Punctuation is divided into two parts: label and dot.

Point: indicates various pauses in language, including

. (period)? (question mark)! (exclamation point), (pause)

, (comma); (semicolon): (colon)

Label: indicates the nature and function of a word or sentence, including

(quotation marks) () (parentheses)-(dash)

..... (ellipsis) "(title)-(hyphen)

. (interval number) x (taboo number) ~ ~ (sound signal)

Mouth (number of vacancies)

Second, the writing rules of punctuation marks:

The dot and interval in the label each occupy a word position, and the quotation mark, bracket and title each occupy a word position. When writing, the top box can generally write front quotation marks, brackets, book titles and dashes, but the front quotation marks, brackets and book titles cannot be written at the end of a line. Other punctuation marks generally cannot be written in the top box. After quotation marks, brackets and book titles can be at the end of the line, but not at the beginning of the line.

Ellipsis and dash are placed in the middle of the cell, occupying two cells. They can appear at the beginning or end of a line, but they cannot be used alone. When connecting hanyu pinyin, the connection number occupies half a word position, while when the transportation departments such as railways and highways indicate the starting and ending points of the operation, it occupies two words.

Third, the key points and difficulties in the use of punctuation

1, pause, comma and semicolon are all used in the middle of a sentence.

Pause, which means pause between coordinate words;

Comma, indicating a pause in the middle of a sentence;

Semicolons indicate pauses between coordinate clauses.

Slight pause mark

If there are "and", "and", "and" or "between coordinate words, there is no need to use pause. Draw with pencils, meters and compasses.

B There are also juxtaposition words, with commas for big juxtaposition and pauses for small juxtaposition.

The explosion of atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb, and the launch and recovery of satellites mark that the development of science and technology in China has reached a new level. C coordinate phrases are predicates and complements, and commas are used instead of pauses between coordinate words.

Our party is great, glorious and correct. We should keep learning, making progress and improving.

His story is true and touching.

D Some words are tied together, and there is no pause or small pause in reading, no ambiguity, no pause.

It doesn't matter Party and government cadres in industrial and agricultural production

E uses adjacent numbers to represent approximate numbers, and there is no pause between numbers.

He looks seventeen or eighteen. There are five or six hundred students in this primary school. I walked three or four miles.

comma

A is used after the subject to emphasize the subject.

I can't bear to see that terrible sight; Gossip, especially when it reaches my ears.

B is used after the head word in the predicate part (the object is a long sentence)

We are glad to see that the implementation of quality education has achieved good educational results.

I remember when she was a little girl who was not sensible.

(To highlight an object, change the comma to a colon. Revolutionary practice has proved that great achievements have been made in cultural and educational work in the decades after liberation. )

C is used to separate components that are not in the standard.

In a blink of an eye, four piles of firewood on the top of the mountain are ready. (adverbial at the beginning of a sentence)

Students, come in! (verb inversion)

Encouragement, wind! Roar, ray! (verb inversion)

Around the lotus pond, there are many trees and lush. (attributive postposition)

I bought a wool coat, imported. (attributive postposition)

Use commas after independent languages or addresses.

Look, the maple leaf over there is red. Friend, have you ever been to Tianshan Mountain?

E is used after conjunctions, appositives and brackets.

He hasn't worked hard yet, but he has made great progress compared with before.

Lao Wang, our group leader won the prize yesterday.

What is it? To be more exact, it's an important event related to your future and destiny.

semicolon

Semicolons are sometimes used in multiple compound sentences with non-coordinate relations.

China citizens, regardless of nationality, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief, education level, property status and length of residence, have the right to vote and stand for election; Except those who are deprived of political rights according to law. (turning relationship)

B Sentence parallelism requires momentum, and commas are generally used instead of semicolons.

Treat comrades as warm as spring, work as hot as summer, individuals as autumn wind sweeps away leaves, and enemies as cruel as winter.

C. If there are commas in the clause, separate them with semicolons; If there are no commas between clauses, only commas are used to separate clauses, and semicolons are not necessary.

Xiaojun was admitted to Lanzhou University and Xiaoling was admitted to Shaanxi Normal University.

Doing it depends on guidance; Think, do and practice.

2. Colons and dashes

Look at two examples:

Today's party has the following programs: solo, dance, duet and cross talk.

China's four great inventions-gunpowder, printing, compass and papermaking have made great contributions to the development of world history.

The statement of the total score relationship in Table A is the sub-statement of the total score:

General manager Lisa's annotation says-

B content: the total score relationship is displayed, and the clause cannot be deleted.

-the notes on the desk can be deleted, and the meaning of the sentence is still complete.

C key: long pause

-Short pause or no pause.

Attention should be paid to the use of colons:

(1) No big pause, no colon. For example:

Today's meeting is to discuss: how to improve learning efficiency.

(Wrong use of colon, no colon)

(2) The colon is usually at the end of the sentence.

Example of error:

Excellent films such as Storm, Song of Youth and Lin Zexu will also be shown in major cities. (The colon only goes to the content before "wait". )

(3) The word predicate dominates the long object. In order to emphasize the object, there is no period after the predicate and a colon is used. For example:

Practice has proved that people are the real creators of history.

(4) If it is an indirect speech after "say" and "ask", don't use a colon.

(4) a colon can sum up the above.

