It can be written based on the following knowledge: "Confucius (September 28, 551 BC - April 11, 479 BC), whose surname was Kong, his given name Qiu, and his courtesy name Zhongni. Spring and Autumn Period He was a native of Changping Township, Zouyi, Shandong Province (now Nanxin Town, Qufu City, Shandong Province). He was a great thinker and educator in ancient my country, a theoretical statesman, the founder of Confucianism, and one of the most famous cultural celebrities in the world. 2. An ancient Chinese writer, thinker, educator, social activist, organizer of ancient documents, and compiler of the Confucian school. It is said that he was the founder of the Confucian school. "Music", prefaced to "Book of Changes", and composed "Spring and Autumn Annals". He devoted his life to preaching, teaching, and solving doubts. He was honored by the Chinese as "the most sage teacher and the teacher of all generations." The words and deeds of his disciples were recorded and compiled into "The Analects of Confucius".
In terms of the view of heaven, Confucius did not deny the existence of destiny ghosts and gods, but he was skeptical about them and advocated "respecting ghosts and gods and staying away from them." Confucius and Mencius are both called "Confucius and Mencius", and their thoughts are also called the Way of Confucius and Mencius. Confucius is respected as the "Sage" and "Su Wang", Zengzi is the Zongsheng, and Mencius is regarded as the "sub-sage". The student wrote the masterpiece "The Analects of Confucius". He is also the world's most famous cultural celebrity and the founder of Confucianism.
However, there is another Jun style "anti-Confucius elite" Mr. Yang Chengjun. However, there is another theory, the "anti-sheep elite" Mr. Yang Zhengzong, who believes that Yang Chengjun is useless and his behavior is purely sensational.
Confucius is proficient in "The Book of Changes" and is said to be the author of "Ten Wings". Confucius was the first person in ancient China to break through the religious attitude towards natural landscapes. I love nature even more than natural landscapes. Nature includes disasters, earthquakes, tornadoes, the extinction of dinosaurs, etc., and natural landscapes are eternal good Feng Shui. He proposed The famous aesthetic proposition "The wise enjoy water, the benevolent enjoy mountains" ("The Analects of Confucius Yongye")
Historical Records
Political Career
Confucius was very famous when he was young. He was smart and studious. At the age of twenty, he was already very knowledgeable and was praised as "erudite and polite" by people at the time. At the same time, what is little known is that Confucius inherited the bravery of his father, uncle Liang He, and was nine feet six inches tall today. More than 1.9 meters, specifically 196.8cm. With extraordinary arm strength, he was far from the image of a weak scholar as some people in later generations thought. Moreover, Confucius had an extraordinary ability to drink. It is said that Confucius never took pride in his martial prowess and ability to drink. Confucius in film and television works has wanted to pursue an official career since he was in his 20s, so he paid great attention to world affairs. He often thought about many issues in governing the country and often expressed his opinions. By the time he was 30, he was already somewhat famous. In the 10th year, Duke Jin of Qi summoned Confucius when he visited the State of Lu, and discussed with him the issue of Duke Mu of Qin's dominance. From this, Confucius got to know Duke Jin of Qi. In the 25th year of Duke Zhao of Lu, civil strife broke out in the State of Lu. Duke Zhao of Lu was forced to flee to Qi, and Confucius also left. When he arrived in Qi State from Lu State, he was appreciated and treated favorably by Qi Jinggong. He even prepared to grant the land in Nixi area to Confucius, but was blocked by the official Yan Ying. In the 27th year of Lu Zhaogong's reign, the officials of Qi wanted to harm Confucius. Confucius heard about it and asked Qi Jinggong for help. Qi Jinggong said, "I am old and can't be used." Confucius had to flee back to Lu in panic. In the State of Lu at that time, the political power was actually in the hands of the officials' retainers, who were called "accompanying ministers in charge of state affairs." Therefore, although Confucius had two opportunities to enter politics, he gave up until the 9th year of Lu Dinggong was appointed as the Prime Minister of the Central Capital. , Confucius was 51 years old at this time. Confucius governed Zhongdu (today's Wenshang County) for one year. He made outstanding achievements and was promoted to Xiao Sikong. Soon he was promoted to Great Sikou, taking charge of the affairs of the Prime Minister, and the great rule of Lu State was achieved. In the 12th year of Duke Dinggong of Lu, Confucius in order to weaken the Three Huan (the Jisun family, the Shusun family, and the Mengsun family) were called Sanhuan because they were descendants of the three sons of Duke Huan of Lu. At that time, the political power of the Lu state was actually controlled. In their hands, and some of Sanhuan's retainers controlled Sanhuan to varying degrees), measures were taken to destroy the three capitals (i.e., demolish the castles built by Sanhuan). Later, Quan Sandu's action was abandoned halfway, and the conflict between Confucius and Sanhuan was also exposed.
