1. Translated sentences from ancient Chinese

1. When Confucius taught Boyu, he said: “If you don’t study the Book of Songs, you won’t be able to speak; if you don’t study the Book of Rites, you won’t be able to stand upright. "Cultivate your temperament and strengthen your muscles and bones, then you will have all the important things you need to do in life. < /p>

3. Being smart but not easy to learn is the biggest lack of smartness. With the qualifications of a saint, when he is eager to learn, he will definitely be able to understand the meaning of the text. If you just work behind closed doors in your own home, without studying or asking for advice, you are already inferior to ordinary people.

4. Only books do not matter whether you are rich or poor, old or young. Reading a book will bring you the benefits of a book. Reading a book for a day will bring you benefits.

5. The heart includes all principles in the world, and everything is hidden in one heart. If it cannot be stored in the heart, the principles cannot be exhausted; if the principles cannot be exhausted, it cannot be stored in the heart.

2. Classical Chinese translation methods

It is best to accumulate more Tongqi characters, polysemy characters, sentence patterns such as bei characters, and object-preposed sentence patterns. The basic method of classical Chinese translation is literal translation. There are two types: literal translation, which refers to using modern Chinese words to translate the original text word for word and sentence by sentence, so that the content words and function words are as close to each other as possible. The advantage of literal translation is that every word is implemented; its disadvantage is that sometimes the translated sentences The meaning of the text is difficult to understand, and the language is not smooth enough. The so-called free translation is to translate according to the meaning of the sentence, so as to conform to the meaning of the original text as much as possible, and the sentence takes care of the meaning of the original word as much as possible. Free translation has a certain degree of flexibility, words can be added or deleted, and words can be added or deleted. The position of can be changed, and the sentence structure can also be changed. The advantage of free translation is that the text and meaning are coherent, and the translation conforms to the expression habits of modern languages, which is relatively smooth, fluent and easy to understand. Its disadvantage is that sometimes the original text cannot be implemented word by word. These two The translation method should be mainly literal translation, supplemented by free translation. 2. Specific methods: retain, delete, supplement, replace, adjust, and change. "Remain" means to retain. All words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, as well as ancient names of people, places, Names of things, official names, country names, era names, units of weights and measures, etc., can be kept unchanged during translation. For example: "King of Chu", "Yan Ying", "Yan Zi", etc. in "Yan Zi's Mission to Chu" do not need to be translated. " "Delete" means to delete. Delete the function words in classical Chinese that do not need to be translated. For example: "I am asking for trouble instead" in "Yan" is a modal particle, but if it is not translated, the meaning of this sentence is "I am asking for trouble." (" "Yan Zi Envoy to Chu") Another example: "Zi You and Zijing were both seriously ill, and Zijing died first." The "er" in "Yan Zi Envoy to Chu" is a conjunction and cannot be translated. The whole sentence means "Zi You and Zijing were both seriously ill, and Zijing died first." Die first." "Bu" means to supplement. (1) Change monosyllable words to bisyllabic words, such as "led his wife to come to this desperate situation" in "Peach Blossom Spring", the word "wife" is the word for "wife, children" Meaning; (2) Fill in the omitted elements in the omitted sentence, such as "not sad when speaking" in "The Man and the Qin Are Dead", which is translated as: (Zi You) is not sad at all when speaking. "Change" means replacement. Use modern words to replace ancient words. For example, replace "I, Yu, Yu" with "I", and replace "Er, Ru" with "you". "Tiao" means adjustment. Adjust the ancient Chinese inversion sentence to Modern Chinese sentence syntax. For example, "Why don't you hear the news" in "The Man and the Qin Are Dead", "Why" is the inversion of "Yihe", and the preposition of the object means "why". "Chan" means flexibility. .On the basis of being faithful to the original text, a living translation of the relevant text. "Zi You asked left and right" (人人qin 死)) refers to "the people under his command", and "left and right said to each other" ("Yan Zi Shi") The "left and right" in "Chu" refers to "near ministers". Ancient Chinese translation formulas: Ancient Chinese translation, have its own order, read the whole text first, and grasp the main idea; first clarify the topic, collect information, and understand everything from paragraph to sentence, clause to word. , coherently, and when dealing with difficult sentences, you need to be careful, take care of the previous sentence, connect the following sentence, carefully consider, figure out the tone, and strive to make it reasonable and have a close connection between the words and sentences. If there is any omission, fill in the original meaning and add parentheses. Expressing gain. Names of people and places do not need to be translated. Personal appellation, according to the usual rules, "I" and "I" are me, "er" and "ru" are you. There are rules when omitting inversions. Content words and function words are explained with the text, and they are sensitive. The sense of translation varies from sentence to sentence. After the translation is completed, you must carefully compare it sentence by sentence, understand the tone, and make the sentence fluent before putting it down. 3. Analysis of the cross formula of translation methods for high school entrance examinations With the comprehensive development of the "New Chinese Curriculum Standards" After the implementation of the High School Entrance Examination, classical Chinese translation has also undergone fundamental reforms. Most of the test papers have added direct translation questions. This can not only test students' understanding of content words, function words, different sentence patterns, ancient cultural common sense and semantic relationships between sentences. It can not only master and understand, but also test students' written expression ability. This is much more difficult than the previous multiple-choice questions. Therefore, in order to do well in classical Chinese translation questions, you must master the necessary methods (1) Addition. That is, supplement, When translating, add omitted components in omitted sentences in classical Chinese. Note: Add brackets when adding omitted components or sentences. 1. Supplement the omitted subjects, predicates or objects in the original text. Example 1: "I was shocked when I saw a fisherman. Ask him where he came from." Translated sentence: "(A man from Taoyuan) was very surprised when he saw the fisherman and asked him where he came from." Example 2: "One burst of energy, then it will fade, and three times it will be exhausted." "Zai" The predicate "gu" is omitted after "三", which must be added during translation. Example 3: "Jun Yu Ju Lai." The object "zhi" is omitted after "和". 2. Add related words that can make the semantics clear. Example: "If it is not treated, it will get worse" is a hypothetical sentence, translated as: "(If) it is not treated, it will get worse."

