Question 1: What are the historical merits and limitations of utopian socialism? The main historical merits and limitations of utopian socialism, also known as utopian socialism, are a kind of socialist theory that originated in the immature period of capitalist production and class conditions. Utopian socialism pursues an ideal social system and has a positive contribution to the development of human society. However, any school can hardly be absolutely correct as long as it foresees, constructs and assumes the future. In addition to being limited by the thinker's own knowledge and ability, it is also bound to be influenced by the objective conditions of the times and society, so it is difficult to completely surpass the times. Utopian socialism, despite its defects and limitations, finally inspired Marx and Engels, pioneers of socialist theory, and became one of the sources of modern scientific socialist theory. 1. Utopian Socialism The main historical achievements of utopian socialism, especially the utopian socialist thoughts of Saint-Simon, Fourier and Owen, are of great historical significance to the emergence of scientific socialism, mainly manifested in: (1) Utopian socialist theory profoundly exposes and criticizes the mode of production and its consequences in capitalist society, and provides extremely valuable ideological materials for enlightening the working class. During the primitive accumulation period of capitalism, utopian socialists compared the "enclosure movement" to "sheep eating people", which showed the unreasonable human tragedy brought by capitalism from the beginning. After the capitalist mode of production is fully established, capitalists try to maximize the working hours and reduce the wages of workers in order to get as much profits as possible, so that workers live in extremely difficult environments. But at that time, the workers didn't really know what brought them disaster. They blame their poverty and oppression on machines, so they often rebel against capitalists by destroying machines. However, the result of destroying machines is more machines. In this case, dreamers express their views on capitalist society by writing books and making statements. For example, Fourier wrote profoundly: "In capitalist society, doctors want to make their compatriots sick every day; Lawyers hope that murder and theft will happen every day; The architect begged the fire to turn the city into ashes; The glassmaker prayed for a hail to break all the glass in the city. " Dreamers not only exposed the evils of capitalism, but also tried to find its roots. Owen famously said that "private ownership turns people into demons and the whole world into hell". He believes that private ownership is the root of hostility, deception, fraud, prostitution, poverty, crime and pain, and proposes to abolish private ownership and wage labor system, replace the old division of labor with a new division of labor, and establish a new society based on public ownership. At that time, the visionary's description and theory inspired
The working class has thought about the phenomenon of capitalist society, the nature of capitalism and even the essence of capitalism. This has had a positive impact on the development of the world workers' movement to a certain extent. (2) Utopian socialism theory contains reasonable factors of materialism and dialectics. With the development of utopian socialism to Saint-Simon, Fourier and Owen, the three great dreamers have begun to regard human history as a regular progress process, and have realized that the emergence of every new social system is the inevitable result of all historical developments in the past, and every society contains the remnants of the previous social system and the buds of the future society. Based on this understanding, Saint-Simon believes that human history is constantly progressing and developing, so there is no eternal social system, capitalism is only a "transitional period" in the history of human social development, and the "golden age" of mankind, that is, the ideal society, is still in the future. Saint-Simon's words clearly tell the working class that the capitalist society will perish and a better society will take its place. Saint-Simon's words greatly enhanced the confidence of the working class in transforming and overthrowing the capitalist society to a certain extent, because Saint-Simon had told them that the capitalist society was bound to perish. Fourier brought people back to reality, made people think about the actual mode of production and production conditions, and also inspired the working class to establish their own theories on the material basis and link their theories with practice. Owen is keenly aware of the fundamental contradiction and conflict between machine mass production and capitalist system. Therefore, some reasonable factors of materialism and dialectics contained in utopian socialism theory have promoted the development of workers' movement and human society to a certain extent. (3) Put forward the idea of building a harmonious and perfect society. Fourier first put forward the concept of "harmonious society", and he thought that since it was in nature ...
Question 2: How to understand the historical contribution and limitations of utopian socialism-the positive contribution of utopian socialism.
The utopian socialism theory of 1 profoundly exposes and criticizes all the foundations of capitalist society and provides extremely valuable ideological materials for enlightening the working class. After the capitalist mode of production is fully established, in order to get as much profit as possible, capitalists try to extend the working hours of workers and reduce their wages as much as possible, so that workers live in extremely difficult environments. But at that time, the workers didn't really know what brought them disaster. They blame their poverty and oppression on machines, so they often rebel against capitalists by destroying machines. However, the result of destroying machines is more machines. In this case, dreamers express their views on capitalist society by writing books and making statements. For example, Fourier wrote profoundly: "In capitalist society, doctors want to make their compatriots sick every day; Lawyers hope that murder and theft will happen every day; The architect begged the fire to turn the city into ashes; The glassmaker prayed for a hail to break all the glass in the city. " Dreamers not only exposed the evils of capitalism, but also tried to find its roots. Owen famously said that "private ownership turns people into demons and the whole world into hell". He believes that private ownership is the root of hostility, deception, fraud, prostitution, poverty, crime and pain. At that time, the description and theory of the visionary inspired the working class to think about the phenomenon of capitalist society, the nature of capitalism and even the essence of capitalism. This has had a positive impact on the development of the world workers' movement to a certain extent.
