Lin Lezhi (1836—1907), born in Georgia, USA, was a missionary of American supervisory board and came to China in the late Qing Dynasty. In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), Mrs. Kay came to Shanghai to preach. Tongzhi for three years (1864), introduced by Feng Guifen in the third trimester, served as the first English teacher in Shanghai Cantonese Library for six months. After the expiration, he took part in the translation work in the Translation Hall of Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau and was employed as an English teacher again until the seventh year of Guangxu (188 1). During this period, he taught in the morning and translated books in the afternoon. 16 translated 10 Yu Ben's works on foreign history, geography and natural sciences, such as History of Europe, History of Nations, Chemistry of Gezhi Enlightenment, Astronomy of Gezhi Enlightenment, and Flora of Nations.
Chinese name: Lin Lezhi.
Mbth: YoungJohnAllen
Nationality: USA
Birthplace: Burke County, Georgia, USA
Date of birth: 1836
Date of death: 1907
Occupation: educator, missionary
Graduate school: emory college
Faith: Christianity
Representative works: the history of the Middle East war, the policy of rejuvenating the country through literature.
Font size: word honorary seal
Biographical notes
Lin Lezhi was a famous translator and missionary in old Shanghai. Missionary of American supervisory board. The word Zhang Rong. Born in Burke County, Georgia.
1858, graduated from emory college.
/kloc-went to Shanghai in 0/860 to study sinology under Wang Tao.
From 65438 to 0863, he taught in Shanghai Guangdong Pavilion run by the Qing government.
1868, Jiangnan manufacturing bureau had a translation hall, and Cantonese hall moved into the bureau, where he also translated books. In the same year, he founded and edited Church News (Weekly).
1September, 874, changed its name to World Bulletin.
1882 Established Chinese and Western Academy in Shanghai as a supervisor.
1887, Lin Lezhi participated in the work of the association.
1889 In February, the World Bulletin was reissued and changed into a monthly magazine, which was still edited by it. Before and after the Sino-Japanese War, he publicized China's political reform and political reform. His main works are the history of the Middle East war and the literature that publicizes ethnic policies.
1907, died in Shanghai.
all one's life
Lin Lezhi was born in Georgia, USA 1836. He lost his parents when he was young and was brought up by his aunt. When he was a teenager, he believed in Christianity and joined the Christian Southern Supervision Committee. 1858 graduated from university with a bachelor of arts. 1June, 860, dispatched by Christian American Board of Supervisors, he came to Shanghai to preach with his family. While preaching everywhere, he also worked hard to learn China culture and made a wide range of celebrities.
Lin Lezhi 1864 was introduced as a teacher in Shanghai Cantonese Library 1 year. 1867 returned to Guang Dialect Hall as a western teacher and worked as a translator in the Translation Hall of Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau. Around 16, he was awarded the title of "top five scholar" by the Qing government for his hard work.
During the period of 1868, when Lin Lezhi was the editor of Shanghai New Newspaper, he founded China Church Journal. 1In September, 874, he changed the name of the periodical from No.301to World Bulletin (Weekly). After 1883, it was closed because it was busy with the affairs of Chinese and Western College.
188 1 year, in order to realize the desire of running schools through religious infiltration, promoting political improvement in China and expanding the influence of western countries, Lin Lezhi resigned as a translator of the Education and Production Bureau of Shanghai Cantonese Pavilion and founded the "First Branch of Chinese and Western Schools" in Baxianqiao, the French Concession in Shanghai. At that time, the cost of materials was borne by the supervisory Committee, and the cost of books was raised by donations. The following year, Lin Lezhi opened a second branch in Wusong Road, Hongkou. In order to seek development, Lin Lezhi bought 35 mu of land next to Wusong Road Branch School in "Western countries persuaded donations, which lasted for four or five years", merged the branch school, and built a new school building at ***4 1 mu. After the completion, the two branches moved in together, and the school was officially named "Chinese and Western Academy", and he served as the school inspector.
