1. Common sense about ancient culture in 2018

Common sense about ancient culture in 2018 1. What common sense about ancient culture is found in classical Chinese

Article source of common sense about culture in classical Chinese: Netizens Number of clicks provided: 441 Update time: 2008-7-6 16:14:29 1. Imperial Examination System Rural Examination----------Contemporary Examination-------------- -Hall examination candidates-----------Gongshi---------------Jinshi Jieyuan-----------Huiyuan--- ----------No. 1 (second place, third overall) 2. Geography 1. China: Kyushu, Huaxia, Sihai, Shenzhou 2. Five Mountains: Dongyue Taishan, Xiyue Huashan, Zhongyue Songshan, Beiyue Hengshan, Nanyue Hengshan 3. Yin and Yang: In ancient times, mountains to the south and water to the north were yang, and mountains to the north and water to the south were yin. 4. Nanjing: Jiankang, Jinling 5. Yangzhou: Guangling 6. Suzhou: Gusu 7. Chengdu: Jinguancheng 3. Official appointments and removals: Confer an official position; remove: remove the old position and take a new one; confer: confer an official position; promote: promote; move: transfer, generally refers to promotion; left move: demote and transfer; remove: remove from office and suspend; exempt: remove from official position; deposed: Deposed, demoted; relegated: demoted and transferred 4. Time Dan: Morning (Su) Noon: (Sunday, Tingwu, Noon) Evening: Mingshuo: the first day of the lunar calendar: the fifteenth day of the lunar calendar: the sixteenth day of the lunar calendar: The last day of every month in the lunar calendar is five. It is also called 1. Wang Meng: landscape pastoral poet Wang Wei and Meng Haoran 2. Li Du: Li Bai, Du Fu, Xiao Li Du: Li Shangyin and Du Mu 3. Eight great masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties: Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Su Xun, Su Che, Su Shi, Wang Anshi, Zeng Gong, Ouyang Xiu 4. Han Liu: Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan 5. The Four Masters of the Early Tang Dynasty: Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Lu Zhaolin, Luo Binwang 6. Su Xin: Su Shi, Xin Qiji 7. Confucius and Mencius: Confucius, Mencius 8. The three major figures in the world Short story writers: Maupassant, Chekhov, O. Henry 9. Four cultural celebrities: Qu Yuan, Copernicus, Dante, Shakespeare 10. Three Cao: Cao Cao, Cao Zhi, Cao Pi 11. Three Su: Su Shi, Su Che, Su Xun 12. Su Huang: Su Shi, Huang Tingjian 13. Four masters of Yuan opera: Guan Hanqing, Bai Pu, Zheng Guangzu, Ma Zhiyuan 14. Four literary masterpieces: "A Dream of Red Mansions", "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Water Margin" and "Journey to the West" 15. Four books: "The Great Learning", "The Doctrine of the Mean", "Mencius" and "The Analects" 16. Three Friends of Suihan: Pine, Bamboo and Plum 17. Four Gentlemen among Flowers: Plum, Orchid, Bamboo and Chrysanthemum 18. Four Treasures of the Study: Pen, Ink, Paper and Inkstone 19. ***: "National Style" in "The Book of Songs" " and "Li Sao" in "Chu Ci" 20. Yuefu Shuangbi: "The Peacock Flies Southeast" and "Mulan Poetry" 21. Three Officials and Three Farewells: 6. Generation Name 1. Student: Tao Li 2. Women: Heroine 3. Brothers: Siblings 4. Poet: Sao Ren 5. Chrysanthemum: Yellow Flower 6. Cuckoo: Zigui 7. Hometown: Sangzi 8. Country: Sheji 9. History: History 10. Commoner: Commoner 11. War: Beacon Smoke 12. Music: Silk and Bamboo 13. Literary Talent: *** 14. My own works: My humble work VII. Nicknames of characters: Li Bai: Poetic Immortal Qinglian layman Bai Juyi: Xiangshan layman Su Shi: Dongpo layman Pu Songlin: Liuquan layman known in the world as Mr. Liaozhai Du Fu: Poetry and history of poetry Tao Yuanming: Mr. Jingjie Ouyang Xiu: Drunkard Liuyi Li Qingzhao: Yi An layman Lu You: Fang Weng Xin Qiji: Jiaxuan Mencius: Yasheng's name, character, and title. The ancients chose names when they were young and characters when they reached adulthood.

The names are all chosen by the father or elders. There is a meaningful connection between words and names.

The words are used to make it easier for others to address you. Addressing peers or elders by names shows politeness and respect.

