Green is taken from blue, and green is blue; Ice and water are cooler than water. The wood in the middle of the rope is straight, and the raft (which should be "car" on the left, the original word is obsolete) is considered as a wheel, and its curve is in the middle of the gauge.
Although there is a crisis, those who stop coming forward will make it happen. Therefore, the wood is straight by the rope, the gold is sharp, the gentleman is knowledgeable, and he saves himself every day, so he knows clearly without fault.
So, if you don't climb the mountain, you don't know the height of the sky. Don't face the deep stream, I don't know the thickness of the ground; You didn't know the greatness of learning until you heard the last words of the late king. The sons of Gan, Yue, Yi and Xun were born in unison, long and different, and naturally educated.
Yue: "Well, gentlemen, there is no constant rest. Jing * * *, good is integrity.
Listen to God and you will be blessed. "God is greater than Tao, and joy is greater than harmlessness.
Think all day long, it is better to learn it in a moment; I've tasted it and I'm looking forward to it. Let's go hiking. Climb a trick, the arm does not lengthen, but the person you see is far away; Call with the wind, the sound does not add disease, but the listener is obvious.
Those who cheat horses are not good enough, but cause thousands of miles; A man who pretends to be a boat can't swim, but he can't swim. The life of a gentleman is the same, and the goodness lies in personal leave.
In the south, there is a bird named Meng Dui, whose nest is feathers, whose hair is woven and whose reed is tied. When the wind breaks, the egg broken child dies. The nest is endless, but so are the people connected with it.
There is a kind of wood in the west called Shegan. Its stem is four inches long, and it was born on a high mountain. However, in the abyss, the wooden pole can't grow out, but it stands naturally. In the bitter fleabane bitter fleabane, I can't bear to go straight; White sand is nirvana, and it is black.
Lan Huaigen is a cheese, but he grows up, and the gentleman is not close, so he refuses to accept it. Its quality is not beautiful, but it is also gradual.
Therefore, a gentleman must choose his hometown when he is born, and he must be a scholar when he travels. Therefore, we must also guard against evil and righteousness. Everything has a beginning and an end.
When honor or disgrace comes, it will be like virtue. Meat rots into adults, and fish withers into moths.
Ignoring and forgetting your body is a disaster. Strong cultivation, soft cultivation.
Evil is in the body, and resentment is in the structure. Wages are the same, the fire is dry, the ground is the same, and the water is wet.
Vegetation is born, birds and animals are numerous, and things are human beings. Is a piece of nature, bows and arrows are very important; Lin, and the axe is heavy; Trees provide shade, but birds rest.
Acyl acid, but Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. Therefore, words are troublesome, actions are humiliating, and gentlemen are cautious about words! Accumulated soil becomes mountains, and the wind and rain are prosperous; The water drops merged into the ocean and the dragon was born; Accumulate goodness into virtue, the gods are complacent, and the sacred heart is prepared.
Therefore, you can't take Wan Li Road without accumulating steps; If you don't accumulate small streams, you won't be a river. Leap, not ten steps; This is a great contribution to the success of Ma Xu.
Perseverance, rotten wood can't be carved; Perseverance, the stone can be carved. Earthworms do not have the advantages of minions, and their bones and muscles are strong. They eat the earth and drink the yellow land with their hearts.
The crab kneels six times and pinches twice. It's not that the snake hole has no sustenance, it's also impetuous. Therefore, people with ulterior motives have no bright future; He made much ado about nothing, which has nothing to do with hehe.
Those who follow the right path will not come, and those who follow the right path will not allow it. Eyes can't see, ears can't hear.
The viper flies without feet, and the mouse is poor in five skills. "Poetry" said: "The corpse dove is in Sang, and her son is seven.
A good gentleman with noble character is always a polite person. Its clumsy, heart knot! "So the gentleman with a also.
I used to play drums, but the fish flowed out to listen; Boya Guqin, while Liu Ma raises Yuan. Therefore, the sound is not small but not heard, and the line is not hidden but not shaped.
Jade is moist in the mountains, pearls are born in the deep, and cliffs are not withered. Do good without accumulating evil? Did anyone not hear? Learn evil from scratch? Evil in the end? Yue: its number begins with chanting and ends with reading ceremony; Its significance begins with being a scholar and ends with being a saint. If you really accumulate strength for a long time, you will enter, and if you learn, you will stop.
