Free form, dynamic pursuit, like rich decoration and sculpture, strong colors, often interspersed with curved surfaces and oval spaces. The original meaning of the word baroque is grotesque, and classicists use it to refer to this architectural style that is considered to be deviant. This style played an important role in opposing rigid classical forms, pursuing free and unrestrained styles and expressing secular interests, and influenced city squares, garden art and even literary and art departments. It was once widely popular in Europe. The Jesuit church in Rome, designed by the famous Italian architect and architectural theorist Vignola in the late Renaissance, is a masterpiece of the transition from technicalism to baroque style, and some people call it the first baroque building. Handicraft is an artistic style in Europe in the late16th century. Its main feature is the pursuit of weird and unusual effects, such as expressing space in a deformed and uncoordinated way and expressing characters in an exaggerated slender proportion. In the history of architecture, it refers to the tendency of early baroque style in the works of some Italian architects from 1530 to 1600. The Jesuit church in Rome has a rectangular plane with a shrine at the end, which evolved from the Latin cross used in Gothic churches. The central hall is wide, and the vault is covered with statues and decorations. Two rows of small prayer rooms were used on both sides to replace the original side porch. A dome rises in the middle of the cross. The altar of the church is richly decorated and free, and the mountain flowers on it break through the classical French style, making icons and decorating the lights. The facade of the church draws lessons from the treatment method of Santa Maria, a small Florence church designed by Alberti, an architect in the early Renaissance. The eaves and mountain flowers above the main entrance are made into overlapping arcs and triangles, and inclined columns and flat pilasters are used on both sides of the main entrance. There are two pairs of large scrolls on both sides of the upper part of the front. These therapies were unique and were widely imitated later. Baroque style broke the blind worship of Vitruvius, an ancient Roman architectural theorist, and also broke through all kinds of rules and regulations formulated by classicists in the late Renaissance, reflecting the secular thought of yearning for freedom. On the other hand, the baroque church is magnificent, which can create a very strong mysterious atmosphere and meet the requirements of the Catholic church to show off its wealth and pursue mystery. Therefore, Baroque architecture originated in Rome and soon spread all over Europe, even as far away as America. Some baroque buildings pursue luxury and verve too much, even to the point of being bulky and piled up. Since 1930s, the wealth of Italian churches has been increasing day by day, and all parishes have built their own baroque churches. Because of its small scale, it is not suitable to use Latin cross plane, so it is mostly changed to single-space halls such as round, oval, plum blossom and round petal cross, and curved surfaces are widely used in modeling. A typical example is the church of San Carlo in Rome, which was designed by Borromini. Its temple plane is approximately olive-shaped, and there are some irregular small prayer rooms around it; There is also a living courtyard. The hall plane and ceiling decoration emphasize dynamic curve, the vertical mountain flowers are disconnected, the cornice is horizontally bent, the wall is concave and convex, and the decoration is rich, which has a strong light and shadow effect. Although the design technique is skillful, it is inevitable that there is a feeling of affectation. /kloc-after the middle of the 0/7th century, baroque churches became popular in Italy. There are many novel and original works, but there are also buildings with poor technology and excessive stacking. In order to show off the wealth of papal countries to pilgrims, the papal authorities built wide avenues and magnificent squares in Rome, which opened up a new road for the free and unrestrained style of Baroque. Roman Polo Square, built by Roman architect fontana in the17th century, is the intersection of three radial main roads, with an obelisk in the center and statues and green belts around it. There are two symmetrical churches with the same style between the radial main roads. This square is open and unrestrained, and many European countries are scrambling to follow suit. France built a radial square in front of Versailles Palace, and Russia built a radial square in front of the Admiralty Building in Petersburg. The square in front of St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome was designed by bernini, an outstanding baroque architect and sculptor, and is surrounded by the Tuscan colonnade in Rome. The whole layout is bold and dynamic, and the light and shadow effect is strong. Baroque architectural