In the 13th year of Duke Dinggong of Lu, the State of Qi sent 80 beauties to the State of Lu. The Ji Sun family accepted the female musicians. The monarchs and ministers were obsessed with singing and dancing and ignored government affairs for many days. Confucius was very disappointed. Soon, the State of Lu held a suburban sacrifice. After the sacrifice, they were sent as usual. The meat sacrifices were not given to Confucius when they were given to the officials, which showed that the Ji family did not want to use him anymore. Confucius left the state of Lu as a last resort, went to foreign countries to find a way out, and began a journey around the countries. In this year, Confucius 55 years old.
Confucius brought his disciples to Wei State first. Wei Linggong began to respect Confucius very much. He gave Confucius a salary of 60,000 yuan according to the salary standard of Lu State, but did not give him any official position or allow him to participate in political affairs. . Confucius lived in Weiguo for about 10 months. Because someone slandered him in front of Wei Linggong, Weilinggong became suspicious of Confucius and sent people to openly monitor Confucius' actions. So Confucius took his disciples to leave Weiguo and planned to go to Chenguo. . When passing through Kuangcheng, he was besieged for 5 days due to a misunderstanding. He fled Kuangcheng and arrived at Pudi, where he encountered a rebellion by the aristocrat Gongshu of the Wei Kingdom and was besieged again. After escaping, Confucius returned to Wei State. Wei Linggong was very happy to hear that Confucius' master and apprentice had returned from Pudi, and went out of the city to greet him personally. After that, Confucius left Weiguo several times and returned to Weiguo several times. On the one hand, this was because Wei Linggong was good and bad to Confucius. On the other hand, Confucius had no place to go after leaving Weiguo, so he had to return.
In the 2nd year of Duke Ai of Lu (Confucius was 59 years old), Confucius left the Wei State and traveled through Cao, Song, and Zheng to the Chen State, so he sent laborers to besiege Confucius’ master and disciples in the middle of the road, without any villages in front. Later, without relying on the inn, he ate all the food he had brought and was without food for 7 days. Finally, Zigong found the people of Chu. Chu sent troops to meet Confucius, and Confucius' master and disciples were saved from death. When Confucius was 64 years old, he returned to the Kingdom of Wei. When he was 68 years old, with the efforts of his disciple Ran Qiu, he was welcomed back to the Kingdom of Lu, but he was still respected and not used. In the 16th year of Duke Ai of Lu, Confucius was 73 years old. He fell ill and died without recovery.
He who works so hard that he forgets to eat, and he who enjoys it forgets his worries
When he was 62 years old, Confucius once described himself this way: "He is a man who forgets to eat when he is so angry and forgets his worries because he is happy. He does not know how old he is. At that time, Confucius had led his disciples to travel around the world for 9 years. After going through many hardships, he not only failed to be appointed by the princes, but also almost died. However, Confucius did not retreat despite the difficulties. He remained optimistic and persisted in his ideals, even knowing that It cannot be done but it is done.
Be poor and happy
Confucius said: "Being rich and noble without righteousness is like a floating cloud to me." In Confucius's mind, doing righteousness is the highest value of life. When conflicts arise, he would rather suffer poverty than give up morality. However, his belief in living in poverty and enjoying the Tao cannot be seen as not seeking wealth, but only seeking to maintain the Tao. This is not in line with historical facts. Confucius once said: "Wealth and honor are what people want; if they don't follow the right way, they won't get it. Poverty and lowliness are what people hate; if they don't follow the right way, they won't get it." " Being rich can be sought after, even if it is a man with a whip, I will do it. If it is not possible, I will follow what I like."
Be tireless in learning and tireless in teaching
Confucius is famous for his love of learning. , showed a strong interest in all kinds of knowledge, so he was versatile and knowledgeable. He was famous at that time and was almost regarded as an omniscient sage. However, Confucius himself did not think so. Confucius said: "If the sage and How can I dare to be benevolent? I am never tired of teaching people." Confucius studied impermanence. He worshiped anyone who had knowledge and knew something he didn't know. Therefore, he said, "If there are three people walking together, there must be one who is my teacher." , choose the good ones and follow them, and change the bad ones."
Practice in a straight way
Confucius was upright by nature, and he advocated walking in a straight way. He once said: "I As for people, who will be criticized and who will be praised? If you are praised, you have to test it. This is the reason why the three generations have followed the straight path. ""Historical Records" records that Confucius asked Laozi when he was in his thirties. , before leaving, Lao Tzu said: "Those who are wise and thoughtful and close to the deceased are good at discussing others. Those who are eloquent and knowledgeable endanger their lives and bring evil to others. Those who are sons of others should not think of themselves, and those who are ministers of others should not think of themselves. ." This was Laozi's kind reminder to Confucius, and he also pointed out some of Confucius' shortcomings, that is, he looked at problems too deeply and spoke too sharply, hurting some people of high status and bringing great danger to himself. With the concept of being kind to others, Confucius created a moral theory centered on benevolence. He himself was also a very kind person, compassionate, helpful, sincere and generous to others. "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", "The beauty of a gentleman is not the evil of a villain, but it is the evil of a villain." He should be kind to himself and not blame others. These are his principles of life.