Therefore, there is an end to the number of students. If it is just, it cannot be abandoned for a moment. For it, people are also; Give up, so do animals.
Therefore, this book is the discipline of political affairs; Poet, the stop of the middle voice; Etiquette, the main points of law, class discipline. Therefore, learning must stop at ceremony.
Husband is called the extreme of morality. The respect of ceremony, the harmony of music, the abundance of poetry and books, the micro-spring and autumn, between heaven and earth.
The learning of a gentleman is also in the ear, in the heart, in the four bodies, and in the dynamic shape. Finally, as long as you move, you can become law.
The knowledge of villains is also heard, not spoken; Between the mouth and ears, four inches, seven feet of beauty! Ancient scholars were themselves, and today's scholars are people. The study of a gentleman is also for beauty; Little people learn that birds are calves.
Therefore, if you don't ask, you will be proud of it, and if you ask, you will be proud of it. Proud, no, ooh, no; A gentleman is like a man.
Learn not to be close to others. Rites and music are not mentioned, poetry and books are not cut, and the Spring and Autumn Period is unhappy.
If you learn from a gentleman, you will respect him all over the world. Therefore, learning ink is almost close to people.
Learning classics is not as fast as learning good people, followed by long rituals. You can't be a good person in the world, and you can't be a gift in the next life. Ante can learn miscellaneous knowledge, poetry and books.
Then, in the last poor years, it is inevitable that there will be rude Confucianism. The original king, benevolence and righteousness, then courtesy is in its latitude and longitude.
If you pat your collar with five fingers, there will be countless followers. If you don't respect the constitution, take the poetry book as an example, and refer to the river, the millet and the cone-shaped rice pot, you can't get it.
Therefore, although Longli is unknown, he is also a lawyer; If you don't give a long gift, you will scatter Confucianism, although you will argue. If you ask, don't sue; Don't ask if you told anyone; Don't listen to those who talk.
Don't argue with people who live up to expectations. Therefore, we should learn from it and then pick it up; Avoid it unless it is the way.
Therefore, return the courtesy before you can talk to the parties; Words are fluent, and then words and deeds can be consistent and justified; Therefore, color can be followed by words and actions. Therefore, it cannot be said in words that this is pride; Can have nothing to say, that is hidden; In terms of color, it is called sorrow.
Therefore, a gentleman is not proud, not hiding, not jealous, let nature take its course. The poem says, "The son of heaven gave me comfort from bandits."
This is also called. One shot in every shot is not good enough to shoot; A thousand miles is not enough, and good is not enough; Learning badly is because ethics has nothing to do with human nature.
Those who learn well will learn well. Once in the way, once in the way, the person who draws the lane is also; There are fewer good people, more bad people, and stealing feet. All the people, and scholars.
A gentleman knows that his husband is not perfect enough to think of beauty, so he is consistent and thorough, so as to treat others and educate people. Make eyes have no desire to see, ears have no desire to listen, mouth has nothing to say, and heart has nothing to worry about.
When you are good at time, your eyes are good with five colors, your ears are good with five tones, your mouth is good with five flavors, and your heart benefits the world. Therefore, rights cannot be dumped, the masses cannot be moved, and the world cannot be shaken.
Life depends on reason, death depends on reason, and husband is called virtue. Fuck, then you decide, then you decide, then you respond.
If a husband can respond positively, he is an adult. The sky sees its light and the earth sees its light, and the gentleman values all this.
2. What are the characteristics of classical Chinese? Classical Chinese is the written language in ancient China, mainly including the written language based on spoken language in the pre-Qin period. The first "Wen" means beauty. "Speech" means writing, expressing and recording. "Classical Chinese", that is, written language, is relative to "spoken language", which is also called "vernacular". The last word "Wen" refers to works, articles, etc. , which means genre.
First, the separation of language and writing. Linguistic research holds that written language is produced and developed on the basis of spoken language, and they influence and promote each other and have a very close relationship. Classical Chinese was formed on the basis of pre-Qin oral English, but with the passage of time, it gradually widened the distance from later oral English. From the Han and Wei Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to the official implementation and the need of imperial examinations, scholars deliberately imitated the language of the "Four Books and Five Classics" to write poems and articles, focusing on elegance and integrity. In this way, the distance between classical Chinese as a written language and the language actually used by people is getting bigger and bigger, resulting in the phenomenon of separation of language and text.