style is also very popular in some countries in Central Europe, especially Germany and Austria. /kloc-in the second half of the 0/7th century, many German architects combined Italian Baroque architectural style with German national architectural style after returning from studying in Italy. By the first half of18th century, German Baroque architecture had become a wonderful work in the history of European architecture. German Baroque style churches are simple and elegant in appearance, soft in shape, less in decoration, flat in external walls and in harmony with the natural environment. The interior decoration of the church is very gorgeous, which creates a strong contrast between the inside and the outside. Famous examples are the Fourteen Saints Pilgrimage Church in the suburbs of Bamberg and Abbey Church in Roche. The layout of the pilgrimage church of the Fourteenth Saints is very novel. The main hall and shrine are made into three continuous ellipses, and the arched ceiling echoes this. The interior of the church is covered with all kinds of plant-like decorative patterns made of lime mud, which is magnificent. The appearance of the church is relatively dull, with a pair of towers on the front, dotted with soft curves and full of intimacy. The appearance of Roche Abbey Church is also very simple, and the interior decoration is also very exquisite, especially the ceiling above the shrine is covered with flying angels carved with white marble, and in the middle of the shrine is a group sculpture composed of the Virgin and two angels; Below the shrine is a group of statues of saints with different expressions. Austrian baroque architectural style was mainly imported from Germany. /kloc-In the first half of the 8th century, many famous buildings in Austria were designed by German architects. For example, the Shubelen Palace in Vienna is a serious classical architectural form, while the interior hall is Italian Baroque style. All the pillars in the hall are carved into human shapes, and the pillars and vaults are covered with relief decoration, which is the product of the combination of baroque style and classical style. It rose in the middle of17th century, with free and unrestrained style and complex and changeable modeling, but some architectural decorations were piled up too much. Santiago Cathedral in Spain is a typical example of architecture in this period.
Important characteristics
The narrow nave of the church was replaced by a wider and occasionally circular form, by the contrast of light, or the strong contrast between light and shade, the effect of monochrome painting (that is, the Wildenberg Abbey of the church), or the intense use of consistent lighting equipment. Through a few windows (that is, the Weingarten Abbey of the church), large ceiling murals with decorations (which are made of wood (often gilded), gypsum or plaster, marble or fake marble) often depict sharp central predictions on the external facade, and often have no illusions about painting and sculpture (especially in the late Baroque style). Like trompe l'oeil and the mixed paintings and buildings in Baroque style of Bavaria and Swabia, the onion dome is a sacred building everywhere in Baroque style, which is mainly influenced by Italian examples, especially Rome and cathedral, where the dome and nave intersect. The center of baroque secular architecture is France, and the three-wing layout of palaces was established as a standard method as early as16th century. But this is Salomon de Brosse's Palais du Luxembourg (built in 16 15- 1620), which established the baroque architectural paradigm.
Baroque architecture-representative figure
Gian Lorenzo bernini Gian Lorenzo bernini (Gian Lorenzo bernini; ; Also known as Giovanni Lorenzo bernini) (1598 65438+February 7th-1680165438+1October 28th) Italian sculptor, architect and painter. Early outstanding baroque artists. Benigni's major achievements are sculpture and architectural design. In addition, he is a painter, draftsman, stage designer, fireworks producer and funeral designer. Benigni was born in Florence, Naples, and later came to Rome with his father Peter Benigni (a famous sculptor). His early works were inspired by Greek mythological sculptures that were transported to Rome during the Roman Empire. Among these works, there are Amalthea (completed in 1609, now in Borghese Gallery, Rome), a fairy who feeds Zeus with goat's milk, and busts of fables and myths, such as "DamnedSoul" and "BlessedSoul" (completed in 1609). In the 1620s, Benigni's sculptures gradually matured, including Pope Paul V (1620) and The Kidnapped Proschebina (1621-kloc-0/622, now in Bogota Art Museum, Rome). Other well-known sculptures in Benigni include: Notre Dame de Rome's sculpture "Goddess of Saint Madeleine" (1645-1652, see bottom right), early works "Apollo and Daphne" and "Portrait of David" (in the Bogart Museum). In the process of shaping David, Benigni endowed him with feelings. Unlike Michelangelo's works of the same name, the