Political Thought
Confucius belongs to China, and Confucianism belongs to the world. Confucius is the founder of the Confucian school in our country.
Since the Han Dynasty "deposed hundreds of schools of thought and respected only Confucianism", Confucianism has been regarded as an orthodox discipline by rulers of all dynasties, and has even been used as a standard for appointing talents and employing talents, and its influence continues for thousands of years to this day.
Zi Linchuan said: "The deceased is like a man who never gives up day and night."
Confucius’ family background
According to the records of "Historical Records - Confucius Family", Confucius’ ancestors were descendants of the Yin and Shang Dynasties. After the Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Shang Dynasty, King Cheng of the Zhou Dynasty granted him the title of concubine brother of King Zhou of the Shang Dynasty. The 77th generation descendant of Confucius, Kong Dechengchen Weizi, was born in the Song Dynasty. The capital was established in Shangqiu (today's Shangqiu area of ??Henan Province). After the death of Wei Ziqi, his younger brother Wei Zhong came to the throne, and Wei Zhong was the ancestor of Confucius. The sixth-generation ancestor of Confucius was named Kong Fujia. He was a doctor in the Song Dynasty. He served as a Grand Sima and was killed in a civil strife in the palace. After Kong Fujia, his descendants began to take the surname Kong. His great-grandfather Kong Fangshu fled from Song to Lu in order to escape the civil strife in Song. From then on, Kong settled in Zouyi and became a native of Lu.
Confucius’s father was Shu Liang He (Sh Liang was the courtesy name, He was the given name, pronounced hé), and his mother was Yan Zhengzai. Shu Lianghe was a famous warrior in the Lu State at that time. He had outstanding character and had achieved two military exploits. He was famous for holding a hanging gate with one arm to allow the troops who rushed into the city to withdraw. He once served as a doctor in Zouyi. Uncle Liang He first married Shi's wife and had 9 daughters but no children. He also married a concubine and gave birth to a son, named Bernie, also known as Mengpi. Meng Pi had a foot problem and was not suitable to have an heir according to the etiquette of the time, so he had Confucius with the young woman Yan Zheng. In 551 BC (the 22nd year of Lu Xianggong), Confucius was born in Changping Township, Zouyi, Lu State (now southeast of Qufu City, Shandong Province). Because his parents once prayed to Niqiu Mountain for the birth of a son, he was named Qiu and given the courtesy name Zhongni. When Confucius was three years old, his uncle Liang He died, and Confucius, mother and son were not tolerated by the Shi family (his wife). Confucius' mother Yan Zhengzai had to move to Qufu with Confucius and Meng Pi, and life was difficult. When Confucius was 17 years old, his mother Yan Zheng died and he spent three years in mourning.
When Confucius was nineteen years old, he married Ji Guan, a native of the Song Dynasty. A year later, Ji Guan gave birth to a son. Duke Zhao of Lu once sent someone to send carps to express his congratulations. Confucius felt very honored, so he named his son Carp, whose name is Boyu. In the tenth year of Duke Ai of Lu (485 BC), Confucius's wife Ji Guanshi passed away.
Chronology of Life
1 year old: Confucius was born on September 28, 551 BC (the 22nd year of Lu Xianggong) in Changping Township, Zouyi, Lu State (now southeast of Qufu City, Shandong Province). ). There are two records about the birth date of Confucius, which are one year apart. This is recorded in "Historical Records: Confucius' Family".
2 years old: Confucius was in Lu in 550 BC (the 23rd year of Duke Xiang of Lu).
3 years old: In 549 BC (the 24th year of Duke Xianggong of Lu), his father, uncle Liang He, died and was buried in Fangshan (25 miles east of present-day Qufu). Yan Zheng, the mother of Confucius, moved to Queli in Qufu with her son and lived a difficult life.
4 years old: Confucius was in Lu in 548 BC (the 25th year of Duke Xiang of Lu).
5 years old: In 547 BC (the 26th year of Duke Xianggong of Lu), Qin Shang, a disciple of Confucius, was born in Lu.
6 years old: In 546 BC (the 27th year of Duke Xianggong of Lu), his disciple Zeng Diansheng, whose Braille character was Xi, was the father of Zeng Shen.
