Wang (1768- 1797), a female mathematician, is from Jiangning. She is the daughter of Wang Xichen, a scholar in Qing Dynasty. She wrote one volume, one volume, one volume, four volumes, five volumes, five volumes.
As can be seen from her works, she is a female mathematician engaged in astronomical and computational research. Calculation, also known as financing, strategy, strategy, etc. , sometimes an operator, is a rod-shaped calculation tool. Generally, a group of small sticks with the same length and thickness are made of bamboo or wood, as well as metal, jade, bone and other materials. When not in use, they are put in a special bag or operating cylinder, and placed on a special board, felt or directly on the table. The method of calculation with "calculation" is called "calculation", and the introduction of calculation into Japan is called "arithmetic". Calculation and preparation originated very early in China. There is a saying in Laozi that "those who are good at counting don't need to count". Now the earliest record is Sun Tzu's calculation, which was gradually replaced by abacus in the Ming Dynasty.
/kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, the British mathematician Napier invented a calculation method, which was introduced to China in the late Ming Dynasty, also known as "calculation". Mei Wending and Dai Zhen, famous mathematicians in Qing Dynasty, studied this. Dai Zhen called it "strategic calculation". Wang also devoted himself to studying this calculation method introduced to China from the west, and wrote three volumes to introduce the western calculation method to Chinese people. In her book, she supplemented and explained the western calculation methods to make them simple and clear. Napier's multiplication and division method introduced by Wang was easier for readers to understand at that time, but it was more complicated than China's multiplication and division method at that time. Therefore, mathematicians have been using China's calculation method instead of Western calculation. Today's readers regard the calculation methods, multiplication and division at home and abroad as antiques, and adopt the four written operations imported from abroad. This kind of written calculation began to be used in 1903, so the history of China's integration with the world is only 100.
Gao, the predecessor of the Mathematical Society.
Gao (1906- 1978), a native of Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, studied hard since childhood and especially liked mathematics.
After graduating from high school, he was admitted to the Mathematics Department of Peking University. Because of his excellent academic performance, he applied to Shanghai Datong University as a math teacher after graduating from 1930 University, and later became a professor and head of the Department of Mathematics. In classroom teaching, she follows the words in the Book of Learning: "A good singer makes people follow his voice, and a good teacher makes people follow his will." Therefore, high school mathematics teaching has always been serious and pragmatic, which is very popular with students.
He has been engaged in the teaching and research of mathematical analysis (formerly known as advanced calculus), advanced algebra and complex variable functions for a long time. She knows that advanced mathematics is more abstract than elementary mathematics, and laymen often regard it as a kingdom ruled by cold definitions, theorems and laws. Therefore, Professor Gao often tells students that the mathematical structure is rigorous and the proof is concise, which contains the beauty of mathematics. It's like a maze. As long as you study hard, you can find the right way out of the maze. Once you get out of the maze smoothly, the thrill of success will make you excited, and you will challenge a new and more complicated maze. This is the charm of mathematics.
She worked in Shanghai Datong University for less than five years, and her potential scientific research talent was quickly awakened. After studying the textbook assiduously and combining with the teaching practice, she wrote a paper "Clebsch Series Right and Wrong", which was serialized in Science Communication 1935 edited by Jiaotong University and was well received by her peers. After liberation, she wrote many popular science books, such as "On Limit and Determinant".
Gao was one of the few female predecessors when chinese mathematical society was founded. On July 25th, 1935, chinese mathematical society held an inaugural meeting in the library of Shanghai Jiaotong University. There were 33 people present, Gao being one of them. At this annual meeting, she was elected as a member of the chinese mathematical society Council and was re-elected for the second and third terms. 1951August, chinese mathematical society held its first national congress in Peking University, which was well attended. She is the only female representative among the 63 delegates at this meeting. In 1960s, she was elected as the vice president of Jiangsu Mathematics Society.
Xu Ruiyun, the first female doctor in mathematics.
Xu Ruiyun, 19 15 was born in Shanghai, and 1927 was admitted to Shanghai famous public girls' middle school in February. Xu Ruiyun liked mathematics since he was a child, but he was more interested in mathematics when he was in middle school. So, 1932 entered the mathematics department of Zhejiang University after graduating from high school in September. At that time, the professors in the Department of Mathematics of Zhejiang University were Zhu, Qian Baoyu, Chen and Su. Besides, there are several lecturers and teaching assistants. The courses in the Department of Mathematics are mainly taught by Chen and Su. There were few students in the department of mathematics at that time. There were five students in two classes in the last session, and this time she was only a dozen.