former works are dynamic, while the latter seems ready to take action at any time. Its twisted trunk and wrinkled eyebrows fully embody the characteristics of baroque art accumulated during the Renaissance. Michelangelo showed David's heroic qualities, while Benigni captured the moment of David's heroic qualities. This work was commissioned by Cardinal Bogart, the main patron of Benigni, when he was 25 years old. Other sculptures in Benigni include Cardinal bogart (1632, bogart Museum) and the statue of Louis XIV (1665, now in Versailles). Benigni's first architectural work is the bronze canopy (built at 1624-1633) above the altar of St. Peter's Church in the Vatican. In addition, he also built the facade of SantaBibiana Church in Rome (1624-1626). 1629, before the altar canopy was completed, Pope urban VIII hired Benigni to take charge of the construction of the whole St. Peter's Church. He was also responsible for building the tombs of Pope urban VIII and later Pope Alexander VII in the church. St Peter's Cathedral (1657-1666) located in the semicircular hall of St Peter's Cathedral is also a masterpiece of Benigni. In addition to his most famous works-the square and colonnade in front of St. Peter's Church, Benigni also designed many famous buildings in Rome, such as Bei Lini Palace (built at 1630), PalazzoLudovisi Palace (1650) and Kiki Palace (PalazzoChigi, 65438). 1665, Benigni's fame reached its peak. He went to Paris, hoping to design the east front door of the Louvre for the French emperor Louis XIV, but was rejected. Finally, this part of the building was completed by Claude Perrau, which is more classical. In addition, Benigni also designed many famous churches, although St. Peter's Church was not written by him (see Carlo Madail). A small Baroque church in Rome fully embodies the architectural style of Benigni. He is not only responsible for designing the building of St. Andrew's Church in Qilingang, but also carving a huge statue of St. Andrew on the altar. In the countryside near Rome, Benigni also designed a church for the Pope's summer palace, Fort Dolf. The first fountain designed by Benigni is the Prince of the Sea Fountain (1640), and the most famous one is the Four Rivers Fountain in Navona Square (1648-165 1), which personifies four rivers in the world: Nile, Ganges, Danube and La Blatas. There is also an interesting story about the fountain: Benigni's rival Bo Jomini designed the St Agnes Church facing the fountain. It is said that Benigni once ridiculed that the church was in danger, so he raised his hand to the statue of La Plata River in the church. 1644, the death of Pope urban VIII, the patron of Benigni, concentrated the opponents of Benigni and dealt a blow to the cause of Benigni. However, Pope Innocent X continued to invite Benigni to finish the work of St. Peter's Church and entrusted him to design the Fountain of Four Rivers. By the time Innocent X died, Benigni had become a leading figure in Roman art. Benigni died in Rome on 1680. Benigni's works are regarded as scientific symbols and shrines in dan brown's novel Angels and Demons. JohannBalthasarNeumann JohannBalthasarNeumann JohannBalthasarNeumann (1687 65438+1October 30th-1753 August 19) was born in eger and died at1687. 17 1 1 year, Newman went to the Wü rzburg artillery service corps and was influenced by the archbishop marquis (Fürstbischof) who was widely ruled in Italy, France and the Netherlands at that time. Nborn) began his architectural career. Newman is the most representative master of baroque architecture. His baroque architectural design reached its peak among Catholic baroque works in South Germany. His characteristics in great interior design, especially the staircase space and the church, can show his amazing effect. Most of his works are distributed in Wü rzburg along the Main River and from Cologne (K? Go south along the Rhine. JohannBalthasarNeumann's works are quite numerous, among which the representative ones are: the official residence of Wü rzburg, the stepped space of Augustburg and Hunting Park, and the stepped space of the pilgrimage church of the Cross Mountain in Bonn.
Edit the characteristics of baroque style in this paragraph.
One is luxury goods. It has both religious characteristics and hedonism; The second is passionate art, which emphasizes the artist's rich imagination; Thirdly, it strongly emphasizes that movement and change are the soul of baroque art; Fourth, pay attention to the sense of space and three-dimensional sense of the work; The fifth is comprehensiveness, which emphasizes the comprehensive means of art forms, such as paying attention to the integration of architecture, sculpture and painting in architecture. In addition, it also absorbed some factors and imagination in the fields of literature, drama and music. Sixth, a strong religious color; Seventh, Baroque artists tend to stay away from life and times. In some zenith paintings, the image of people becomes insignificant. Eight elegant and romantic. (Baidu)