7 years old: In 545 BC (the 28th year of Duke Xianggong of Lu), his disciple Yan Yao was born. Yao, also known as Wu Yao, also named Ji Lu, was the father of Yan Yuan.
8 years old: In 544 BC (the 29th year of Lu Xianggong), his disciple Ran Gengsheng, named Boniu, was born in the state of Lu.
9 years old: Confucius was in Lu in 543 BC (the 30th year of Duke Xiang of Lu). In this year, Zheng Guo Zichan came to power. "The capital was well organized, the superiors and subordinates were obeyed, the fields were sealed, and the wells were well staffed." ("The Thirty Years of Duke Xiang of Zuo Zhuan") Zheng Guo was in great power. Later, Confucius spoke highly of Zichan's political achievements. < /p>
11 years old: In 541 BC (the second year of Lu Zhaogong), Confucius was in Lu
12 years old: In 540 BC (the second year of Lu Zhaogong), his disciple Qi Diao was born, with the courtesy name Zi. Ruo, a native of Cai.
13 years old: 539 BC (the third year of Lu Zhaogong) Confucius was in Lu
15 years old: 537 BC (the fifth year of Lu Zhaogong). As time goes by, I have realized that I have to work hard to learn the skills of life and life, so I said: "I am determined to learn" ("The Analects of Confucius? For Politics")
16 years old, AD. In 536 BC (the sixth year of Lu Zhaogong), Zheng built the punishment tripod. His disciple Min was born, named Ziqian.
17 years old: In 535 BC (the seventh year of Lu Zhaogong), Yan Zheng, the mother of Confucius. In the year of death.
The Ji family hosted a banquet for a first-class nobleman. Confucius went to the banquet, but was turned away by Yang Hu, a retainer of the Ji family.
19 years old: In 533 BC (the ninth year of Lu Zhaogong), Confucius married the daughter of the Qi Guan family of the Song Dynasty.
20 years old: In 532 BC (the tenth year of Lu Zhaogong), Qi Guan gave birth to a son. It is said that at this time, Duke Zhao of Lu gave Confucius a carp, so he named his son Li, with the courtesy name Boyu. In this year, Confucius began to serve as an official and manage the warehouse.
21 years old: In 531 BC (the eleventh year of Lu Zhaogong), Confucius changed his occupation to farming and managing livestock. Confucius said: "I am a young man, so I can do many despicable things."
At the age of 27, in 525 BC (the seventeenth year of Duke Zhao of Lu), Tanzi came to Lu. Confucius asked Tanzi about the ancient times of Tan. Official system. Confucius opened a private school around this time.
30 years old: 522 BC (the 20th year of Lu Zhaogong). It has been more than 15 years since Confucius was 15 years old and wanted to learn. It has established a foothold in society, so it is said that "it is established at thirty" ("The Analects of Confucius") In that year, Qi Jinggong and Yan Ying came to visit Lu State and discussed with Confucius how Qin Mu Gong's disciple Yan came to dominate. Hui, Ran Yong, Ran Qiu, Shang Qu, and Liang Yisheng were all born in the Lu state; Hui was named Yuan, Yong was named Zhonggong, Qiu was named Ziyou, and Qu was named Zimu; Yi was named Shuyu, and he was born in Qi state. >31 years old: In 521 BC (the 21st year of Duke Zhao of Lu), the disciples Wuma Shi, Gao Chai and Mi Buqi were born. Shi was born in the state of Chen, Ziqi; Chai was born in the state of Qi;
32 years old: In 520 BC (the 22nd year of Lu Zhaogong), his disciple Duanmu gave birth to him, named Zigong.
34 years old: AD. In 518 BC (the 24th year of Lu Zhaogong), Meng Yizi and Nangong Jingshu learned etiquette from Confucius. It is said that Confucius and Nangong Jingshu asked Laopin about courtesy.
At the age of 35: In 517 BC (the 25th year of Lu Zhaogong), civil strife broke out in the Lu State. "Historical Records of the Confucius Family" says: "Zhao Gong led an army to attack (Ji) Pingzi, and Pingzi, together with the Mengsun family and the Shusun family, attacked Zhaogong. Duke Zhao's army was defeated and he rushed to Qi. "Confucius also arrived in Qi in this year.
At the age of 36, in 516 BC (the 26th year of Duke Zhao of Lu), Duke Jin of Qi asked Confucius about the government. Confucius said: "Junjun, ministers, father and son, son and son" Confucius was appreciated by Qi Jinggong. Jinggong wanted to grant Confucius the land of Nixi, but Yanzi stopped him when he heard the music of "Shao" in Qi. The moon doesn't know the taste of meat.
37 years old: In 515 BC (the 27th year of Duke Zhao of Lu), the official of Qi wanted to harm Confucius. Confucius returned to Lu from Qi, and his son died. Buried between Ying and Bo. Confucius visited his disciples Fan Xu and Yuan Xiansheng, whose names were Zichi and Zisi, respectively.