(2) Deletion. That is, deletion. All function words in ancient Chinese, particles that play a role in marking the sentence structure, and particles that make up enough syllables, etc., are not replaced by modern Chinese words, so there is no need to translate them during translation. If it comes out, it can be deleted. Example 1: "Husband fights with courage." Translated sentence: "Fighting relies on courage." "Husband" is a pronouncement word, so it can be deleted and not translated. Example 2: "Confucius said: He Shao "What is there?" Translated sentence: "Confucius said: What is crude?" "Zhi" is a sign of the preposition of the object, so it will be deleted and not translated. Example 3: "It has been a long time since the teacher's teachings have been passed on." Translated sentence: "The custom of learning from teachers has disappeared for a long time." "Ye" is a modal particle in the sentence, which plays a role in soothing the tone and has no real meaning. It can be completely removed during translation. (3) Tone. It is adjustment. In translation When inverting sentences in classical Chinese, the ancient Chinese inverted sentence patterns should be adjusted to modern Chinese sentence patterns to make them conform to modern Chinese expression habits, so that the translated sentences can be smooth. This requires adjusting the sentence order. There are generally four situations: 1. The predicate is moved backward. For example: "What a great disservice to you!" can be adjusted to "What a disservice to you." 2. The postposition of the attributive is moved forward. Example: "The ministers and the people are able to stab the few in the face." Those who pass will be rewarded." can be adjusted to "can stab a few people in front of others". 3. The prepositioned object is moved to the back. For example: "Why fight?" can be adjusted to "how to fight". 4. Introduction The object phrase is moved forward. "Return from Yangzhou." can be adjusted to "Return from Yangzhou." (4) Remain means to retain, any words, proper nouns, country names, era names, names of people, names of things, which have the same meaning in ancient and modern times. Personal names, official positions, place names, etc. can be kept unchanged during translation. For example: "In the spring of the fourth year of Qingli, Teng Zijing was demoted to Baling County." Translated sentence: "In the spring of the fourth year of Qingli, Teng Zijing was demoted to Baling County as the prefect." "The fourth year of Qingli" is the year name, and "Baling County" is the place name, which can be retained directly. (5) Expansion means expansion. 1. Expand monosyllabic words in classical Chinese into synonymous bisyllabic or multi-syllable words Words. Example: "More like a servant." 3. Explain two sentences in classical Chinese.

If you work hard and forget to eat, if you are happy and forget your worries, you don't know that old age is coming:

This This is a sentence from "The Analects of Confucius·Shu Er":

Ye Gong asked Confucius about Zilu, and Zilu said: "The woman is not happy, because she is a person who forgets to eat when she is angry and forgets when she is happy. Worry, I don’t know that old age is coming. ”

Notes

(1) Ye Gong: Ye, pronounced shè. Ye Gong’s surname is Shen and his name is Zhuliang. He is a senior official of the Chu State and his fiefdom is in Yecheng (now south of Ye County, Henan Province). ), so it is called Ye Gong.

(2) Yun'er: Yun, the pronoun means the same.