Second, it lasts for a long time. Until the May 4th Movement, classical Chinese, as the dominant written language, was handed down from generation to generation, and its language components remained basically unchanged. For example, the usage of some basic sentence patterns and commonly used function words in the pre-Qin period has been preserved in classical Chinese, and even the most active words in the three elements of language have strong stability in classical Chinese: the ancient meanings of some words have long disappeared in spoken English, but they can still be used in classical Chinese. Although later generations will inevitably mix some spoken language at that time in imitation, which will bring some subtle changes to classical Chinese, on the whole, classical Chinese has basically maintained its original appearance in vocabulary system and grammar system.
Third, the writing is concise. Most of China's important ancient books are written in classical Chinese, and many immortal works have always been known for their conciseness. It can be said that classical Chinese itself contains concise factors: first, classical Chinese is dominated by monosyllabic words, with few disyllabic words and disyllabic words; Second, classical Chinese is often omitted, and it is very common to omit subjects, objects, predicates and prepositions. In addition, the famous writers of past dynasties paid more attention to the tempering of language and emphasized "the great meaning of small words", thus forming the style of classical Chinese.
Fourth, the ancient Olympic Games were difficult to understand. Due to the age, it is more and more difficult to understand classical Chinese without spoken English. Crooked sentences, uncommon ancient characters, and many strange names and regulations … all these have become elusive "myths" in the eyes of beginners. Therefore, annotating ancient books and solving difficult problems has always been one of the tasks pursued by scholars.
3. What are the commonly used terminology expression skills in Chinese reading refers to the writing principles, rules and methods used by articles to express the content of articles.
The evaluation and appreciation of expression skills is to analyze what expression skills are used, what content is expressed and what artistic effect is achieved. The core of appreciation is aesthetics, that is, excavating the aesthetic factors in the works to achieve some aesthetic enjoyment.
Compared with the analysis and appreciation of expression skills, we should consider different styles from different angles. Narrative (including prose) should be analyzed from the following aspects: ① From the perspective of expression: whether various expressions are freely used and flexible; The choice of narrator, the advantages of first person and second person; The arrangement of narrative order, the application and function of flashback skills; The characteristics of description (simple, delicate and vivid), the functions of psychological description, detail description and scenery description.
(2) From the perspective of material selection and tailoring, whether the relationship between material and center is properly handled and whether the primary and secondary details are appropriate; Whether the materials are typical, authentic, novel and powerful. (3) From the point of expression, whether to use symbolism, contrast, setting off, restraining before promoting, raising things to express ideas, and expressing feelings through scenery, etc.
(4) From the structural arrangement: both the beginning and the end have their own characteristics; Compact structure and complete symmetry; Lift the ground and take care of it; Set suspense, create waves, connect and merge, and have twists and turns. ⑤ From the perspective of language use: whether the language is accurate, concise, vivid and vivid; What is the unique language style (humorous, spicy, plain, natural, concise and lively, subtle and deep, etc.)? ); What unique rhetorical devices are used (metaphor, personification, parallelism, exaggeration, synaesthesia, etc.). ).
The novel should also consider whether the characterization is full and typical, and whether the plot arrangement is reasonable, rigorous and changeable. Argumentative papers are mainly considered from the methods of argument, especially the skills and functions of metaphor argument, analogy argument and extended argument.
Explanatory text mainly depends on whether it highlights the characteristics and functions of things and whether the order is appropriate. Expression is the way to reflect social life, express thoughts and feelings, and introduce things when writing articles.
There are five common expressions, namely: narration (narration), discussion, lyricism, description and explanation. Narrative is mainly narrative and description, including explanation, lyricism and discussion; Explanatory text is mainly explanation, but also narrative, discussion and even description; Argumentative writing focuses on discussion, supplemented by narration, explanation or lyricism.
Writing methods, also known as expressive techniques, refer to various specific methods and techniques used to shape images and reflect life in literary creation. Including: contrast, symbolism, supporting objects to express meaning (supporting objects to express meaning), first restraining and then promoting, setting off (setting off), exaggerating and satirizing, using scenery to express feelings, and taking care of before and after.