38 years old: BC. In 514 (the twenty-eighth year of Lu Zhaogong), Xianzi (named Shu) of the Jin and Wei Dynasties came to power. Confucius believed that this was a righteous act, and he said: "It is righteous not to lose relatives when you are close, and when you are far away."
39 years old, in the winter of 513 BC (the 29th year of Lu Zhaogong), the Jin Dynasty built the punishment tripod. Confucius said, "The Jin Dynasty will perish and lose its power."
40 Age: 512 BC (the 30th year of Lu Zhaogong). After decades of training, he had a clearer understanding of various problems in life, so he said, "You will not be confused at age 40." Ming Ziyu, a native of the state of Lu.
41 years old: In 511 BC (the 31st year of Duke Zhao of Lu), his disciple Chen Kangsheng was born in the state of Chen. 42 years old: In 510 BC (the 32nd year of Duke Zhao of Lu), Duke Zhao died and became Duke Ding.
43 years old: In 509 BC (the first year of Lu Ding), his disciple Gongxi Chi was born. Deficit Hua, a native of Lu.
45 years old: In 507 BC (the third year of Lu Dinggong), disciple Bu Shangsheng. Shang Zixia, a native of Weiguo.
46 years old: In 506 BC (the fourth year of Duke Dinggong of Lu), disciple Yan Yansheng was born. Ziyou, named Yan, was born in the state of Wu.
47 years old: In 505 BC (the fifth year of Lu Dinggong), disciples Zeng Shen and Yan Xingsheng. Shenzi Ziyu, a native of Lu. Xing Ziliu, a native of Lu.
48 years old: 504 BC (the sixth year of Lu Dinggong), the Ji family retainer Yang Hu became more and more powerful. Confucius called it "accompanying ministers to carry out the country's destiny". ("The Analects of Confucius? Ji Family") " "Historical Records: The Family of Confucius" says: "Accompanying ministers to govern the country... Therefore, Confucius did not serve as an official, but retired to study "Poems", "Books", "Rituals", and "Music". He had numerous disciples who traveled far away, and no one was left behind. .
"Yang Hu wanted to see Confucius, but Confucius didn't want to see Yang Hu. The two met on the road. Yang Hu persuaded Confucius to become an official, but Confucius did not make a clear statement. This matter should be done in the fifth or sixth year of Lu Dinggong.
49 years old: 503 BC (the seventh year of Lu Dinggong), a disciple of Zhuan Sun. ) claimed that "you know your destiny at fifty" ("The Analects of Confucius? Yang Huo") "Gongshan is not disturbed by the waste, and the son wants to go." Zilu didn’t say anything. ”
51 years old: In 501 BC (the ninth year of Lu Dinggong), Confucius was the governor of Zhongdu and governed Zhongdu (now Wenshang County) for one year. He made outstanding political achievements and was followed by others. His disciple Ran Lu, Cao Qian, Bo Qian, and Yan Gao were born in Shuzhong Hui. Lu's courtesy name was Zilu, and the people from Lu were named Zixun. The people from Cai were named Zixi, and they were from Lu. Ziqi. A native of Lu.
52 years old: In 500 BC (the tenth year of Lu Dinggong), Confucius was promoted from Zhongdu to Xiao Sikong, and later to Da Sikou, and served as prime minister in Xia Dynasty. The Marquis of Qi met in Jiagu. Confucius was vigilant and prepared in advance when Qi invited the Lord of Lu to meet in Jiagu. This not only prevented Qi's plot to kidnap Dinggong from succeeding, but also forced Qi to agree to return Yun and Shan who had occupied Lu. , Guiyin and other lands.
53 years old: 499 BC (the eleventh year of Lu Dinggong) Confucius became the leader of Lu, and the state of Lu was ruled.
54 years old: 498 BC. In the 12th year of the reign of Duke Dinggong of Lu, Confucius took the measure of destroying the three capitals in order to weaken the three emperors. In order to weaken the power of the retainers, Confucius supported this idea, but this action failed. Due to the resistance of Meng Sun's retainer Gong Lian Chufu, Meng Sun's action of falling into Sandu was abandoned halfway.
55 years old: In the spring of 497 BC (the thirteenth year of Duke Dinggong of Lu), the state of Qi sent 80 beauties to the state of Lu. Ji Huanzi accepted the female musicians. The emperor and his ministers were obsessed with singing and dancing, and they ignored the government affairs for many days. Confucius and the Ji family were at odds. Confucius left the state of Lu and arrived in the state of Wei. In the tenth month, Confucius was attacked by slanderers and passed through the state of Chen. After passing through the state of Pudi, he encountered the rebellion of Gongshu, and Confucius and his disciples were besieged again. . Later he returned to the capital of Wei.
