first part
Dialectical materialism part
1. Think during the day and dream at night: matter determines consciousness, and consciousness is the reflection of the human brain on objective things.
2. Like the strong wind in spring, it blows at night and blows open the petals of ten thousand pear trees: the human brain's response to objective things is subjective and dynamic.
3. Angry people are justified; Zi does not talk about strangeness, strength, chaos and spirit: the essence of the world is the materialistic view of matter.
4. Being tangible means having spirit, while being tangible means having no spirit: It is believed that matter determines consciousness, and consciousness cannot be separated from materialistic material view.
5. There is nothing outside the heart, existence is perceived, and things are a collection of ideas: the idealistic view that goes against the essence of the world is matter.
6. Follow the map: it violates all subjectivist views based on reality and makes the mistake of bookishness.
7. Painting cakes to satisfy hunger: exaggerating the dynamic role of consciousness, and failing to realize that consciousness cannot replace matter.
8. Stealing bells: exaggerating the dynamic role of consciousness and violating the objectivity of matter.
9. Smart children will doubt their neighbors: people's understanding of things is restricted by subjective factors. People must observe things from a correct standpoint.
10. One day in the sky, not for Yao's life, not for Jie's death. The sky is not wicked, the winter is not cold, and the earth is not wicked. The development of things is
Ordinary.
1 1. If you don't follow the rules, you can't be a Fiona Fang: things develop regularly, and you should respect the objective laws when you play your subjective initiative.
12. size up the situation: combine giving full play to subjective initiative with respecting objective laws and conditions.
13. The woodcutter is exhausted because the firewood is not in accordance with the pattern; Pull out the seedlings and encourage them: to give full play to subjective initiative, we must respect objective laws, and we will be punished if we violate them.
14. There is no whole cow; Understand cattle: grasp the objective laws and get twice the result with half the effort.
15. Go if you have the conditions, and go if you don't; Do what you can and do your best; Combine revolutionary spirit with scientific attitude: adhere to the unity of giving full play to subjective initiative and respecting objective laws.
16. If we want to command nature, we must obey it: we must acknowledge the objectivity of nature, give full play to subjective initiative on the premise of correctly handling the relationship between man and nature, and respect objective laws.
17 "Different people have different opinions, and the wise have different opinions" embodies the philosophical truth that different people's knowledge composition will lead to different evaluations of the same objective fact. Whether people's understanding of objective things is correct or not is restricted by subjective factors.
18 Fan Zhen in the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China said: "Form is the existence of God, and form is the destruction of God", "Form is the essence of God, and form is the use of God". The philosophical truth embodied is: there is matter in the world before consciousness, and matter determines consciousness; We are required to proceed from reality and make the subjective conform to the objective.
19 British philosopher Becquerel believes that "existence is perceived" and "
Things are collections of ideas. "Philosophically, this view holds that there is consciousness first, and then there is matter. Consciousness determines matter rather than matter, which is idealism.
Engels said: "All thoughts come from experience and are the reflection of reality-correct or distorted." This sentence tells us that whether the correct ideology or the wrong ideology is a reflection of the objective existence in the human brain, there is matter in the world before consciousness, and matter determines consciousness, and consciousness is the reflection of matter in the human brain.
2 1 Engels said: "All religions are just reflections in people's minds of the fantasy of external forces that dominate people's daily lives ..."
This sentence tells us that religious ideas are still a reflection of objective existence in the human brain. There is matter in the world before consciousness, which determines consciousness, and consciousness is the reflection of matter in the human brain.
22 "Heaven and earth combined to create all things, and Yin and Yang changed and came into being." It means that everything in the universe is not created by God, but the result of the contradictory movement of Yin and Yang between heaven and earth. Realize that the world is material, not conscious. There is matter in the world before consciousness, and matter determines consciousness.
23 "The road with faith is smooth, and the road without faith is difficult to walk step by step" shows that consciousness is counterproductive, correct consciousness promotes the development of objective things, and wrong consciousness hinders the development of objective things; This requires us to attach importance to the role of consciousness, the strength of spirit, consciously establish a correct ideology and overcome the wrong ideology.
Mencius said, "The official of the heart thinks." Xunzi said, "The heart is the king of form, and so is the Lord of God."
Li Shizhen said: "People's memories are all in the brain." The similarity of these arguments lies in that people's thinking activities must be based on certain material organs.
The sentence "the tree wants to be quiet, but the wind will not stop" reflects that the existence and development of objective things are independent of human will.
26"
Mulberry leaves and leafless smoke come from the soil, and flute pipes welcome Longshui Temple. Zhumen indulged in singing and dancing in several places, fearing that the sound of spring would swallow the strings.