Lin Lezhi carefully planned the teaching system of Chinese and Western academies, and put forward a complete "three-level academic system", that is, primary, intermediate and advanced, so that students can get their places and step by step; In terms of teaching content, he emphasized "paying equal attention to both Chinese and western", and his western subjects included mathematics, science, geography and politics, which was closer to the modern academic system and educational ideal than those western studies that only focused on western languages or military books at that time. Religious subjects account for very little in the teaching content, there are no prescribed classics, and students do not need to become Christians. After the establishment of Chinese and Western Academy, it was deeply favored by the emerging bourgeoisie in Shanghai, and many officials, gentry and businessmen made great donations and became self-sufficient. Chinese and Western Academy 19 1 1 moved to Suzhou and merged into Soochow University.
1887, Lin Lezhi participated in the editing work of the Shanghai Society reorganized by Williamson, and translated 10 many books in western languages, the most famous of which was The End of the Middle East War. In his translation, China was asked to "recruit western ministers" as "visiting teachers" of the government to plan China's New Deal. He has been engaged in the publishing of books and periodicals for a long time, and has written many books, mainly including Literature Prospering the National Policy, New Policy of Public Security, Examinations of China in Past Dynasties, General Examination of Wuzhou Women's Customs, etc. After the establishment of the Optical Society, the World Bulletin resumed publication and became the official publication of the Optical Society. Until the death of Lin Lezhi in 1907, it was still presided over by him. The newspaper "recorded the geography, history and social customs of western Thailand, which was loved by Chinese people and sold more than 4,000 copies every month", which had a certain influence on the Reform Movement at that time.
Due to the success of the establishment of Chinese and Western Academy, Lin Lezhi suggested that the Women's Department of the Supervisory Committee set up a girls' school in Shanghai to recruit upper-class women in Shanghai as another way to expand the influence of Christianity. 1890 the supervisory Committee approved the establishment of a girls' school in Shanghai. Lin Lezhi and Hai Shude founded Chinese and Western Schools in Shanghai. 1892 officially started school in March. Chinese and western girls' school system 10 year. Although it claims to be "paying equal attention to both Chinese and Western learning, especially English". In the teaching process, all subjects such as geography, mathematics, geography and religion are taught in English as long as students can. Different from Chinese and Western academies, religious courses are one of the compulsory courses. There were only five students in the Chinese and western girls' schools, but with the gradual opening of the atmosphere, the number of students increased day by day. In the 20th century, it became the "gilded" holy land that Shanghai upper-class women dreamed of.
19 In the 1990s, Lin Lezhi became more and more interested in the work of Optical Society and World Bulletin. 1895 resigned as supervisor of Chinese and Western Academy, specializing in running newspapers and translating works.
65438+May 0905 Lin Lezhi returned to China briefly and was received by US President theodore roosevelt. 1906 returned to Shanghai, and1907 died of illness in Shanghai in May.
China Suiyue
In modern China, the image of Lin Lezhi seems to be more like an emissary of spreading western culture than a solemn missionary. This is closely related to Lin Lezhi's understanding of China society and his missionary policy.
1859 65438+In February, Lin Le, a 23-year-old American missionary, and his wife and their less than five-month-old daughter set foot on a ship bound for China. After a hard voyage of 2 10 days, they arrived in Shanghai on June 1860 and began his career in China for more than 40 years.