At the age of 56, in 496 BC (the fourteenth year of Lu Dinggong), Confucius was summoned by Nanzi, the wife of Duke Lin of Wei. The opinion criticized Confucius. After hearing the news of Zheng Guozi's birth, Confucius was very sad and praised Zichan as "the beloved of ancient times"
57 years old: 495 BC (the fifteenth year of Lu Dinggong). Confucius went to Wei and lived in Lu. In the fifth month of Xia, Duke Ding of Lu died.
58 years old: In 494 BC (the first year of Lu Ai), Confucius lived in Lu. Confucius was asked about the "Joint Special Car"
59 years old: In 493 BC (the second year of Lu Aigong), Confucius went from Lu to Wei and asked Chen (Zhen) about it, but Confucius politely refused. Duke Ling of Wei. Confucius could not live in the state of Wei, so he went west to the state of Wei. Song Dynasty Sima Huanjun hated Confucius and threatened to harm him.
At the age of 60: In 492 BC (the third year of Duke Aigong of Lu), Confucius said that he was "sixty years old and his ears were obedient". He passed through Zheng and went to the state of Chen. He was separated from his disciples in the capital of Zheng and waited for his disciples to find him alone at the east gate. He was laughed at and called "It's like a lost dog." Confucius smiled happily and said: "Yes, yes!" 61 years old: 491 BC (the fourth year of Duke Ai of Lu) Confucius left Chen for Cai.
< p>62 years old: In 490 BC (the fifth year of Duke Ai of Lu), Confucius went from Cai to Ye. Ye Gong asked Confucius about politics and discussed moral issues related to integrity with Confucius. On the way to Yehui Cai, Confucius met a hermit.63 years old: In 489 BC (the sixth year of Lu Aigong), Confucius and his disciples were trapped between Chen and Cai with no food. Many disciples fell ill due to hunger and hunger, and were later rescued by the Chu people. From Chu Returning to Wei, he encountered a hermit again.
64 years old: In 488 BC (the seventh year of Duke Ai of Lu), Confucius advocated that in order to govern the country, he must first correct his name. 65 years old: In 487 BC (the eighth year of Duke Ai of Lu), Confucius was in Wei. In that year, Wu defeated Lu and his disciple Youruo participated in the battle with merit. Nine years) Confucius was in Wei.
67 years old: Confucius was in Wei in 485 BC (the tenth year of Duke Ai of Lu). Confucius' wife Qi Guan died at the age of 68 years. In 484 (the eleventh year of Duke Ai of Lu), the Qi army attacked Lu. Ran Youshuai, a disciple of Confucius, fought with the Qi army and won.
Ji Kangzi asked Ran where his commanding talent came from? Ran You replied, "I learned it from Confucius." Ji Kangzi sent people to welcome Confucius back to Lu with coins. Confucius traveled around the world for 14 years, which ended here. Ji Kangzi wanted to implement "Field Fu", but Confucius opposed it. Confucius said to Ran You: "The behavior of a gentleman is based on etiquette. Give what is thick, do things accordingly, and collect what is thin. In this way, the hills are enough."
69 years old: In 483 BC (the twelfth year of Duke Ai of Lu), Confucius still wanted to engage in politics, but he was not used. Confucius continued to engage in education and documentation work. Kong Li, the son of Confucius, died.
70 years old: 482 BC (the 13th year of Duke Ai of Lu) Confucius said that "when he was seventy, he could follow his heart's desires and never go beyond the rules." Yan Hui died, and Confucius was very sad.
71 years old: 481 BC (the fourteenth year of Duke Ai of Lu). In the spring of that year, Lin was caught while hunting. Confucius thought this was not a good sign and said: "My way is poor." So he stopped compiling the "Spring and Autumn". In June, Chen Heng of Qi State After killing Duke Jian of Qi, Confucius met Duke Ai of Lu and San Huan and asked the state of Lu to send troops to attack Chen Huan, but he did not receive support.
Age 72: 480 BC (the fifteenth year of Duke Ai of Lu) Confucius heard about Wei Guo. After the coup, Zilu was in danger. Confucius was very sad.
At the age of 73, in April of 479 BC (the 16th year of Duke Ai of Lu), Confucius fell ill and died. He was buried in the north of Lu City. Duke Ai of Lu said: "God does not wish to leave an old man behind, but I am left alone to be in power. I am so sorry! My father! I have no self-discipline." For three years, Zigong guarded the tomb for six years. Hundreds of disciples and Lu people came home from the tomb, and their former residence was converted into a temple. According to unofficial records, Zeng Xi and Ran were worshiped. There, Gong Xihua was sitting. Weber came in and danced with Weber. All the masters are blind! If you, a gentleman, can't control it, you can't stop it." Weber said: " You are walking out of the window, I can stop you here!" Zi did it, Weber touched it and fell, and Zi died.