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The philosophical truth embodied is: people's.
Different interests and different class positions will lead to different evaluations of the same objective fact. Is people's understanding of objective things correctly influenced?
Constraints of subjective factors.
The philosophical view of "going into the mountains to ask for firewood and going into the water to ask for fishing" is that we must proceed from reality, be subjective and objective, and go deep into actual investigation and research.
the second part
Part of materialist dialectics
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"Huai Nan Zi" said: "If you don't walk with your hands, you can't get sick with your hands tied; Flying without a tail, bending the tail does not travel far. " This shows that the internal factors of things influence and restrict each other.
◆ "The ancients said: Those who do not seek the overall situation are not enough to seek a domain; He who does not seek eternal life is not enough for a moment. "
This passage shows that the whole is in a dominant position and the whole dominates the part, which requires us to grasp the relationship between things as a whole when we understand and deal with problems.
◆ "Seeing only the trees but not the forest" and "One leaf can't see Mount Tai" are both isolated and one-sided manifestations of looking at the problem, which requires us to comprehensively grasp the relationship between the elements of things as a whole.
"There is no smoke without fire" and "Modesty makes people progress, and pride makes people lag behind" reflect the philosophical thought that causal connection is universal and objective, which requires us to consciously establish causal concepts and enhance the consciousness and foresight of activities.
◆ "One careless move will lose the whole game" and "one stroke will lead to one stroke and move the whole body" * * both reflect the philosophical truth that the performance of key parts plays a decisive role in the overall performance state under certain conditions.
◆ "He who has no long-term worries must have immediate worries" and "The past is not forgotten, and the future is a teacher" emphasize that everything is causal, which requires us to consciously establish the concept of causality and enhance the consciousness and foresight of activities.
◆ Aristotle said: "A hand cannot be regarded as a part of a person in any state or in a certain state;
Only living and working hands are part of people, and if they are dead hands, they are not part of people. "The philosophy embodied in this sentence is that part is part of the whole and part cannot be separated from the whole.
◆ "As you sow, you reap"; "Dragon begets dragon, phoenix begets phoenix, and mouse begets burrow". Explain that law is an inevitable connection in the process of things moving; Internal cause is the basis of the change and development of things.
◆ "Rain and dew moisten seedlings, and everything grows by the sun" embodies the universality of connection, which requires us to look at the problem from the perspective of connection.
◆ The mistake of waiting for him is to regard the accidental connection of things as the inevitable connection.
◆ "Good is rewarded with good, and evil with evil; This sentence affirms the causal relationship between things, but fails to see the objectivity of causal relationship.
The philosophical principle and methodology embodied in seeing the big from the small is that the whole is in a dominant position and the whole dominates the part, which requires us to grasp the relationship between things as a whole when we understand and deal with problems.
◆ "In the old society, before Wang Xietang's death, he flew into the homes of ordinary people" reflects the changing and developing of human society.
◆ "Different colleagues in the world are different, and things are different." The philosophical principle and methodology embodied are that things change and develop, which requires us to look at the problem from a developmental perspective.
◆ Gong Zizhen, a modern thinker in China, said: "From ancient times to the present, there has been no change in law, potential, examples and ethos.
The philosophical principle and methodology embodied in it is that things change and develop, which requires us to look at the problem from a developmental perspective.
◆ Bai Juyi wrote in Yang Liuzhi: "Please listen to old songs and new Yang Liuzhi." Liu Yuxi wrote in Yang Liuzhi Ci: "Please don't play the old songs and listen to the new Yang Liuzhi."
The philosophy embodied in these two poems is: things are changing and developing, so we should blaze new trails and not stick to the old ways.
The words "sit on the ground and travel 80,000 miles a day, observe the celestial phenomena and see the thousands of rivers far away", "day by day" and "the deceased is like a husband, not giving up day and night" vividly illustrate that everything is in eternal movement and development.
The mistake of "carving a boat for a sword" is to admit only matter and deny movement, which is a metaphysical point of view.
◆ "Hongyan went out of Saibei, but it was in no man's land. Raise your wings-Vandory, you can stop and walk by yourself. Dieting south rice in winter and returning to the north in spring. " This poem shows that the movement and change of living things have a certain basic order, and the movement and change of living things are regular.
◆ "The moon is full of rain and shine, and people have joys and sorrows. This matter is ancient and difficult. " It shows that both nature and human society are regular.
◆ "Humans can make nature serve themselves and dominate nature by changing it. But every step we take, we must remember that when human beings rule nature, they never stand outside it. Our complete ruling power over nature lies in our ability to understand and correctly apply the laws of nature. " The philosophical truth of this passage is that giving full play to subjective initiative should be unified with respecting objective laws.