After Lin Lezhi arrived in China, he took the name Lin Yuehan in China, and later changed his name to Lin Lezhi, which means "a Confucian knows nothing". He sometimes calls himself an "American Scholar", showing a keen interest in China culture. Over the past few years, he has made great progress in Chinese learning and passed the language barrier in general. But at this time, due to the outbreak of the American Civil War, the supervisory committee could not take care of Lin Lezhi's life, leaving him nowhere to raise funds. As a last resort, Lin Lezhi, under the introduction of Feng Guifen, went to the Cantonese Pavilion to teach. He also sold church property, grain, cotton and coal, and worked as a broker in the insurance department. Later, at the request of Xu Shou, he went to the Translation Hall of Shanghai Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration to translate books. According to the analysis of the related accounts in the church newspapers, Lin Lezhi's translated books include Gezhi Enlightenment Natural History, Gezhi Enlightenment Chemistry, Gezhi Enlightenment Astronomy, Gezhi Enlightenment Geography, National History, European History, German History, Russian History, Indian History and Oriental Negotiation History. Because of his inculcation and diligence in translating books, the Qing court awarded him five titles. During this period, Lin Lezhi's understanding of China society and culture deepened day by day. One question he pondered repeatedly was how to adapt to the culture of China and let Christianity spread widely in China. In the missionary process of Christianity in the late Qing Dynasty, there were two different ways. One is what is customarily called "direct missionary", that is, to set foot in the villages and cities of China, face the broad masses of ordinary people, preach doctrines, praise God, distribute leaflets, widely distribute religious books, and choose suitable places to build churches. In other words, to preach for the sake of preaching, we seldom touch the social and political problems in China, and we don't run newspapers, schools or hospitals. This method was adopted by most missionaries after Ma Lixun came to China from 65438 to 0807, and achieved certain results, but the effect was not remarkable. Lin Lezhi also adopted this method after he came to China. 186 1 year, he was very interested in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in Nanjing, trying to open a gap from the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and promote missionary work. He invited friends from his peers to visit Hong Ren from afar, but the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was busy with the siege of the Qing army and was not interested in Lin Lezhi's missionary requirements. After 1970s, Lin Lezhi and other missionaries put forward a new so-called "liberal" missionary way. This way requires missionaries to seriously understand and study China society and transform China according to China's cultural characteristics; Second, we should skillfully integrate Christianity with Confucianism, which is dominant in China, and gradually replace Confucianism with Christianity. Third, by spreading advanced western science and technology culture, such as running education, building hospitals and running newspapers, we can improve the quality of China people, expand the market of Christian culture and attract more China people to teach.
Lin Lezhi paid great attention to the social situation in China, especially paying attention to dissecting the social structure in the late Qing Dynasty. He said in the History of the Middle East War: "When I first came to China, bandits were everywhere, so I joined the Puppet Manchuria capital and stayed in the Puppet Manchuria Palace to punish my actions. In the tenth year of Xianfeng, British and French soldiers marched straight into Beijing, and all foreign soldiers retreated to help China fight back. The rebellion was slightly decided, and the bandits were full of twists and turns. In this case, all the servants are engraved with their bones. During the Tongzhi period, the Japanese army had the battle of Taiwan Province Province; In the early years of Guangxu, there were wars in Vietnam in France and Korea in Japan, all of which were witnessed by servants. As for the peace treaties between China and other countries, we can all read them. Everything in the Sino-foreign negotiations is inspected month by month and recorded in the World Bulletin. " In the process of carefully observing China's internal affairs and diplomacy, Lin Lezhi came to a conclusion: If you want to spread Christianity widely, you must seize "scholars" and make friends with "officials". He believes that in China, "scholars are the first of the four people", and most officials and businessmen come from "scholars". Conquering scholars means conquering China culture and society. So he made friends with a group of scholars and officials in the 1960s and 1970s, such as Feng Guifen, Yan Liangxun, Wang Fengzao, Chen Lanbin, Shen Yugui, Ying Baoshi, Li Hongzhang, Zhang Zhidong, Zhang and Lu Haihuan. These people are generally open-minded and eager for new knowledge. They valued Lin Lezhi's extensive western learning, while Lin Lezhi tried to spread the Christian gospel from top to bottom based on the social status of these officials and gentry. Lin Lezhi's connections made him a good friend of Shanghai bureaucrats and celebrities at that time.
Lin Lezhi also attached great importance to using Confucianism to explain Christian teachings. He even confirmed the "three cardinal guides and five permanents" and Christianity one by one, and came to the conclusion that they are similar in reason and essence. He quoted the classics and found out the arguments of monarchs, ministers, fathers and sons, couples and even brothers and friends from Christianity. The conclusion is: "Confucianism values five ethics, while Christianity values five ethics, which is proved by the Bible." He also believes that Confucianism talks about "benevolence". Although there is no word "benevolence" in the Bible, "love is benevolence"; Confucianism stresses "righteousness" and "the Lord delights in righteousness"; Confucianism stresses "courtesy", while the Bible requires people to "give and receive with courtesy"; Confucianism talks about "wisdom", and the Bible says that "the gift of wisdom is more precious than pearls"; Confucianism talks about "faith", while the Bible talks about "stopping with faith", that is, "faith" is the highest virtue. In short, in Lin Lezhi's view, Confucius and Jesus are the same person, and the original meanings of Confucianism and Christianity are the same.