Distinguish several different ways of expression, such as narration, explanation, discussion, description and lyric, and analyze their expressive functions: four narrative ways of narrative text: sequential narrative, flashback, interpolation and flat narrative (sub-narrative). Narrative description is divided into character description and environmental description.
Indirect lyrical ways of narration: feelings of scenery, things and reason. Character description, environment description and detail description should grasp the characteristics of things.
"Eye painting" is an image saying, which means that people should write people's minds, things should write the essence of events, and scenery should write people's feelings and personality of scenery. Description should be vivid, which is determined by the characteristics of description, and it is also the place where description is different from narration.
The so-called vivid image is nothing more than reappearing the object of description in front of readers in a tangible, vivid and colorful way, so that readers can see this person, feel at home and hear this voice. In addition, the method of description should be determined according to the characteristics of the object, and description often has certain emotions, such as simple drawing and fine drawing.
Comment: Opinions expressed on the nature, right and wrong, value, characteristics and functions of people and things. Narrative argument is the "finishing touch".
The "finishing touch" function of narrative discussion has the following three aspects: (1) explaining the meaning of things; (2) expressing the author's point of view; (3) Reveal the theme of the article: express the author's strong subjective feelings such as love and hate, likes and dislikes, joys and sorrows, music lovers and so on. There are direct lyric and indirect lyric.
The evaluation of terms in different situations, deepening artistic conception, deepening artistic conception, deepening artistic conception, profound artistic conception, beautiful artistic conception, is meaningful, intriguing and far-reaching: the language is easy to understand and the theme is far-reaching. Concise and meaningful: the language is concise and rich in content.
The implication is that the implication here is another kind of implication, and the implication is endless: the implication is euphemistic without saying a word, which is romantic; The meaning is implicit but not revealed, or the expression is not obvious and intriguing. Analytical skills: at the end of the article, point out the main points.
Make the finishing point: point out the main idea with one or two wonderful sentences. Express your feelings directly.
A symbol of holding something to express one's will: express one's feelings and thoughts by describing and discussing something or an object. Seeing the big from the small: reflecting major themes from ordinary and subtle things.
Cut to the chase: get to the point at the beginning of the article, don't beat around the bush. Entrust: express feelings and themes on one thing.
Set off: Set off one thing against another to make the latter stand out. Rendering: Tracking colors to enhance the effect.
Description: contrast: the purpose is to highlight one side. Nostalgia hurts the present, borrowing the past to satirize the present: remembering the past and feeling sad about the reality.
Xìng: Say something else first, so as to arouse what you are singing. The scenes blend with each other. The scene is lyrical by borrowing scenery. Scenes blend with feelings. All landscapes are emotional. Overview of language features: concise language description, introduction to things.
Thick ink and heavy color: meticulous and delicate description. Vivid: To describe realistically, especially a person or an animal.
Everything has a state (phase): the description is meticulous and vivid. Poetic and picturesque: the discussion class is full of philosophy, and the language style is flowing: the structure and language are natural and smooth.
Both form and spirit: language, structure and other forms and contents are impeccable. Concise washing (practice): the language is concise and neat.
Simple and clear: no sculpture, no decoration. Simple, simple, fresh and elegant, gorgeous and bright: clear and unobstructed.
Depression and desolation: low, vigorous, soothing, sad, etc. Magnificent, vigorous and powerful: majestic and vigorous.
The structural language of the article paves the way: explanations and hints before the plot happens. Ambush pen: a clue buried in the front part for the back part.
Echo and care: the connection before and after.
4. Chinese answering terms (for example: vivid, accurate and rigorous reading knowledge and skills in various styles 1. Narrative reading knowledge and skills 1. Find the topic sentence and find the lyric sentence in the first or last paragraph.
2. Content (center) method: look at topics, people (things) and events, and make a comprehensive summary. Format: This article narrates (describes and explains) ... and displays (praises and reveals). ...
