1 Confucius said, "It's better to study from time to time, isn't it? Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? Ignorance and dissatisfaction are not gentlemen? " ( 1. 1)
1.2 A Confucius said: "He is also a filial brother, but few people are prone to make mistakes; It's not easy to make mistakes, but it's not easy to make mistakes. Gentleman's business is based on inheritance and Taoism. Filial piety is also the foundation of benevolence! " ( 1.2)
1.3 Confucius said: "Clever words make the color, fresh and kind!" ( 1.3)
1.4 Ceng Zi said, "I save myself three times a day-are you unfaithful to others?" Don't believe in making friends? Can't you learn? " ( 1.4)
1.5 Confucius said: "One country is a thousand times, respecting things and believing, saving and loving others, making people timely." ( 1.5)
1.6 Confucius said, "Disciple, if you enter, you will be filial, if you leave, you will be sincere, if you believe, you will always love others and be kind. I have spare capacity to study literature. " ( 1.6)
1.7 Xia Zi said, "The sage changes color; Parents can do their best; As a gentleman, you can pass through him; Make friends and keep your word. Although I have not studied, I will call it learning. " ( 1.7)
1.8 Confucius said: "A gentleman who is not heavy is not arrogant; Learning is not solid. Lord is faithful. A man without friends is worse than himself. Don't change it after it. " ( 1.8)
1.9 Ceng Zi said: "Be cautious in the end, pursue the distance, and the people's morality will return to the thick." ( 1.9)
1.65438+ suppress it? Zi Gong said, "Master is gentle, courteous and frugal. What does the owner want and what do others want? " ( 1. 10)
1. 1 1 Confucius said: "The father is there, so watch his will; Father didn't, observe his actions; It is filial piety not to change the way of the father for three years. " ( 1. 1 1)
1. 12 A Confucius said, "Harmony is the most important thing, and ceremony is the most important thing. Wang Zhidao is the first, Sri Lanka is beautiful; Small and big. If you can't do it, then knowing and combining is not feasible. Don't mention it. " ( 1. 12)
1. 13 A Confucius said: "the letter is close to the meaning, and the words can be answered. Politeness is closer to politeness than shame. Because you don't lose your loved ones, you can still live in it. " ( 1. 13)
1. 14 Confucius said: "A gentleman is not satisfied with food, is prepared for danger in times of peace, is sensitive to things but cautious about words, and is upright and studious." ( 1. 14)
1. 15 Zigong said, "poor without flattery, rich without arrogance?" Confucius said, "Yes; If you are not poor, you will be happy, and those who are rich and courteous will also be. "
Zi Gong said, "What does the poem say,' If it is incisive, if it is polished'?" Confucius said, "If you give me a gift, you can tell me that the Book of Songs is over." ( 1. 15)
1. 16 Confucius said, "If you don't suffer from people, you don't know people." ( 1. 16)
To annotate ...
(1): Zeng Zi was born in 505 BC, and his surname was Zeng (pronounced shēn). He was born in the state of Lu, and he is a descendant of the nobles in the mountain country who were destroyed by the state of Lu. Zeng Shen is a proud pupil of Confucius and is famous for his dutiful son. It is said that he wrote the Book of Filial Piety.
(2) Three provinces: province, inspection xǐng inspection. There are several explanations in the three provinces: first, three inspections; The second is to check from three aspects; The third is to check many times. In fact, in ancient times, adding numbers before verbs with actions meant that there were many actions, which did not have to be recognized as three times.
(3) loyalty: the old note said: loyalty. We should do our best here.
(4) letter: the old note says: the believer is sincere. Believe in honesty. People are required to keep faith with each other according to etiquette rules to adjust the relationship between people.
(5) Pass on without learning: Pass on, and the old note says, "Master Pass on. The teacher taught himself Learning, like the word "learning while learning", refers to review, practice, exercise and so on.
translate
Ceng Zi said, "I have to reflect on myself many times every day. Do I try my best to do things for others? Is it honest and trustworthy to associate with friends? Have you reviewed what the teacher taught you? "
Comment and analysis
Confucianism attaches great importance to personal moral cultivation in order to shape ideal personality. Introspection mentioned in this chapter is the basic method of self-cultivation.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, social changes were very drastic, which was reflected in the field of consciousness, that is, people's thoughts and beliefs began to shake, and traditional ideas seemed to be in crisis in people's minds. Therefore, Zeng Shen put forward the cultivation method of "introspection and internal pursuit", and constantly checked his words and deeds to make himself a perfect ideal personality. The Analects of Confucius talked about introspection many times, asking Confucius disciples to consciously reflect on themselves, make self-criticism, strengthen personal ideological cultivation and moral cultivation, and correct all kinds of mistakes in personal words and deeds. This introspective way of moral cultivation is still worth learning today, because it especially emphasizes the consciousness of self-cultivation.
In this chapter, Ceng Zi also put forward the categories of "loyalty" and "faithfulness". Loyalty is characterized by a word "do your best", do your best until death do us part. As later Confucianism said, "Do your best to serve the country with loyalty". "Infidelity for others refers to all people, not to the monarch. It means helping everyone, including the monarch. Therefore, "loyalty" was a universal moral category in the pre-Qin period, which was not only used in the relationship between monarch and minister. As for the word "loyalty" gradually evolved into "loyalty to the monarch" after the Han Dynasty, which is not only related to the loyalty of Confucianism, but also has important differences. "Trust" has two meanings, one is trust and the other is credit. Its content is honesty, which is used to deal with the relationship between superiors and subordinates and friends. Letters are especially related to speech, which means telling the truth and keeping promises. This is the cornerstone of a person's life.