Utopian socialism theory contains reasonable factors of materialism and dialectics. Both Saint-Simon and Fourier put forward the view that social development is regular. Saint-Simon believes that human history is developing continuously, so there is no eternal social system. Capitalism is only a "transitional period" in the history of human social development, and the "golden age" of mankind, that is, the ideal society, is still in the future. Saint-Simon's words clearly tell the working class that the capitalist society will perish and a better society will take its place. Saint-Simon's words greatly enhanced the confidence of the working class in transforming and overthrowing the capitalist society to a certain extent, because Saint-Simon had told them that the capitalist society was bound to perish. At the same time, the leaders of the workers' movement will take it as the theoretical guidance of the workers' movement and develop more workers to join the workers' movement. Fourier regards the development and nature of production as the symbol of dividing historical periods. He brought people back to reality, made people think about the actual mode of production and production conditions, inspired the working class to establish their own theories on the material basis, and linked their theories with practice. Therefore, some reasonable factors of materialism and dialectics contained in utopian socialism theory have promoted the development of workers' movement and human society to a certain extent.
Utopian socialism is the expression and forerunner of the wishes and interests of the early proletariat. The bourgeoisie established the capitalist mode of production through cruel primitive accumulation. For example, the enclosure movement in Britain made countless people homeless, lost their homes, and even milk and bread. After the capitalist mode of production was established, in order to maximize profits, capitalists cruelly extended the working hours of workers and reduced their wages. Capitalism makes workers live in a miserable environment of oppression, exploitation and personal freedom, while utopian socialism theory advocates eliminating exploitation and oppression and letting all people live a free and equal life. For example, in campanella's works, people in Sun City, under the public system, are all rich, but at the same time they are all poor, because everyone owns everything and everyone has no private property. People in Sun City help each other and live together. In their place, houses, dormitories, beds and all other necessary things are open. They eat in the public canteen, and the dining tables are arranged in two rows, with men on one side and women on the other; Eat meat one day, fish one day and vegetables one day. Therefore, utopian socialism is the expression and forerunner of the wishes and interests of the early proletariat. At the same time, utopian socialism also provides valuable ideological materials for scientific socialism.
In the development of utopian socialism, the color of utopian gradually decreases and the realistic factors gradually increase. In the highest form of utopian socialism development, the bud of scientific socialism has been included, which laid the foundation for Marx and Engels to establish scientific socialism ...
Question 3: What are the historical limitations of utopian socialism? There is no profound explanation and criticism of capitalism from the social and economic point of view, but only from the moral point of view that capitalism should be overthrown.
Question 4: How to evaluate the positive contribution of utopian socialism and its historical limitations: ① Utopian socialism exposed and criticized capitalism, which provided extremely precious historical documents and materials for studying the early history of capitalism and also provided extremely precious ideological materials for enlightening the working class.
Utopian socialism is an important ideological source of scientific socialism. The vision of the future society contains reasonable factors tending to historical materialism and many incisive views and arguments.
③ The development history of utopian socialism embodies the character of keeping pace with the times of socialist thought.
④ Revealed and demonstrated the historical trend of human social development.
Historical limitations:
Deny the inevitability of historical development, worship the contingency of luck, and promote the history of genius and heroism.
Utopian socialism can't see the power of the masses, especially the proletariat, so it has never found the material power to transform modern society.
Utopian socialists leave class struggle to design, talk about and practice socialism, their thoughts become empty talk, and their practical activities are full of childish ideas.
The theoretical basis of utopian socialists is theoretical originality, and their socialism is based on moral feelings and lacks scientific nature.
⑤ Utopian socialism "Immature theory is compatible with immature capitalist production conditions and immature class conditions". ⑤ Utopian socialism has many negative elements, such as keeping slaves and slave labor, colonialism, religious mysticism, labor prejudice, political extremism, and life tenure in the highest position.
Question 5: How to recognize the historical merits and limitations of utopian socialism and make positive contributions;
The exposure and criticism of utopian socialism to capitalism provided extremely precious historical documents and materials for studying the early history of capitalism, and also provided extremely precious ideological materials for enlightening the working class.
Utopian socialism is an important ideological source of scientific socialism. The vision of the future society contains reasonable factors tending to historical materialism and many incisive views and arguments.
The development history of utopian socialism embodies the character of keeping pace with the times of socialist thought.
④ Revealed and demonstrated the historical trend of human social development.
Historical limitations:
Deny the inevitability of historical development, worship the contingency of luck, and promote the history of genius and heroism.
Utopian socialism can't see the power of the masses, especially the proletariat, so it has never found the material power to transform modern society.
Utopian socialists leave class struggle to design, talk about and practice socialism, their thoughts become empty talk, and their practical activities are full of childish ideas.
The theoretical basis of utopian socialists is theoretical originality, and their socialism is based on moral feelings and lacks scientific nature.
⑤ Utopian socialism "Immature theory is compatible with immature capitalist production and immature class conditions".
⑥ Utopian socialism has many negative factors, such as reservation of slaves and slave labor, colony, religious mysticism, labor prejudice, political extremism and life tenure in the highest position.