3. The material organization is characterized by closely surrounding the center, selecting typical events, and customizing and detailing them appropriately. 4. Hierarchical (1) Divide by time (find the phrase indicating time) (2) Divide by place (find the phrase indicating place) (3) Divide by the development process of things (find events) (4) Total total score (from the beginning to the end) 5. Narrative clues and action clues: (1) Key figures (2)
6. Find the clue or center of the article for the title of the article (1) The core people (2) The core things (3) The core events (6) The author's emotions (7) The narrative order and function (1) The function of the order (according to the sequence of events): The narrative begins and ends, and it is clear and impressive to read. (2) Flashback (write the results first, and then explain what happened before. )
Function: arouse suspense, attract readers, avoid dull narration and enhance the vividness of the article. (3) insert (interrupt the clue when telling, and insert another related thing. )
Function: complement and set off the plot, enrich the image and highlight the center. Language features combine context and rhetorical methods to choose from the following sentences: vivid, fresh and beautiful, concise, accurate and rigorous, incisive and profound, easy to understand, harmonious in phonology and strong in rhythm.
Note: Be sure to analyze it in combination with specific sentences. The meaning and action method of specific words: link the original meaning, extended meaning, figurative meaning and pun meaning of words.
Format: The word "* *" originally means …, and here means …, playing the role of …. What is the function of sentences in structure? (1) connecting the preceding with the following (2) opening, leading down (3) connecting the preceding with the following (transition) (4) paving the way, foreshadowing (5) taking care of the preceding (beginning) 2. Explanatory reading knowledge and skills 1. Classification 1. From the object of explanation: things.
2. From the linguistic features of expository writing: simple expository writing and vivid expository writing. Second, the order of interpretation, chronological order, spatial order, the logical order of concrete analysis: subject-time, cause-result, phenomenon-essence, feature-use, general-individual, generalization-concrete, whole-part.
Typical question: What is the order of interpretation in this article? What's the role? Answer format: This paper uses the order of explanation to make the explanation more organized. (The first blank should be filled in with the specific order of description, and the second blank should be filled in with the specific name or description of the thing.
If it is a rational exposition, but it cannot be accurately expressed, it can be expressed in vague language such as "rationality" and "science". Third, the interpretation method 1, the common interpretation methods are: example, classification, definition, imitation, explanation, analogy, column number, column diagram, and quotation.
2. Functions of common explanation methods: ①. Example: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things by giving specific examples, so as to make the explanation more specific and convincing. (2) Classification: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in different categories to make the explanation more organized.
(3) Compare: Compare and emphasize the characteristics/reasons of things. (4) Interpretation: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in detail to make the explanation easier to understand.
⑤ Analogy: To compare ... to illustrate the characteristics/reasons of things vividly. 6. Imitation: A vivid description of the characteristics/events of things, which makes the explanation more concrete and vivid.
⑦ Definition: To reveal the object/science in concise and scientific language, so as to reveal the characteristics/science of things more scientifically, essentially and generally. ⑧ Numbering: Use specific data to explain the characteristics/facts of things, so as to make the explanation more accurate and convincing.
⑨ Charting: Explain the characteristics/events of things by means of charts to make the explanation more concise and intuitive. Attending, citation: citation has the following forms-a, citing specific cases; (The function is the same as the example) B. Cite specific data; C. quote famous sayings, aphorisms and proverbs; The function is to make the explanation more convincing.
D, citing myths and legends, news reports, riddles, anecdotes, etc. The function is to enhance the interest of the explanation.
(The reference description is at the beginning of the article, which also leads to the description object. Fourth, the language analysis of the explanatory text 1, the analysis of the whole language, generally from two angles: a, accuracy; B, vivid or concise.
This is also the characteristic of general expository writing. B is from the perspective of different language styles.
To comment on the language features of the whole article, we must combine the specific content of the article, for example, we can choose a sentence as an example. The format is as follows: This paper fully embodies the characteristics of Chinese, such as the sentence "……", and explains the characteristics/reasons of things "……" accurately/vividly/concisely. 2. The function of commenting on specific articles/sentences/words is basically the same as above.
The function of words can be examined in the following ways: a. What is the function of adding words? B, can you change the word? C. Add some words that can be deleted? This kind of questions often need to be answered in combination with the characteristics of the accuracy of the interpretation language (sometimes reflecting the vividness of the language)
5. What about the terms used in modern Chinese reading? Modern Chinese reading is a long story. Here is only the specification.