Poems and Writings
Selected Poems of Confucius
Go to Lu Ge
The woman's visit can lead to death and defeat.
Song
Ten miles away from the mountain, the sound of crickets is still in my ears.
Guishan Cao
My desire is wandering, and the turtle mountain blocks it. Without an axe, why not Guishan?
Note: "Qin Cao": "Ji Huanzi accepted Qi Nu's music, but Confucius wanted to remonstrate but could not, so he retreated and looked at Lu Guishan to compose a song, which is a metaphor for Ji's shielding Lu." "Qin Cao", a collection of guqin music, was compiled by Cai Yong of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Pan Cao
When fishing in a dry lake, the dragon does not swim and destroys its nest, but the phoenix does not fly. . The heart is sad, and the rest is restored.
Note: See "Qin Cao"
Zeng revised "Poetry" and "Yue", preface. "Book of Changes", written as "Spring and Autumn"
(The Analects of Confucius was collected and compiled by Confucius' disciples.)
Anecdotes of characters
Confucius's salute
p>It is said that Confucius was young and courteous. One autumn, dark clouds were rolling, the cold wind was blowing, and the fallen leaves were falling from the trees and flying in the wind. At this time, the young Confucius was concentrating. He was reading under the window. Because it was too cold, he was wearing thin clothes and rubbed his hands from time to time. The mother sitting aside said heartbrokenly: "Son, take a rest!"
"Okay!" Confucius agreed and stood up, picked up the zudou (a ritual utensil at that time) placed by the table, and walked out of the house quietly.
My mother hurriedly said: "Son, it's windy outside. , it’s so cold, and it’s about to rain, so don’t go out to play in the yard. "
Confucius replied with a serious face: "No, mother, I am offering sacrifices to the gods and performing a great ceremony!" ”
“What are you doing with this big gift?” "My mother asked him.
"If I don't learn etiquette well now, I won't know how to behave when I grow up. ”
My mother was so surprised and speechless after hearing what Confucius said.
In an era when etiquette and music were broken, Confucius’ behavior was indeed extraordinary.< /p>
Review on the Redemption of Slaves
At that time, during the Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Lu had a rule that anyone who traveled abroad and saw someone from the State of Lu being sold as a slave in a foreign country could spend money to sell him or her as a slave. After he redeemed him, he went to the treasury to pay the debt, and the treasury paid. Confucius had a student who actually saw a Lu person being sold as a slave abroad, and he redeemed him. He did not go to the treasury to report accounts. Others said that this man was of noble character.
When Confucius found out, he scolded the student and said that he had done something wrong. Others are surprised. You do good deeds, redeem people, and don't pay the debt. Isn't this a good thing? Isn’t it noble? Confucius said that you should not look at the problem this way. His approach actually prevented more slaves from being redeemed from the people of Lu. This man did not pay the debt after he came back. In the future, when others saw the slave of Lu, they wanted to redeem him, but they also thought, after I redeem him, if I go to pay the debt, others will comment: "So-and-so did not pay the debt before." If you go to file an account, your character is not as good as his. In this way, the person may pretend not to see it and not redeem the person. Therefore, this approach prevents more Lu slaves from being redeemed, which is harmful.
Comments on saving lives after falling into water
There is another story: a man fell into the water, one of Confucius’ students jumped into the water and rescued the man, and his family members thanked him. Give him a cow and he will take it. Others started talking: Do you need money to go into the water to save people? Confucius knew about it and praised the student and said that this student did the right thing, which would help more people who fell into the water to be rescued. Because after rescuing someone, you can collect money from others, so if someone falls into the water, someone will be willing to save it. So it depends on the objective effect.
Confucius studied piano
Confucius was very open-minded and very hard-working in his studies. Once Confucius studied drums and harp with Xiangzi. The title of the song is "Wen Wang Cao". Confucius practiced hard for many days, and Shi Xiangzi said, "It's OK." Confucius said, "I have mastered the playing method of this piece, but I haven't mastered it yet." After practicing for many days, Shi Xiangzi said again, "Okay, you have achieved the goal." But Confucius still said, "No, you have not achieved your ambition." After a while, Shi Xiangzi thought that this time it was really good, but Confucius still thought that he had not played the music well, so he studied it repeatedly and understood the connotation of the music until he saw the image of King Wen in the music. Don't stop until you show it. His spirit deeply moved Shi Xiangzi. Until now, Confucius's famous saying "Be tireless in learning and tireless in teaching" is still our motto.
Famous Quotes
Being rich and noble through unrighteousness is like a floating cloud to me.