◆ "I am proficient in cattle, and it is handy to use; Pulling out the seedlings encourages the seedlings to die. "
The enlightenment to us is that the law is objective and can neither be created nor destroyed. Concentrated expression is not to be disobeyed, which requires us to act according to objective laws. Respect for objective laws is the foundation of success.
◆ "The mountain fire is not over yet, and the spring breeze is high", "The sunken ship crosses Qian Fan, and the diseased tree crosses Wan Muchun", and "New leaves push the old leaves in the neighborhood, and the waves in front of the running water make the waves behind" reflect the philosophical principle and methodology that things are changing and developing, which requires us to look at the problem from a development perspective.
◆ Du Gouhe, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote in Komatsu: "I grew up in the grass and now I am beginning to feel bitter. At that time, people didn't know Lingyun Mu, waiting for Lingyun to get up. " The enlightenment of this poem is that things are changing and developing, which requires us to look at the problem from a developmental perspective; New things are invincible, so we should promote the growth of new things.
◆ "Don't wait for three days, just be kind to each other." This sentence tells us that immutable things don't exist, and we should look at the problem from a developmental perspective.
◆ Dong Zhongshu said: "The Tao is great, born from the sky, the sky remains unchanged, and the Tao remains unchanged." This view holds that everything in the world is static and denies the development and changes of things; Is a metaphysical point of view; It is idealism to deny that matter determines consciousness.
◆ "Everything moves, but only in concept" and "It's not the wind, it's not the movement, and the benevolent is the heart". Both of them think that everything in the world moves, but deny that matter is moving. This is a typical idealistic view of talking about movement without objective matter.
◆ As the saying goes, "Cutting wood is tiring without distortion" tells us whether people act according to objective laws. It determines whether people can get positive results by exerting their subjective initiative.
British philosopher Bacon said, "If you want to dominate nature, you must obey it." The enlightenment of this sentence is that the exertion of subjective initiative is restricted by objective laws and conditions.
◆ Confucius said: "Learning without thinking is useless." Mao Zedong said, "Think more and gain wisdom". This shows that thinking plays a very important role in the process of understanding the essence and laws of things.
◆ Hegel said: "In pure light, just like in pure darkness, nothing can be seen." This shows that contradiction is the relationship of unity of opposites contained in things themselves.
Mencius said: "It is better to believe in books than to have no books", which enlightens us from philosophy that under certain conditions, things will change in the opposite direction.
◆ Laozi said: "A blessing in disguise is a blessing in disguise." The philosophy involved is that both sides of contradiction depend on each other and transform each other under certain conditions.
◆ Lao Tzu said: "
If you want to be weak, you must be strong; If it is to be abolished, it must be consolidated; If you want to take it away, you must fix it.
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This passage shows that philosophy is a spear.
The two sides of the shield can be transformed into their opposites according to certain conditions.
◆ Laozi said: "It is difficult to complement each other with or without mutual strengths. Compared with the length, the height is oblique and the sound is in harmony." This passage shows that the two sides of the contradiction are interdependent and mutually existing conditions.
◆ Confucius said: "Those who love others love others, and those who are wicked are wicked." The philosophical thought embodied in this thought is: the causal relationship between things is objective; The two sides of the contradiction are inseparable; Under certain conditions, both sides of the contradiction turn in opposite directions.
◆ "Is it difficult in the world? For it, it is easy and difficult; If you don't do it, it's hard for easy people. Is it difficult for people to learn? Learned, difficult people will be easy; If you don't learn, it's easy and difficult. " The philosophy embodied in this sentence is that under certain conditions, both sides of the contradiction will transform in opposite directions.
◆ "The change of heaven and earth, the violence of cold and summer, floods, droughts, moths and locusts are all regular" reflects that the movement of all things is regular.
◆ Li Shangyin, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote in a poem: "The long rope always lacks the sun, and the water goes to the clouds to hate. If you want to buy the sea, a cup of spring dew is as cold as ice. " The main philosophical truth contained in this poem is that the movement of things has its own laws, and it is independent of human will.
◆ Xunzi's viewpoint of "controlling destiny and using it" gives people philosophical thinking: to know nature, we should give full play to our subjective initiative; To make use of the laws of nature, we must first master the laws.
◆ Xunzi said: "Heaven is always there, not for the existence of Yao, not for the death of Jie"; "Everyone is evil in the cold winter, and everyone in the Liao Dynasty is evil."
"。 The philosophical truth embodied is that the existence and function of law are independent of human will.
◆ Confucius said: "If a worker wants to do a good job, he must sharpen his tools first." The main idea is to act according to the law and create certain conditions first.
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