A number, also called an alias or a symbol, is chosen by oneself to show a certain interest or express a certain emotion. 8. At the age of thirty, standing at forty without confusion, at fifty, knowing the destiny, at sixty and reaching adulthood, crowned. Ninth, the chronological year number records the year of the heavenly stems and earthly branches, the tenth year, the naming method of the collection, place of origin: "Liuhe East Collection", library: "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio" Table Words: "The Complete Works of Li Taibai" Nickname: "Jia Xuan's Long and Short Sentences" Posthumous title: "Collected Works of Ouyang Wenzhong" Official Position: "Collection of Du Gongbu" Year Title: "Collection of Bai Shi Changqing" 11. Famous Characters and Events in Pangu The creation of the world, Nuwa refining stones to mend the sky, Jingwei carrying stones to fill the sea, Fuxi inventing the Eight Trigrams, Kuafu chasing the sun twelve times, the monograph "The Book of Songs": the first collection of poems "The Book of Waters": the first book describing the river system Special book "Historical Records": the first biographical general history "The Analects" "Mencius" "Zuo Zhuan": the first chronological history book "Water Margin": the first novel reflecting the peasant uprising "Dream of Red Mansions": the greatest of ancient Chinese novels The realist work "The Scholars": the first full-length satirical novel "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms": the first chapter novel in the history of Chinese literature.

2. Common knowledge of classical Chinese literature

Test requirements: 1. Understand the content of the article and the author’s point of view. 2. Understand the basic content of extracurricular simple classical Chinese texts. 3. Classical Chinese translation 4. Common Content words 5. Common function words 6. Write texts or fragments silently. 7. Read aloud or segment sentences correctly. Translation of classical Chinese (1) Principles of translating classical Chinese. The three basic principles of translating classical Chinese are "faithfulness", "expression" and "elegance". The requirement of "Xin" is to be faithful to the content of the original text and the meaning of each sentence, and to translate it literally every word and sentence of modern Chinese. The requirement of "Da" is that the translated modern text should have clear meaning, smooth language and smooth tone. Not out of shape. The requirement of "elegant" is to accurately express the content, form and style of the original text in concise, beautiful and literate modern Chinese. Generally speaking, it is enough to be "faithful" and "expressive". (2) Classical Chinese translation The key is to accurately translate key words. (3) Five-character method for classical Chinese translation: 1. Leave proper nouns, country names, year names, names of people, place names, official names, utensils, time nouns, etc., and they can be copied without translation. Example: "In the spring of the fourth year of Qingli, Teng Zijing was relegated to Baling County." ("Yueyang Tower") 2. When translating classical Chinese, omitted elements should be added. 3. Delete some function words in ancient Chinese that are no longer used and will not be translated. It does not affect the expression and can be deleted. For example, the word "hu" is equivalent to the "Zhi" of the pause, etc. 4. When translating, the ancient words should be replaced with the corresponding modern words. Example: "Sui Fu Qi Er" Replace "sui" with "year". 5. When translating predicate preposition, attributive postposition, object preposition, preposition and object structure of ancient Chinese, etc., the word order must be adjusted to make it conform to the grammatical rules of modern Chinese.

3. Common sense of traditional culture in classical Chinese

First, learning classical Chinese is an important way to inherit the traditional culture of the motherland. It can help us understand some historical knowledge, literary knowledge and social life knowledge. , enhance the ability to understand society and understand things.

Secondly, ancient Chinese is the foundation of modern Chinese and is the "source"; modern Chinese is the inheritance and development of ancient Chinese and is the "flow". The two are different stages of the development of the same language, not two languages. Many words from classical Chinese are still preserved in modern Chinese. For example, words such as "clearly discerning", "enjoying oneself", and "monstrous thing" in "Children's Interest" by Shen Fu, a writer of the Qing Dynasty, are still used in modern Chinese. Therefore, learning classical Chinese can enrich our language warehouse and improve our language proficiency.

Classical Chinese is an ancient written language, but it comes from ancient spoken Chinese, and modern Chinese also comes from ancient spoken Chinese. The similarities between the two are primary, and the differences are secondary, so it is not difficult to learn. We should have the confidence to learn classical Chinese well.

How to learn classical Chinese well? The key to learning classical Chinese well is to develop a sense of language. There are "three essentials" to develop a sense of language:

First, read and recite the text thoroughly, in order to become familiar with the expressions and language habits of classical Chinese. Reciting is a traditional learning method in my country. As the saying goes: "Read a book a hundred times, and its meaning will become apparent." The language of classical Chinese is simple and elegant, and it is a good material for learning languages. The profound language skills of many great writers are due to their familiarity in reading and reciting ancient Chinese texts. For example: Ba Jin could recite "Gu Wen Guan Zhi" backwards and forwards at the age of twelve or thirteen, and Wu Han had finished memorizing the "Three Character Classic" before he was thirteen.