Although Lin Lezhi equated Jesus with Confucius, he always thought that China people, including intellectuals, were very ignorant, conservative and backward, and lacked understanding of modern science and culture. "They know nothing about the laws of nature and philosophy, chemistry and astronomy." To preach, we must first break the backwardness of the intellectual circles in China, so that they can have modern scientific knowledge and modern concepts, modern thinking and new value orientation of westerners. That is to say, only after China people walked out of the Middle Ages, completely "westernized" and turned China into an American-style "new world" can Christian culture be unimpeded in China. Proceeding from this reasoning, after the 80s of 19, Lin Lezhi focused on spreading western cultural knowledge and changing the knowledge structure and thinking mode of China intellectuals. He founded a new school in Shanghai and trained new talents. Translate books and introduce European and American scientific and cultural knowledge; Running newspapers, disseminating information and promoting Christianity and western culture. /kloc-At the end of 0/9, China, which he sponsored, kept pace with Shanghai Shenbao, becoming the most influential newspaper for China people to understand the world and obtain information. He and Timothy Richard, Ding Weiliang and others organized a wide-ranging society, published books and expanded the influence of the church in China. 190 1 year, Lin Lezhi proudly declared: "In a sense, China has become a protected area of Christian countries, and she has been placed under our teaching and civilized power." At this time, Lin Lezhi received further support from the US Supervisory Committee and the US government. 1906 When he returned to China, US President theodore roosevelt personally received him. 70-year-old Lin Lezhi is still full of ambition after returning to China, and wants to further expand his career. Unexpectedly, he died suddenly in Shanghai on May 30th, 907 on/kloc-0. Looking at Lin Lezhi's activities in China, we can't say that his missionary work didn't develop. What really had a certain influence was his cultural activities, especially the establishment of schools and newspapers.
contribution
Do new education.
Lin Lezhi was more active than Li Hongzhang, Zhang Zhidong and other westernization bureaucrats in reforming China's traditional feudal old education system and establishing new capitalist American schools. Because in Lin Lezhi's view, education is the most reliable way to change the knowledge structure of China people and spread the western culture based on Christianity. 19 Around the 1980s, on the one hand, he strongly criticized that China's imperial examination system was outdated, unable to meet the needs of modern society, and unable to meet the new requirements of diplomacy, military affairs, science and technology, and industry. Make the country go from bad to worse. On the other hand, CalvinWilsonMateer, GibertReid and Ding Weiliang, missionaries in China, made great efforts to set up the China Education Association, and planned to set up western-style schools widely. He founded Shanghai Chinese and Western College on 188 1. Chinese and western academies are divided into three parts: big academies and one or two academies. The big academy is in Kunshan Bridge, the first academy is in Baxian Bridge, and the second academy is in Wusong Road. The reason why it was named Chinese and Western Academy was mainly to cater to the cultural thoughts of intellectuals and politicians at that time. During the 20 years before and after the Sino-Japanese War 1894, there was a high voice of "giving priority to middle schools, supplemented by western learning", or "using Chinese style and western learning" and "paying equal attention to Chinese and western learning". Liang Qichao once said that it is universally acknowledged that "paying equal attention to both Chinese and Western cultures" is an eternal "supreme statement". As Lin Lezhi's assistant and friend, Shen Yugui has repeatedly said: In today's world, "specialized secondary schools are essential, supplemented by western learning; You don't have to specialize in western learning, you have to rely on middle school to help. Both can have both, can be parallel, and can be very open-minded. " Lin Lezhi is deeply influenced by American culture and China culture. Although his missionary strategy of "Jesus plus Confucius" is only a means, it also contains the factors of integrating Chinese and Western cultures. Moreover, advocating both Chinese and Western cultures is easily understood by China bureaucrats and scholars, which is much better than directly naming a missionary school. Therefore, he wrote publicly in the Charter of Chinese and Western Academies: "I intend to set up an academy in Shanghai, with