At that time, Su was only 30 years old and looked very young, so some of Xu Ruiyun's classmates thought Su was a teaching assistant, but after listening to a class, they couldn't help exclaiming, "I didn't expect the teaching assistant to speak so well." This incident caused laughter in the industry. Under the guidance of Chen and Su, Xu Ruiyun studied hard, listened carefully and took notes carefully, and his exam scores were often full marks. 1In July, 936, Xu Ruiyun graduated with honors and stayed in the Mathematics Department of Zhejiang University as a teaching assistant. 1937 in February, 26-year-old Xu Ruiyun married 28-year-old biology assistant Jiang. After three months of marriage, Mr. and Mrs. Xu Ruiyun won a scholarship from humbert to study in Germany, and both of them went abroad by boat to study for a doctorate in Germany.
Xu Ruiyun was lucky enough to be admitted by Karakai Wu Li Du, a famous German mathematician, as her doctoral supervisor in mathematics. At that time, many students wanted to ask him to be a tutor, but he didn't agree. Xu Ruiyun, an oriental lady, became a closed disciple of Wu in Karakai because of her diligent study and solid math skills. Xu Ruiyun mainly studies the theory of trigonometric series. This subject originated from the main part of Fourier analysis of heat conduction in physics, which was one of the hot spots in international research at that time, but it was still blank in China.
In order to catch up with the advanced world level in analysis and function theory in the future, Xu Ruiyun forgot to eat and sleep, studied extensively, and spent most of his time in the library. 1940 At the end of the year, Xu Ruiyun received her doctorate, becoming the first female doctor of mathematics in the history of China. Her doctoral thesis "Fourier expansion of singular functions in Lebesgue decomposition" was published in German Mathematical Times 194 1.
After completing their studies, Mr. and Mrs. Xu Ruiyun left Germany to return to their alma mater in April 194 1. Both of them were hired as associate professors and formally boarded the platform for training talents in the war-torn rear area. Under difficult conditions, Chen and Su did not interrupt the two mathematics discussion courses of function theory and differential geometry founded by * * in Hangzhou. This is a form of scientific research in which Yan Ying is chosen to learn from each other's strong points, and Xu Ruiyun is also involved. In June1944165438+10, Joseph Needham, head of the British scientific delegation to China, visited the Department of Mathematics and the School of Science of Zhejiang University and repeatedly praised: "You are the Cambridge of the East!" This encouraged Xu Ruiyun to work hard. Cao Xihua, Ye, Jin Fulin, Zhao Minyi, Yang Zongdao and other students she taught at this time later became outstanding mathematicians and mathematicians. 1946, Xu Ruiyun was promoted to full professor at the age of 3/kloc-0.
From 65438 to 0952, Xu Ruiyun was transferred to Zhejiang Normal University and was appointed as the head of the Department of Mathematics. Since then, he has devoted himself to the hard work of establishing the Department of Mathematics. Under her leadership, within a few years, the department of mathematics has begun to take shape and the teaching quality has been continuously improved. About one-third of the first batch of undergraduate graduates passed the postgraduate examination. Their department has also become a model of the national counterparts and entered the forefront of the national counterparts. Xu Ruiyun didn't forget scientific research when he was building the department of mathematics. She translated Natsume Soseki's masterpiece The Theory of Real Variable Functions. The translation was published by Higher Education Press 1955.
Hu, the first female mathematics academician in China.
Hu was born in an artistic family in Nanjing. His grandfather and father are painters. She was exposed from an early age, smart and studious, and had a strong sense of painting and music. Grandpa and Dad especially liked her. In primary school and middle school, she was not partial to subjects, and she was excellent in arts and sciences, which helped her to engage in mathematics later.
Although Hu has a wide range of hobbies, her ideal is not to be a painter, but to be admitted to a university for further study. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Hu was admitted to the Mathematics Department of this school, graduated from 1950, and applied for a master's degree from Professor Su, a famous mathematician of Zhejiang University and founder of differential geometry in China. 1952 faculty adjustment, Professor Su and her were transferred to Fudan University in Shanghai. Fudan is the birthplace of China's school of differential geometry, headed by Su, with talented people. Coupled with the encouragement and guidance of the older generation of mathematicians, as well as mutual encouragement and competition of peers, Ran Ran, a new star, Ran Ran, rose.