Translation

Ye Gong asked Zi Lu what kind of person Confucius was, but Zi Lu didn't answer. Confucius said (to Zi Lu), "Why don't you say something like this? He is a man who works hard and forgets to eat, and is so happy that he forgets all worries." Forget, I don’t even know that I am getting old, that’s all. "

If you are not angry, you will not be enlightened; if you are not angry, you will not be angry. If you take one corner and don't turn it back with three, there will be no recovery:

Original text

Confucius said: "No. If you are not angry, you will not be angry. If you take one corner and don't turn it back with three, there will be no recovery. ”

Translation

Confucius said: “Don’t enlighten him until he tries hard to understand but can’t; don’t enlighten him until he understands in his heart but can’t express it perfectly. Enlighten him. If he can't draw inferences from one example, don't give him examples over and over again. ”

Comment

Here Confucius introduces his experience in education. He does not think that a teacher can achieve good teaching results by instilling words into students, but that The key lies in how to inspire students to think and ponder on their own. It is not about asking teachers to draw inferences for students and to draw inferences, but to inspire students to draw inferences and draw parallels. To do this, we must adhere to one principle: do not tell students the answers easily. , and don’t think too much for students, let alone instill standard answers into students. I think this is something that our teachers today should think about and learn from in teaching.

Smart teachers are teaching new things to students. Classes often start with asking questions or playing games, which on the one hand can easily focus students' thoughts, and on the other hand can inspire students' thinking. If students are simply fed ready-made answers, students often only know what they are. , I don’t know why, and I even lack the ability to use flexibly and think independently.

For another example, when you read this book, don’t think that the translation and commentary and analysis here are the only answers. You can also try to understand the original text of "The Analects" from another perspective. If you are good at using your brain and thinking hard, you will often find unexpected discoveries and surprises. 4. Sentences from Common Chinese Examinations in Junior High School Classical Chinese (with explanations)

Translation Summary of Sentences from Common Chinese Examinations in Classical Chinese in 2011 High School Entrance Examination Textbooks Volume 1 1. Reviewing the past and learning the new can make you a teacher: review old knowledge and then understand With new knowledge, such people can become teachers.

2. Learning without thinking means nothing; thinking without learning means danger: just reading and studying without thinking will lead to confusion; thinking without reading and studying will lead to confusion and nothing. 3. Know things silently, be tireless in learning, and tirelessly teach others: silently remember the knowledge you have learned, learn without feeling satisfied, and teach others tirelessly.

4. When three people are traveling together, there must be someone who can be my teacher; choose the good ones and follow them, and change the bad ones. If several people are traveling together, there must be someone among them who can be my teacher. ; Choose their strengths to learn from, and if you have their shortcomings, you must change them. 5. Those who know it are not as good as those who like it, and those who like it are not as good as those who enjoy it: those who understand it are not as good as those who love it, and those who love it are not as good as those who take pleasure in it.

6. The passing away is like a man, not giving up day and night: the passing time is like this river! Day and night. 7. Doctors take credit for being good at curing diseases: Doctors like to treat people who are not sick, and take credit for curing "diseases".

Volume 2 8. The land here is flat and open, the houses are neatly arranged, and there are fertile fields, beautiful ponds, mulberry trees, and bamboos: The land here is flat and open, the houses are neatly arranged, there are fertile fields, beautiful ponds, and mulberry trees and bamboos. kind. 9. Yellow hair hangs down, and one is contented: both the old and the children are very happy and free.

10. Winter and summer change seasons, and they only go back and forth once. 11. The moss mark is green on the steps, and the grass color is green when it enters the curtain: The moss is green and grows on the steps, and the grass color is green and green, and it is reflected in the curtain.

12. No strings and bamboos to disturb the ears, no documents to disturb the ears: no noisy music to disturb the ears, no official documents to tire the body and mind. 13. I only love the lotus, which grows out of the mud but is not polluted, and washes the clear ripples without being evil: I only love the lotus. It grows out of the mud but is not polluted, and has been washed in clear water but does not appear charming.

14. Oops! The love of chrysanthemum is rarely heard of after Tao. Who can share the love of the lotus? The love of peony is suitable for everyone: Alas! Tao Yuanming rarely heard of his hobby of chrysanthemums.

Who else is interested in lotuses like me? Of course, there are many people who are interested in peonies. Volume 3 15. In the seven hundred miles from the Three Gorges, there are mountains on both sides of the river, with no gaps at all; there are many mountains and mountains, hiding the sky and hiding the sun.

There is no Xi Yue in Zifeiting at midnight: In the seven hundred miles of the Three Gorges, the mountains on both sides are connected to the mountains without any interruption; the numerous cliffs and layers of cliffs are enough to block the sky. If it is not noon and midnight, the sun and moon cannot be seen.