the intention of paying equal attention to both Chinese and Western, especially to cultivate talents." "The purpose of the establishment of Chinese and Western Academy is to cultivate children in China. It's not that I don't dare to fish for fame, but seek truth from facts. " In fact, because western learning is novel and affordable, students can often study abroad or find a job with more money in big cities, so most students are not interested in middle school and spend their main energy on learning western learning. Therefore, the so-called "paying equal attention to both Chinese and western cultures" is only a wish of good people, and it will not work in real life. A few years later, Lin Lezhi himself admitted that the students of Chinese and Western Academies "knew little about China's ancient studies and lacked interest. They only care about learning English in the west because they hope to find a better job in Shanghai, where business is booming. " Social orientation often affects students' self-choice more than the educational purpose of the school. The specific daily affairs of Chinese and Western Academy are presided over by Shen Yugui. In the curriculum, we strictly follow the principle of paying equal attention to Chinese and western cultures. Generally speaking, half a day of middle school and half a day of western learning. Middle schools mainly explain ancient Chinese prose, write poems and sentences, write couplets, learn calligraphy and familiarize themselves with the Five Classics. There is nothing new. The course of western learning is fresh and concrete, and it is divided into eight years;
In the first year, you can read and write, explain words and sentences, explain shallow books and learn piano rhyme.
In the second year, I explained all kinds of simple books, practiced grammar, translated words, learned piano rhyme and learned western languages.
Mathematics enlightenment in the third year, maps of various countries, selected texts for translation, grammar check, piano rhyme learning, and Spanish learning.
In the fourth era, mathematics focused on style, translating letters, learning musical rhymes and learning western languages.
In the fifth year, I studied astronomy, Pythagorean law, flat triangle, arc triangle, piano rhyme and western languages.
In the sixth year, I studied chemistry, re-studied, discriminated, synthesized, explained theories, translated books, learned piano rhymes and learned western languages.
In the seventh year, nautical survey, the law of nations, the whole public, translating compositions, learning piano rhyme and learning Spanish.
In the eighth year, I enriched the national policy, astronomical survey, geoscience, epigraphy, translating compositions, learning piano rhyme and learning western languages.
These courses cover a wide range of subjects, especially it is difficult for China students to train English and rhyme as basic skills. In addition, the enrolled students have no foundation before entering school, and their ages are quite different, which makes teaching more difficult. Therefore, Lin Lezhi insists on "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" and divides students into nine grades: special students, first-class students (divided into 123 class), second-class students (divided into 123 class), third-class students (divided into 123 class) and fourth-class students. Put forward different requirements according to different situations, and the effect is naturally good.
As a missionary school, Chinese and Western College requires students to "read the Bible" every morning and have a unified prayer ceremony, and go to church on Sunday, but there is no systematic Bible class and students are not required to have the mission of preaching. At this point, Lin Lezhi is very open-minded.
After 1887, Lin Lezhi's main energy turned to the optical society and running newspapers, and paid little attention to Chinese and Western academies.
1895, resigned as the president of Chinese and western college, and the American board of supervisors sent someone else to take charge. Later, the headmaster's missionary work changed Lin Lezhi's style, added Christian courses and turned the academy into an authentic missionary school. By 19 12, Chinese and Western Academy moved to Suzhou and merged into Soochow University.
In the 32 years before and after the Chinese and Western Academy, although the number of students enrolled each year was small, a number of new talents with a certain foundation in Western learning were trained. In the late Qing Dynasty, there were graduates from Chinese and Western academies in diplomatic departments, customs, foreign trade, modern factories, new schools and Beiyang Navy. Of course, there are also some people who serve foreign businessmen and foreign powers invading China, and some people are overseas students.
