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Galen was born in an architect's family near the Aegean Sea in Asia Minor. He was interested in agriculture, architecture, astronomy, astrology and philosophy, but later he concentrated on medicine. In his early years, he studied with local Plato scholars, and at the age of seventeen, he studied medical knowledge with a doctor who was proficient in anatomy. In ancient Rome, medicine was regarded as a reality.
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With science, it is relatively valued. At the age of 20, he became an assistant priest in the local Asclepius Temple. 148 or 149 After his father died, he went out to study. He studied in today's Izmir, Corinth and Alexandria for twelve years. /kloc-in 0/57, he returned to Pegamo and worked as a doctor in a local gladiator school for three or four years. During this period, he gained experience in treating trauma and trauma. Later, he called this kind of injury "a window of the body"
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From 162, he lived in Rome and began to write, teach and publicly show his anatomical knowledge. He won a reputation as an experienced doctor and many patients. Later, he even became the court doctor of the Roman emperor Malcus Aurelius. It is said that he mainly spoke Greek, which was more famous than Latin in the medical field at that time. From 166 to 169, he briefly returned to his hometown of Pegamo.
Palace doctor
Galen has been staying in the court since then as a doctor and writing. He performed vivisection on many animals to study the function of kidneys and spine. His favorite animal is the Gibraltarian ape. It is said that he has 20 dictators to record his words. A fire at 19 1 destroyed some of his works. The year of his death is not clear. According to 10 century, a book should be 200 years old, but some people think that it died in 2 16.
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Achievements and influence
The world was carefully built by a creator.
Galen passed on Hippocrates' medical theory to the Renaissance. His Hippocratic Elements describes a philosophical system based on the theory of four elements and four qi. Starting from this theory, he developed his own theory. He basically didn't say a word about Celso's objection written in Latin. Galen's theory is consistent with Plato's. He believes that the world was deliberately built by a creator-that's why his works were later so easily accepted by Christians and Muslims. Galen thinks that a good doctor should also be a philosopher, but his philosophy is eclectic. He accepted Aristotle's view that everything in nature has a purpose, and that human structures, such as muscles and bones in the hands, perform pre-arranged functions.
The most basic theory
Galen's most basic theory is that life comes from "Qi", and later writers combined Galen's Qi and soul. The "essence" in the brain determines movement, perception and feeling. The essence of the heart controls the blood and body temperature in the body. Liver qi controls nutrition and metabolism.
The most successful research
His successful research was anatomy, which was strictly forbidden during Roman rule. Therefore, Galen can only carry out animal anatomy experiments. He made many new discoveries in anatomy, physiology, pathology and medicine through experiments on living animals such as pigs, goats, monkeys and apes. He investigated the function of the heart, studied the brain and spinal cord, and realized that nerves originated from the spinal cord. Recognize that the human body has digestive system, respiratory system and nervous system. He saw that the body structure of monkeys and apes was very similar to that of humans, so he applied the knowledge gained in animal experiments to the human body and made a detailed observation of bones and muscles. He also made a more in-depth study on the medicinal value of plants, animals and minerals. In his pharmaceutical works, 540 kinds of plant drugs, 0/80 kinds of animal drugs and 0/00 kinds of mineral drugs are recorded, which is also outstanding in drug research.
The most important achievement
Galen's most important achievement is to establish the theory of blood movement and develop the three theories of soul. In the late 5th century BC, the Pythagorean school believed that the human body has three kinds of souls, namely, (1) the growing soul, which exists in all human beings, animals and plants, and is located at the navel of the human body; (2) Animal soul, which is possessed by both humans and animals, is located in the heart and is in charge of sensation and movement; (3) Rational spiritual soul, which only talents possess, is located in the brain and is in charge of wisdom. Aristotle called these three kinds of souls reproductive soul, sensory soul and rational soul respectively. Plants only have reproductive souls, animals have the first two kinds of souls, and only people have three kinds of souls. Galen creatively combined these three souls with the knowledge of human anatomy and physiology, and put forward the so-called "natural aura", "life aura" and "animal aura". He believes that these three kinds of reiki are located in the digestive system, respiratory system and nervous system of the human body. They all originated from a central halo called "Newhorse". This "Newhorse" exists in the air, and the human body breathes in the "Newhorse" to get activities.
Galen believes that the liver is the source of life of organisms. It is the center of blood activity. Digested nutrients are sent from the intestine to the liver, where chylous nutrients become dark venous blood with natural aura. Blood with natural aura starts from the liver and distributes all over the body along the venous system. It transports nutrients to all parts of the body and is absorbed accordingly. The liver constantly produces blood, which is constantly sent to all parts of the body and absorbed without circular movement. Galen believes that the right side of the heart is the main branch of the venous system. Part of the blood that comes out of the liver and enters the right side of the heart (right ventricle) enters the lungs from the right ventricle and then transfers from the lungs to the left ventricle. Others Galen thought it was possible to enter the left ventricle through the so-called septum. The blood that flows through the lungs and enters the left ventricle removes waste gas and wastes and gains the aura of life, thus becoming arterial blood with bright red color. Arterial blood with life aura is distributed throughout the body through the arterial system, enabling people to feel and carry out various activities. Part of arterial blood enters the brain through the artery, where it gets the aura of animals and is distributed throughout the body through the nervous system. Galen believes that blood in both veins and arteries moves in a one-way straight line, and it moves in one direction like the tide, rather than circulating.
Important contribution
Galen has made great contributions to descriptive biology. His systematic description of various anatomical structures of human body and his systematic discussion of blood movement combined with anatomical structures have had a great influence in the history of biology. Before Harvey established the theory of blood injection circulation, his theory of blood movement was always believed by western scholars. However, there are also many mistakes in Galen's exposition. For example, he said that there are small holes in the diaphragm of the heart, through which blood can go back and forth to the left and right sides of the heart. This is purely his guess, but it doesn't exist. Many of Galen's anatomy and physiology are based on wrong conclusions. Later, it was discovered that Galen made some mistakes because he dissected animals, mainly dogs, not people. His physical description is often divorced from reality and succumbed to the needs of religious theology. Later, people fought hard to eliminate his erroneous influence on anatomy and physiology.
Galen put forward the concept of temperament, which replaced the personality in Hippocrates' theory of body fluid and formed four temperament theories, which have been in use ever since.
Until16th century, Galen was the medical authority in Europe. Scholars don't observe physical objects and think that Galen has described everything that can be described. Bloodletting therapy has become a basic therapy. Vesaliua was the first person to seriously change this situation.