capital: Jingdezhen)
4. The development of shipbuilding industry (shipbuilding industry in Song Dynasty became the first in the world at that time; Guangzhou and Quanzhou have developed shipbuilding industries)
Third, the prosperity of southern commerce.
1. Development of commercial cities in South China (commercial cities: Kaifeng and Hangzhou)
After Hangzhou was changed to Lin 'an, the capital, its prosperity far exceeded Kaifeng in the Northern Song Dynasty.
2. Development of overseas trade
(1) World-famous large commercial ports: Guangzhou and Quanzhou; (2) China's merchant ships are as close as North Korea and Japan, as far as Arabian Peninsula and the east coast of Africa;
(3) Establish the Municipal Shipping Office (the organization that manages overseas trade).
3. Changes in the monetary system (the earliest paper money in the world appeared in Sichuan: jiaozi)
The social outlook of the song dynasty.
First, changes in customs such as food, clothing, housing and transportation.
1. clothes: officials at all levels have strict rules on colors, and people only wear black and white clothes. Workers often wear short clothes with small sleeves. The bad habit of women's foot binding gradually spread.
2. Food: Most of the meat in the Northern Song Dynasty was mutton, while southerners ate more fish in the Southern Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, pasta was the main food in the north and rice was the main food in the south.
3. Accommodation: Most of the houses are low huts, with magnificent aristocratic mansions, front hall and back bedroom, and wings and side yards on both sides.
4. Line: Horses were scarce in the Song Dynasty, and most of them were ox carts and donkey carts. Dignitaries go out in sedan chairs, while scholars usually ride donkeys and mules.
Second, lively tiles and happy festivals
1, "Wazi" and "Goulan": The entertainment and business places in Tokyo are all called "Wazi". There is a special performance circle in the tile, which is called "Goulan". Their appearance is the result of the continuous expansion of the civil class in the Song Dynasty.
Traditional festivals in Song Dynasty include Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival. In the Song Dynasty, the Spring Festival was called New Year's Day, and it was the most important. On New Year's Eve, people will worship their ancestors, worship Buddha, hang New Year pictures and paste "Fu Tao" to celebrate the New Year.
The Rise of Mongolia and the Establishment of Yuan Dynasty
1. A generation of Tianjiao unified Mongolia (1, a nation on horseback-Mongolia 2, a generation of Tianjiao-Genghis Khan)
The Rise of Mongolia 1206, Temujin unified Mongolia, held a Mongolian aristocratic conference, was chosen as Khan, was honored as Genghis Khan, and Mongolia was established. Since then, the Mongolian grassland has ended its long-term melee and achieved unity.
2. Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty in 127 1 year, and Kublai Khan made its capital in 1272. Kublai Khan is Yuan Shizu.
Three. Politics and Economy in Yuan Dynasty
1, 1276 Yuan troops occupied Lin 'an and the Southern Song Dynasty perished. Wen Tianxiang, an anti-Yuan hero (the Yuan Dynasty destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty, while Wen Tianxiang resisted the Yuan Dynasty), appeared a man who never died.
2. Main measures to restore and develop agriculture in Yuan Shizu: Yuan Shizu attaches great importance to developing agriculture, harnessing the Yellow River and popularizing cotton planting, so that agriculture in the north can be restored and developed. In order to facilitate the transportation of grain from south to north, he ordered the construction of two new canals, together with the original canal, so that grain ships could go directly from Hangzhou to Dadu. It also opened up unprecedented shipping.
3. The metropolis of Yuan Dynasty is not only a political center, but also a world-famous commercial metropolis. Italian traveler Mark? Polo's mark? Poirot's journey described the bustling scene of the metropolis. Frequent exchanges between China and foreign countries A famous messenger of foreign exchange in Yuan Dynasty was Kyle Polo.
4. Establishment of provincial system
The Mongolian empire is unprecedentedly vast. In order to effectively rule the whole country, the Yuan Dynasty established a provincial system. In Yuan Shizu, the central government has set up a provincial library, and the local government has set up a provincial library. The establishment of provincial administrative regions in China began in the Yuan Dynasty. The central government established Zheng Xuanyuan, and Tibet became the official administrative region of the Yuan Dynasty. The Penghu Inspection Department was established to administer Penghu and Ryukyu (now Taiwan Province Province).
Central Committee: Zhongshu Province, Yuan.
Tibet-the territory under the jurisdiction of Xuanzhengyuan
Venue: Penghu Inspection Office in Taiwan Province Province and Penghu Islands in Zhongshu Province.
Guangzhou-Jiangxi Province
The largest province in the Yuan Dynasty was Lingbei Province.