Hu has been engaged in the research of differential geometry for a long time and has made systematic, in-depth and creative achievements in the field of differential geometry. For example, for the deformation theory of hypersurfaces and the characteristics of constant curvature spaces, she developed and perfected the work of French differential geometry master Catan and others. In 1960- 1965, she studied the problem of homogeneous Riemannian space motion groups, gave a universal and effective method to determine the motion gap of Riemannian space, and solved the problem raised by Italian mathematician Fabini 60 years ago. She compiled this achievement into a book "Differential Geometry of Homogeneous Space" co-authored with her husband Gu Chaohao, which was praised by her peers. In her early years, she published the extension of the affine connection of * * yoke (1953), On a Feature of Projective Flat Space (1958) and On Motion Groups and Target Groups of Riemannian Space (1964) in the Journal of Mathematics, one of the highest academic journals in China. So far, she has published more than 70 papers and monographs. She has made great achievements in the research of projective differential geometry, complete motion group of Riemannian space, gauge field and so on, and has become a female mathematician with considerable influence and popularity in the world. Some of her achievements are at the international leading or advanced level. For example, in the research of harmonic mapping, her monograph "Soliton Theory and Application" develops the achievements of "Soliton Theory and Geometry Theory" and is in a leading position in the world.
1982 Hu and his collaborators won the third prize of national natural science; 1984, deputy editor-in-chief of Journal of Mathematics and vice chairman of Chinese Mathematical Society; 1989 was hired as the judge of "Chen Shengshen Mathematics Award" in China mathematics field; 1992 was elected as a member of the Department of Mathematical Physics of China Academy of Sciences (1994 was renamed as an academician). So far, Hu is the only mathematician elected as an academician.
Chinese American Zhang.
Zhang, male, 1948, from Shaanxi. Shortly after his birth, he went to live in Taiwan Province Province with his parents. She was smart since childhood, loved reading and had a soft spot for mathematics. After graduating from high school, Zhang was admitted to the Department of Mathematics of a famous university in Taiwan Province Province, and obtained a bachelor's degree of 1970. She was not satisfied with this. She was admitted to the University of California with excellent results and studied for a doctorate in mathematics.
"Function" is the most basic and important concept in mathematics. A famous mathematician said that "the concept of function is the flower of modern mathematical thought". Its emergence and development essentially reflect the rapid development of modern mathematics, and it is also a supplement to the development of function theory and analytical mathematics. Zhang chose "function theory", one of the important frontier branches of modern mathematics, as his research object. Her tutor is an internationally renowned master of function theory, and she will work with experts in function theory to win the crown jewel of function theory.
1974 Zhang received his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley, and has been engaged in the research of function theory in the United States since then. She dabbled in the advanced fields of function theory, such as analytic function on complex plane, multiple complex variable function, analytic function approximation of bounded function and so on. 1976, 28-year-old Zhang wrote a paper on the characteristics of this kind of function through the study of Douglas function, paving the way for the famous mathematician Marshall to solve the famous Douglas conjecture in the second year. Zhang was a blockbuster at that time. 1977, he wrote another paper that amazed experts in function theory, proving that Marshall overcame an undiscovered problem in Douglas conjecture. She established herself in the field of function theory dominated by male mathematicians.
A man bought a chicken for 8 yuan, sold it for 9 yuan, and then thought it was not worthwhile. He bought it with 10 yuan, and bought another one with 1 1 yuan. How much did he earn?
1. At first there was only 8 yuan, and finally you had 1 1 yuan.
So it is to earn 3 yuan;
2. The first time the protagonist lost 8 pieces, and the second time he got a chicken; The hero got 9 pieces and lost a chicken.
; On the third sale, the hero lost 10 and got a chicken. On the fourth sale, the hero got 1 1 and lost a chicken.
So the total GDP (gross domestic product) is 8+9+10+1= 38 yuan +4 chickens.
There are three transactions in the whole event. Let's see which three deals are specific.
The first transaction: 8 yuan buys, 9 yuan sells, and gains 1 yuan;
The second transaction: 9 yuan sells, 10 yuan buys, and the profit is-1 yuan;
The third transaction: 10 yuan buys, 1 1 yuan sells for profit 1 yuan;
The whole process:1-1+1=1yuan.
So the analysis shows that this person is a fool, because the last two transactions are equal to nothing.
After testing, the enterprise thinks that:
Answering the profit of 2 yuan is definitely an interview loser;
It is even more stupid to answer 3 yuan, because if you don't know what the additional cost is, you will definitely fail;
If you answer 1 yuan, congratulations, it is not within the scope of fools;
As a result, 3 yuan could have made a direct profit, but after three transactions, the total profit became 1 yuan.
So the correct answer is: -2 yuan!
Answer -2 yuan, the interview was successful! ! !