16. Even if you ride on the wind, you will not be so fast: Even if you ride on a fast horse and ride on the wind, it will not be so fast. 17. The courtyard is as clear as a pool of water, with algae and water plants criss-crossing it, covered with bamboo and cypress shadows: The ground in the courtyard is full of moonlight, as clear and transparent as water, with algae, water plants and other water plants crisscrossing it. It turns out that it is bamboo. and shadows of cypress trees.

18. Be quiet and talk little, and do not seek glory and gain. He likes to read and does not seek deep understanding: he likes to be quiet, rarely talks, and does not envy wealth and wealth.

I like reading and don’t get into trouble. 19. If you drink too much, you will be drunk soon.

After getting drunk, he never hesitated to stay or stay: when relatives and friends entertained guests, Mr. Wuliu would drink without ceremony, and he would not stop until he was drunk. He would leave after getting drunk, and he would not be polite to others. 20. The ring is blocked and cannot block the wind and sun; the short brown clothes are worn in knots, and the bamboo basket is often empty, Yan Ruye: the simple living room is deserted, and cannot block the wind and sunshine: there are many patches on the coarse cloth jacket, and the rice The baskets and ladles were often empty, but he was at ease! 21. Don’t worry about poverty and low status, and don’t be obsessed with wealth and honor: Don’t worry and grieve over poverty and low status, and don’t pursue wealth in a hurry.

Book 4 22. There is an insult in the north, and I would like to borrow my son to kill him: There is someone in the north who bullies me, and I want to use your power to kill him.

23. The one in the middle with a tall hat and many beards is Dongpo; the one in the middle with a tall hat and many beards is Su Dongpo.

24. How can a sparrow know the swan’s ambition? 25. Are princes, generals, and prime ministers naturally of noble race? 26. There is Bole in the world, and then there is a thousand-mile horse. A thousand-mile horse often exists, but a bole does not always exist.

Therefore, even though there is a thousand-mile horse, it was just grown and died in a stall and was not called a thousand-mile horse. There was Bole in the world, and then there was a thousand-mile horse. A thousand-mile horse often appears, but Bole does not always appear.

Therefore, even if there is a famous horse, it will only be humiliated in the hands of the servant groom and die in the stable with the ordinary horses. It will not be famous for traveling thousands of miles a day. 27. A horse that can travel a thousand miles can eat all the millet or a stone in one meal. Those who eat the horse do not know that it can eat a thousand miles.

Although this horse is capable of running a thousand-mile, it is not full of food, lacks strength, and its talent is not visible. Moreover, if you want to be like an ordinary horse, you cannot get it. How can you expect it to be able to run a thousand-mile? : A horse that travels a thousand miles in a day can sometimes eat a stone of food after one meal. The person who feeds the horse does not know that it can run a thousand miles in a day without feeding it.

Therefore, although such a horse has the ability to travel thousands of miles a day, it does not have enough food and strength, and its talents and advantages cannot be expressed externally. If you want to be able to do the same as an ordinary horse, how can you expect it to be able to travel thousands of miles a day? 28. If you don’t drive your horse according to the right way, if you eat it but you can’t use it to its full potential, if you sing but you can’t understand its meaning, then you come to it and say, “There is no horse in the world!” Whoops, is there really no horse? In fact, you really don’t know anything about horses: you don’t use the correct method to control it, and you don’t feed it to give full play to its talents. When a thousand-mile horse neighs, you don’t understand what it means. You just stand in front of it, holding the whip, and say: "There is no thousand-mile horse in the world." ! "Alas, is there really no thousand-mile horse? I’m afraid I really don’t know Chollima! Book Five 29. I thought that all the mountains in this state with strange shapes were owned by me, but I didn’t realize the strangeness of the Western Mountains: I thought that all the mountains in this state with strange shapes were owned and appreciated by me, but I didn’t realize it. Know how weird and unique Xishan is.

30. The leisurely and splendid spirit never reaches its end; the vast ocean seems to swim with the Creator but does not know its end; the mind and spirit are endlessly integrated with the atmosphere between heaven and earth, and no one knows them. The boundaries; boundless, playing with nature, not knowing their end. 31. The mind is condensed and the form is released, and merges with all things: the mind is condensed, the body is dissipated, and it is secretly integrated with all things.

32. The drunkard’s interest is not in wine, but in the mountains and rivers. The joy of mountains and rivers lies in the wine contained in the heart: the drunken man's interest lies not in drinking, but in the mountains and rivers.

Appreciate the joy of landscape, understand it in your heart, and put it on wine. 33. Ande Guangsha Qian.