1. An orderly answer. Ask, "What does this article say?" "Please tell me the benefits of using xx" and so on. And be sure to put "This article expresses …" and "In this article, the advantage of using xx is …" in front of your answer. Sometimes you have to answer questions in points.
2. Common appreciation questions, that is, the use of rhetorical devices and writing methods. The steps are: first, what is the original meaning of a word (rough explanation); Second, use the rhetorical device of xx to be vivid/full of momentum/orderly/... to show "the meaning given to the word in the text"; Third, what feelings are expressed (touching the theme).
3. The two key points of reading are theme and stem. So to get a big reading, first read the article, read the main idea, then examine the questions and then answer the questions.
6. Regarding the terms in China's classical Chinese, such as prepositions, first of all, I want to say that this is not a term in classical Chinese, but actually a term in modern Chinese; The grammar of modern Chinese is introduced from foreign languages.
Because the explanation on paper is very complicated, I suggest you ask the Chinese teacher for modern Chinese grammar. What inverted sentences, ellipsis sentences and passive sentences in ancient Chinese are all relative to the word order of modern Chinese. You should know the grammar of modern Chinese first, just as you should have a frame of reference first.
Ask the teacher what are notional words, function words, simple sentences, complex sentences, phrase structures, subject-predicate-object attributive complements.
There is no so-called grammar in ancient Chinese, so the words used in ancient Chinese are very flexible and the parts of speech are used flexibly. Grammar was introduced from foreign languages and used in modern Chinese.
The so-called prepositions and inverted sentences are relative to modern Chinese, that is, the structural order of an ancient Chinese sentence is reversed relative to the general habits of modern Chinese.
Therefore, to learn the grammar of ancient Chinese, we must first learn the grammar of modern Chinese. The general order of modern Chinese is: (form), (definite) subject (form), predicate (definite) object (complement). Attribute modifies subject and object, adverbial modifies predicate, and complement complements predicate.
You'd better find your Chinese teacher, because it is difficult to understand typing thoroughly, especially in some special cases, and I can't give examples one by one.
Modern Chinese also retains some ancient Chinese idioms, such as the prepositional object of ancient Chinese: self-confidence. According to the general habit of modern Chinese, it should be "believe in yourself", where you are the object and believe is the predicate. Objects usually come after predicates, like eating and drinking. The action of "eating and drinking" acts on "rice and water", with verbs as predicates before nouns as objects. And "self-confidence" refers to the noun "zi" as the object and the verb "Xin" as the predicate, which is contrary to the habit of general modern writing, and the order of the objects is in the front, so it is called prepositional object.
There are many negative sentences and interrogative sentences in ancient Chinese, and he will find them after reading more books.
Grammar is complicated, it is complicated. I typed so many words and only said a little. You'd better ask the teacher. However, classical Chinese is easier said than done, that is, reading more and memorizing more to cultivate a sense of language. If you have a good sense of language, you will get used to the structural order of words in classical Chinese, and then you will understand. Understanding is the goal, grammar is not the goal, and grammar is just one of the ways to help you understand.
I recommend several books: China's View of Ancient Literature (published by Yuelu Academy), 300 Tang Poems (optional, if the foundation is not very good, you can buy a book with rich annotations), and Selected Poems of Famous Tang and Song Dynasties (recommended by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House). These three books are the best reading materials for China's ancient literature and poetry. You must be familiar with them, you can recite them if you write well, and then your knowledge of ancient China literature will be solid. Look only at the notes of ancient Chinese, not at the translation. Generally speaking, there is no standard for translation, and the so-called translation is actually the general idea of the article. Look through the dictionary more, because there will be more rare words in ancient Chinese, and you will be familiar with them after reading them more. When reading ancient Chinese, you should understand grammar and distinguish between ancient and modern meanings, but don't stick to grammar, because flexible use of parts of speech and inverted sentences are common, as long as you know the meaning. We can start with relatively simple articles and read some difficult articles step by step, such as articles from Tang and Song Dynasties to pre-Qin Dynasties, and from ancient vernacular to ancient Chinese. Good poems should be read and read. "Reading a book a hundred times is self-evident." It can also help to feel the cadence of Chinese and the beauty of ancient Chinese, especially poetry and music.