Think and do. Doing it depends on guidance; Thinking and practice: Thinking and practice are closely linked.

It was not until ten days later that I realized that her family had a strict mother-in-law. A brother-in-law, a teenager, can get firewood; She lost her husband in the spring; He used to chop wood for a living, ten years younger than her: it is known to all.

dash

Indicates that the following words are explanatory or supplementary; It means that the following words are turning, progressing and changing the subject; It means to interrupt, prolong, etc. Change the speaker.

3. Exclamation mark and ellipsis

If some components are inverted, the exclamation point should be placed at the end of the sentence. For example:

Sing, young friends! Please put away your tears, respectable people!

There is generally no dot after the ellipsis.

The ellipsis means "wait" and "wait", and there is no need to use "wait" after the ellipsis.

"Wait", with "wait" and "wait", ellipsis is not needed.

4. Question mark

A, whether to use a question mark does not depend on whether there are words expressing doubt in the sentence. The key depends on whether the sentence is interrogative or rhetorical. Although there are interrogative words in some sentences, they don't ask questions, ask for answers or ask questions, but state a situation. Such a sentence is a declarative sentence with no question mark at the end. For example:

I'm fine, but I don't know what people think.

I really don't know which unit recruited Xiao Zhang.

He asked the old man's daughter what she did and where she lived.

Therefore, we should not only look at whether there is any doubt in one sentence, but also analyze the whole sentence structure to see if the whole sentence is asking questions. Another example is:

We should investigate what the reason is.

I have inquired when to sign up and when to leave.

Choose to use a comma in the middle of the question and a question mark at the end of the sentence.

Do you treat your classmates like this to help him or harm him?

Are you going to the activity, or shall I?

Sometimes in order to emphasize the independence of each option, you can also add a question mark after each option, such as:

Is it standing in front of them and leading them? Or stand behind them and talk about them? Or stand on their opposite side and oppose them?

C inverted sentence, with comma in the middle and question mark at the end of the sentence.

What's the matter, class?

D some imperative sentences express euphemistic tone, and you can also use a question mark at the end of the sentence.

Would you please step aside? Can you come here for a second?

E rhetorical questions are used together with a question mark in the middle.

Don't you think our soldiers are cute? Aren't you proud that our motherland has such a hero?

5, quotation marks

A the part quoted in the quotation sheet. Note: "Say" in the middle of what you say, there are two situations, as shown in the following example:

"Never mind," he explained. "I'm going anyway."

"Aunt," he whispered, "let's hurry!"

The first two sentences are not complete, with commas in the middle. )

"I ... I ... when have I ever lied to you?" He suddenly asked me, so I casually asked, "Are you sure you have someone?"

"Refused to come with me? Afraid I'll give you cancer? Go pack your bags and take off in two hours. " The general said solemnly, "I'll wait for you!" " "

(These two sentences are complete sentences with a colon in the middle. )

B when there is a quotation in the quotation, double quotation marks shall be used for the outer layer and double quotation marks for the inner layer. If there is a reference in quotation marks, use double quotation marks and so on. Example:

Aunt then explained: "When beans and sweet potatoes are harvested, badgers are fat, fragrant and oily. As the saying goes,' eight pounds of badger meat and seven pounds of oil'. "

6. Punctuation after quotation

The position of punctuation after quotation depends on the position of the quoted part in the text.

Quote the original text directly, the quoted part becomes a sentence independently with complete meaning, and the point at the end of the sentence is put in quotation marks. For example, I think of a poem by Jia Dao in the Tang Dynasty: "But through all these clouds, how can I know which corner of the mountain it is facing?" ."

Quote, that is, quote as part of your own words.

If the quotation marks end just when the sentence stops, the period is outside the quotation marks. Exodus 1: He said "Never mind" and packed his things. Example 2: When writing an article, you should "see the strangeness in the plain, see the risks in the plain, and see the color in the plain".

If the quotation marks end and the sentence does not pause, use quotation marks instead of dots. For example, there is a famous saying that has been circulating for more than two thousand years, "All bets are off, but modest gains".

B If you only say what others say and don't quote it as it is, you don't need quotation marks.

C there is also a set of quotations in the quotation, and the position of the dot is inferred according to this law.

D the source should be indicated after citation.

If the original text is quoted directly and the meaning is complete, the quotation should be marked with (), that is, "."().

In quotation marks, if there is a dot outside quotation marks, then (),

If there is no dot outside the quotation marks, "("

For example, China writers of past dynasties took "meaning is more than enough" as the criterion for writing articles, and strived for "no words in every sentence, no long articles" (Jiang Kui's Poems on Baishi).

7. Punctuation marks of explanatory text

The content in brackets is a part of the content in the annotation sentence, which is called brackets. Parentheses follow the annotated object immediately. If there are punctuation marks in the annotation language, the punctuation marks in the sentence will be used as usual, and the punctuation marks at the end of the sentence will be omitted except the exclamation point and question mark. The discovery of Chinese ape-man in China is a great contribution to paleoanthropology.

The content in brackets is the annotation of the whole sentence, which is called extra-sentence brackets. Parentheses should be placed after the point at the end of the whole sentence. If there are punctuation marks in the notes, use them as usual. Exodus He cultivated many fragrant flowers and fed and trained many small animals. He later took care of a sick tiger in the zoo and fed it spoonfuls of milk every day. )