It is not enough for a scholar to aspire to the Tao, but to be ashamed of those who wear bad clothes and eat badly.
If you don’t learn etiquette, you can’t stand up.
When three of us travel together, we must be my teacher. Choose the good ones and follow them, and change the bad ones.
Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, this is knowing.
Smart and eager to learn, and not ashamed to ask questions.
The descendants will not seek Xia, the barbarians will not disrupt China, the captives will not join the alliance, and the troops will not be forced.
Be careful in your end, pursue your goals far away, and the people's morality will be strong.
Learning without thinking is a waste, thinking without learning is peril.
A little impatience will mess up a big plan.
An ordinary man cannot seize ambition.
We have different paths and do not seek each other.
Don’t do to others what you don’t want others to do to you.
Xianzai, come back! A basket of food and a ladle of drink, in a back alley, people can't bear to worry about it. Even if I return, I will not change my joy. Xianzai, come back!
Wealth and honor are what people want; if they don’t follow the right path, they won’t get it. Poverty and lowliness are what people hate; if you don't follow the right path, you won't get rid of them.
A man with lofty ideals and benevolence will not harm his benevolence by seeking life, but will kill himself to fulfill his benevolence.
Gentlemen are harmonious but not harmonious; villains are harmonious but not harmonious.
Confucius said: "Knowing one's words makes one look more benevolent."
Confucius said: "A gentleman has nothing to eat and nothing to live in, and he has no desire to live in peace. The Tao is correct, and it can be said that you are eager to learn."
Confucius said: "Don't worry about others, but you don't know others."
Confucius said: "Poetry". Three hundred, to sum it up in one word, it is: 'Thinking is innocent.'"
Confucius said: "When I am fifteen, I am determined to learn; when I am thirty, I am established; when I am forty, I am not confused; If you know the destiny, your ears will be attuned when you are sixty, and when you are seventy, you will follow your heart's desires without going beyond the rules." Confucius said: "You can become a teacher by reviewing the past and learning the new."
Confucius said: "A gentleman is always in competition but not in comparison; a villain is not in competition with others."
Confucius said: ""Guanyong" means happiness but not obscenity, sadness but not sadness."
Confucius said : "Don't talk about things when they are done, don't admonish when things are done, and don't take blame for things that have gone by."
Confucius said: "If you hear the Tao in the morning, you will die in the evening."
Confucius said: "A gentleman is a metaphor for righteousness. Confucius said: "When you see a virtuous person, you should think about it. When you see an unworthy person, you should introspect yourself."
Confucius said: "Rotten wood cannot be carved. The wall cannot be built, so why should I be punished?"
Ji Wenzi thought twice before acting.
Confucius heard about it and said: "Again, this is enough."
Confucius said: "Ning Wuzi, if a country has the Way, then it will be wise, but if the country does not have the Way, it will be foolish. Its wisdom can be reached, but its stupidity cannot be reached. "
Confucius said: "If quality is worse than literature, then history will be better. If literature is worse than quality, then history will be better."
Confucius said: "Those who know well are worse than those who are good at it." Confucius said: "It is better to know how to study than to enjoy learning, and to enjoy learning is not as good as learning." Confucius said: "A wise person enjoys water, a benevolent person enjoys mountains; a wise person is active, and a benevolent person is quiet." "The wise are happy, the benevolent are long-lived." Translation Confucius said: "A wise person likes water, a kind person likes mountains; a wise person likes movement, and a kind person likes tranquility; a wise person is happy, and a kind person lives long."
Ye Gong asked Confucius about Zilu, but Zilu was wrong. Confucius said: "Don't you say, "You are a man who forgets to eat when you are angry, and forgets your worries when you are happy, and you don't know that old age is coming?" .
Confucius said: "A gentleman is magnanimous, but a villain has long-term worries." Translation Confucius said: "A gentleman is broad-minded, but a villain is sad and sad."
Confucius said: "It's not the case. Position, not politics. "
Confucius said: "The descendants are to be feared. How could we know that those who come will not be here now?"
Confucius said: "Three armies can seize the commander, but one man cannot. Confucius said: "The wise will not be confused, the benevolent will not be worried, and the brave will not be afraid." Confucius said: "When the year is cold, you will know that the pines and cypresses will wither."
Confucius said: "The beauty of a gentleman is not the evil of a man. The villain is."
Yan Yuan asked about benevolence. Confucius said: "To restrain oneself and return to propriety is benevolence. For one day to restrain oneself and return to propriety, the world will return to benevolence. Benevolence depends on oneself, but not on others?" Yan Yuan said: "Excuse me." Confucius said: "Don't look at anything that is not propriety, it is not propriety. Don't listen, don't say anything that's not polite, don't do anything that's not polite. "Yan Yuan said, "Although I'm not quick to respond, please tell me what to do!"