In short, Chinese and Western academies have created thousands of new people who oppose feudal traditions and can generally adapt to modern society. This is of great significance to the modern transformation of China's traditional society. At the same time, Chinese and western academies denied the imperial examination system of the Qing court and spread the American education system, which played an exemplary role in the educational reform in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. While establishing Chinese and Western Academy, Lin Lezhi also founded Chinese and Western Girls' School in Shanghai, and trained a group of female talents. Generally speaking, the positive aspects of running a school in Lin Lezhi are the main ones, and the negative aspects are in a secondary position.
Establish a global bulletin
1874, Lin Lezhi founded GlobeMagazine, which was published in English. July issue 1, closing 1883. The Optical Society was founded in 1887, and decided to use it as an organ newspaper, which is still edited by Lin Lezhi. So the World Bulletin was reissued on 1889, but its English name was changed to "there are too many times", and it was published every month on 1 issue until 1907 was closed. The Universal Bulletin is actually the continuation and development of Lin Lezhi's earliest church communication. TheChurchNews was founded in September of 1868, with weekly 1 issue, * * 4 pages and about 6,000 words. Its purpose is to publicize the significance of missionary work, exchange information, and make believers love each other and exchange feelings. At the same time, it also publishes some national news, domestic anecdotes and scientific and technological knowledge. , its monthly price is 6500 yuan. The newspaper's sales volume is roughly 65,438+0,000 to more than 2,000 copies, mainly limited to areas where missionaries are active. In order to attract readers, the Church New Newspaper published the following year added imperial edicts of the Qing government and some political and social news. The issues 1 13 and 1 16 also published Robert Hart's Off-Site and Wade's New Argument. Both of these papers suggested that the Qing court should follow the example of Europe and America and carry out comprehensive reforms, which had certain repercussions in the ruling and opposition circles. Lin Lezhi copied these two essays, obviously in order to expand the popularity of Church News. However, judging from the general trend, the newspaper mainly pays attention to education affairs and rarely asks about politics, so its circulation has been unable to go up. Strictly speaking, "church news" is a member newsletter, which is welcomed by believers. Lin Yutang's father, Lin Zhicheng, subscribed to the New Church Newspaper in Xiaoshan Township near Xiamen. Lin Taiyi described it in detail in Lin Yutang's Biography. It can be seen that "church news" is the main garden for members to obtain information.
1874, Lin Lezhi changed the new newspaper of the church to the World Gazette. Although the aim of running a newspaper is still educational administration, great changes have taken place, that is, it pays attention to the social politics in the late Qing Dynasty and exerts purposeful influence on people, officials and intellectuals from all walks of life in China. Lin Lezhi confidently called the World Gazette: "It can not only invite princes and nobles to appreciate, but also be a clear guide for aristocratic families, which can help the interests of big businessmen and rich families, and even help craftsmen and farmers obtain capital. Benefiting the people is nothing but "New Newspaper"! " Shen Yugui published the preface of "Reviving the World Communique" on 1889, saying that this newspaper edited by Lin Lezhi is "the first one that is beneficial to China and the West, and it is also a political book." A brief comment on trivial matters in various countries. Other famous sayings, eclectic and academic. It is inappropriate to learn how to calculate, how to extract its essence, how to measure its origin, how to be metaphysical and how to be metaphysical. Taiwan Province Jinghua Bookstore summarized the contents of the World Bulletin when photocopying it, saying: "Although its content and purpose are still to spread Christianity and communicate church news, it also undertakes the responsibility of promoting western learning, which is related to western scientific knowledge, historical figures and the current situation of the country. The most inspiring report of Japanese scholars in the ruling and opposition parties is The History of the Middle East War published during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. Therefore, the Universal Bulletin has aroused widespread concern of officials in the ruling and opposition parties and gentry, and was once regarded as an important source of new knowledge. Everything related to national self-reliance, sovereignty integrity and political reform is inspired by its renewal. The later reform movement was obviously influenced by its advocacy. At that time, there were many societies, and newspapers and periodicals were founded in various places, but they were a big imitation in form. "This overview generally grasps the pulse of the World Bulletin, and also fully reflects the fundamental change of Lin Lezhi's missionary strategy after the 1980s in 19, namely, caring about current affairs, spreading knowledge, updating China culture and cultivating talents, so as to promote the development of Christianity in China. Lin Lezhi's cultural activities, especially the World Bulletin presided over by him, have a broad market once they are linked with social hotspots in the late Qing Dynasty and the perspective of the general public. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the number of Wan Guo Bao soared from several thousand to more than18,000, making it one of the most influential newspapers in the late Qing Dynasty.