Second, you must understand it with your heart. The purpose is to integrate "words" and "meanings" and know the "meanings" after seeing the "words". How to do this? As mentioned above, classical Chinese and modern Chinese are of the same origin, and many words and meanings are interlinked. For example, "Qi" in "Chen Taiqiu and You Qi" ("Chen Taiqiu and You Qi") means "agreement", which is the same as the meaning of "Qi" in modern Chinese "unexpected encounter". are consistent. Another example is the word "name" in "Can't Name One Place" ("Kouyi"), which has the same meaning as the word "name" in modern Chinese for "incomprehensible", both meaning "to say". By understanding with your heart, you can see the "word" and know the "meaning", which is very important for learning classical Chinese.

Third, we must actively accumulate vocabulary in order to master the expression tools of classical Chinese. Such as the understanding of Tongqiazi, the usage of function words such as "zhi", "qi", and "yi", the changes in the meaning of words in ancient and modern times, etc.

By summarizing while studying, and by continuously accumulating, you will be able to master the rules. Once you master the rules, it will be much easier to learn classical Chinese well.

Learning classical Chinese is not difficult. As long as we build confidence, master the rules, and proceed step by step, we can achieve the goal stipulated in the curriculum standards. This goal is: to be able to read simple classical Chinese.

4. Common sense of high school classical Chinese literature

1. The literature from ancient China to the unification of China by Qin Shihuang (221 BC) is called pre-Qin literature.

2. Myths were created before writing was invented. Myths are full of rich imagination and are the source of Chinese romantic literature.

3. The most widely spread myths in China are "Nuwa patching up the sky", "Houyi shooting the sun", "Jingwei filling up the sea", "Chang'e flying to the moon", etc.

4. "Shangshu" is the earliest collection of historical documents in China. It is said that it was compiled and selected by Confucius.

5. "The Book of Songs" is China's earliest poetry collection, which collects 305 pieces of music from various local ethnic groups and temples from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the mid-Spring and Autumn Period.

6. "Songs of Chu" was compiled by Liu Xiang of the Western Han Dynasty and contains poems written by Qu Yuan and Song Yu. Because it has the local accent of Chu, it is called "Songs of Chu" and has a profound influence on the literary creation of future generations. .

7. Qu Yuan is a great patriotic poet in China, and "Li Sao" is Qu Yuan's representative work.

8. "The road is long and long, I will search up and down" is a famous sentence in Qu Yuan's "Li Sao".

9. Pre-Qin prose refers to prose before the Qin Dynasty, which is divided into two categories: historical prose and scholarly prose. "Zuo Zhuan" and "Warring States Policy" are representatives of pre-Qin historical prose. "The Analects", "Mencius", "Mozi" and "Zhuangzi" are representatives of the prose of pre-Qin scholars.

10. "Zuo Zhuan" is China's first narrative history work. It has high achievements in history, literature and language.

11. "The Analects" is a collection of quotation-style prose that records the words and deeds of Confucius and his students. It was written by Confucius's students. This Confucian classic had a huge impact on Chinese culture.

12. "Wouldn't it be nice to have friends come from afar?" Things should not be done by others), this is a famous saying in Confucius' "The Analects".

For details, see: /link?url=vFBR9KHGRycr1U382f___

5. Classical Chinese, literary common sense

Letters

Letters, letters

p>

The first book: Zhongshu, the title of officials in the Southern Dynasties.

The second book: letters, which is a type of literary style.

So from this we know that "Thank you Zhongshu" is a letter from Tao Hongjing to Xie Zhongshu.

A book is a letter, and the letters of the ancients are also called "chidiao" or "letters". They are a practical style of writing. However, China's practical literary style has never excluded aesthetic literary attributes, especially letters, which are integrated with many stories and expressions. Ancient Chinese lyric prose began with letters, and the combination of practicality and aesthetics in letters is perfect. The rulers and tablets of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties focused on practicality, and most literati had no intention of writing them as aesthetic works. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, in the writings of some literati, the practical function of ruler-slips was obviously downplayed, and the aesthetic function was increasingly strengthened. Some ruler-slips were deliberately written as pure literary works (refer to the preface of "History of Chinese Ruler-Slip Literature", Zhan Furui). The literary functions of ruler slips are diverse. They can be lyrical, such as Sima Qian's "Report to Ren An" and Lin Juemin's "A Letter to His Wife"; they can also describe scenes, such as Wu Jun's "A Letter to the Song and Yuan Dynasties"; they can also write about personal events and feelings, such as Ji Kang's "Book of Severing Diplomacy with Shan Juyuan" can also talk about literature, such as Cao Pi's "Book of Wu Zhi", talk about politics, such as Ouyang Xiu's "Book of Du Zhongcheng on the Promotion of Officials", and can also pay homage to dignitaries and encourage junior scholars. And so on, forming a unique tradition of calligraphy and writing. Like other literary styles, rulers and tablets also pay attention to the layout and quality of writing. In addition, rulers and tablets are not necessarily all marked with the word "书", such as Su Shi's "Yu Zi You Di" and "Reply to Qin Taixu".