The World Gazette attracted China people in the late Qing Dynasty. First of all, it introduced and commented on the current politics in China. The second is to spread western new ideas and knowledge in a timely manner. Some important events in the late Qing Dynasty, such as the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the police reform, the Boxer Rebellion, the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty, and Sun Yat-sen's anti-Qing revolution, were reported and commented in detail in the World Bulletin. 1894- 1895 During the Sino-Japanese War of 1895, the newspaper timely reported the war situation between China and Japan, the attitudes of all countries in the world, the foreign negotiations of the Qing court and Japan's diplomacy, which attracted the theme of caring about the national destiny in the late Qing Dynasty. Lin Lezhi also wrote various comments such as A Brief Comment on Sino-US Relations and On Rejuvenating the Country by Learning in the name of "American Scholar". Although there is an obvious tendency to interfere in China's internal affairs and preach colonialism, it also has certain reference value. He later compiled these articles published in the World Bulletin into The End of the Middle East War, which became a best seller for a while. During the period of garrison reform, the World Bulletin was quite interested in the reform. There are many reports about Emperor Guangxu and Kang Liang Reformers, and they also support the Reformers. They also published a large number of missionaries' suggestions and opinions on reform. After the Boxer Rebellion, The World Bulletin stood on the opposite side and attacked it. He also published "On the Boxer Rebellion in Shandong" and "Minutes of the Boxer Rebellion in Beijing and Tianjin", which exposed the hatred of missionaries towards the Boxer Rebellion and anti-imperialism, but also kept some precious historical materials. On the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty and Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary activities, The Universal Bulletin also discussed a lot from its own interests.
World Bulletin has made more efforts in introducing new knowledge and learning from Europe and America. All the new theories and technologies of physics, chemistry, mathematics, astronomy, geography, biology, medicine, manufacturing, railways, boating, postal services, agriculture, fisheries and mining in the West were translated and introduced by Lin Lezhi, with a view to bringing freshness to China people in the late Qing Dynasty. Some modern scientists in Europe and America, such as Newton, Darwin and Copernicus, have also published their biographies in the World Bulletin. As far as popularizing natural science knowledge is concerned, the Universal Bulletin is of infinite value. The newspaper also selectively disseminates new western social science knowledge, such as western economics, monetary theory, marketing, foreign trade, management, education system, law, library science, political science, parliamentary knowledge and so on. The World Bulletin also reported the activities and socialist theories of the emerging socialist parties in Europe. The newspaper continuously introduced the "New Learning of Anmin" (namely socialism) in Europe from the issue 12 1 to the issue 123, and described its basic ideas. It can be said that in the late Qing Dynasty, the people of China first learned about socialism through the Universal Bulletin. The Universal Bulletin actually became an important window to spread western culture in the late Qing Dynasty, and many young people in China who were seeking new knowledge and determined to change were inspired by the Universal Bulletin. Some of Kang Youwei's works at that time absorbed a lot of knowledge and theory from the World Bulletin. Some articles published by Liang Qichao on current affairs are also obviously influenced by the Universal Bulletin. Tan Sitong's theory of benevolence was also influenced by the Universal Bulletin. Objectively speaking, Lin Lezhi's extensive religious propaganda in the World Bulletin had little influence, but the western culture he introduced in cooperation with religious propaganda opened the eyes of China people in the late Qing Dynasty.
work
WomeninAllLands, a comprehensive survey of female customs in five continents.
The background of the Middle East war, published in 1896. Exposing the truth of the Sino-Japanese War and criticizing China's long-standing habits shocked the intellectuals in China.
On the twelve benefits of India's transfer to Britain.