Semi-cave houses where Banpo people live.
All the way, the Weihe River originated in Gansu, rolling and winding, flowing eastward into the Yellow River and crossing the central Shaanxi. Weihe River Basin, with dense tributaries and fertile land, is the cradle of mankind, which was called Qinchuan in ancient times. Banpo site is near the Qinchuan River, with Bailuyuan in the back and Chanhe River in the front. About 5000 to 6000 years ago, it was the middle of Neolithic Age. As a continuous cultural site of otaku in time, there are Yanshan Mountain in the north and Zen River in the south, surrounded by mountains and waters. It seems that early human life seems to have something in common. After all, in that era, human beings only passively relied on nature, but could not actively conquer and transform nature. Banpo site discovered in 1950s is a typical matriarchal clan settlement site, which has become the representative of Yangshao culture in China with its rich cultural remains. Banpo Museum, located on the site, has to climb dozens of steps, just like a visit, which brought me into the life situation of ancient ancestors.
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banpo village
The place where Banpo people live should be called banpo village in today's words. Whether square or round, most of them are semi-crypt houses, and most of them are small houses. There is only one big house in the center, and all the small houses are built around the big house. This circular layout will not be unconscious, but obviously embodies a principle of unity and centripetal spirit. The site of Shangotaku culture is also a semi-crypt building, mostly irregular oval, with one or two deep-bellied pots buried in the house, which is a kitchen pond bar and also stores fire. Because it has not been completely excavated, I don't know if there is a big house with a circular layout. I think it may be similar to Banpo. There are many pillar caves in Banpo site, and their buildings should be frames made of branches, stems and leaves of other plants and soil. Columnar caves have also been found in high-end otaku cultural sites. These seemingly insignificant "horse sheds" today are outstanding creations of our ancestors 6,000 years ago, and they are the beginning of China's folk and classical architecture. Living in caves for a long time is easy to "wet the people", so people use local materials, spread thatch, fur and even bake the ground. There is a fire pit in the house, but there is no smoke outlet. In case of fire, you must rebuild it. What a bitter life! The development of mankind is slow, and every progress has gone through a long life practice, even paying a heavy price of blood and fire. Primitive ancestors are also trying to find their own living space and shelter. We ventilate the chimney now, smoking is easy, and we can do whatever we want. Banpo people can't. They must want to live a better life, but that's all they can do. It's really not easy. So, who lives in these houses? In the matriarchal clan stage, every small house seems to be inhabited by married women and men from other clans who visit indefinitely. Of course, there will be relatively stable pairing marriage between men and women, but it is by no means monogamy later, and it is still attached to the matriarchal family. Children only know their mothers, not their fathers. The most respected "grandmother" or other multi-ethnic leaders live in a big house, which is also the collective residence of the elderly and children. In banpo village, people live a primitive capitalist life and are born equal and peaceful.
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Residential area layout
Because of the circular layout of residential areas, it is normal to be surrounded by moats, although only a short section has been cleared. The incision is six to seven meters deep and five to eight meters wide. Banpo people don't have modern digging equipment, they all dig with simple stone shovels. Dig trenches of at least10,000 cubic meters. How many people could there be in a clan at that time? How many strong people are there besides the old, the weak and the sick? I'm afraid its engineering difficulty is no less than that of later generations digging a grand canal. The Chinese nation can bear hardships and stand hard work, which is also reflected from the primitive ancestors. In the summer rainy season, the water in the village can be diverted to the moat, which is the first protective barrier when wild animals attack and outsiders invade. It is no exaggeration to say that this is the prototype or pioneer of later moats. Northern Guizhou is a burial area and a complete clan cemetery. The dead were arranged quite neatly, with their heads facing west, mainly buried by one person, but also by two or four people. There was a burial and a second burial; There is a funeral on the back, and there is also a bow to bury; There are straight limb burial, curved limb burial and urn coffin burial. Among them, adults and children are separated, and most children are not buried in public cemeteries, but in urns and coffins and buried near houses. Perhaps the child is still young and needs the care of his parents, especially there is a hole in the urn and coffin, which is likely to be the passage of the child's soul, indicating that Banpo people have the concept of not dying after death. If we look at the whole tomb, although it was still in the primitive society, the level of productivity was extremely low, the material was extremely scarce, and human beings were not out of chaos, so there was no class, no wealth, no exploitation and oppression, but there were always differences. Perhaps sociologists will have many more scientific and reasonable explanations, but I intuitively think that bending over and burying one's limbs must be different from burying one's back, otherwise most of the funerary objects will not appear in the burial. Even a few pots are worthless now, but they were more valuable then, just like bronzes and gold and silver utensils buried with future generations.
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food source
If Banpo people want to survive, the most basic thing is to have food. One is hunting. Judging from the unearthed arrows of many stones or bones, they have widely used bows and arrows, as well as Shi Mao's stone balls. It is conceivable that human beings invented bows and spears to extend their arm strength, initially to meet the needs of survival, and later entered the class society. In order to compete for territory and power, bows, arrows and spears are used in war to destroy human beings themselves! Second, fishing. For thousands of years, fishing nets are difficult to preserve, but the Zhui Er of fishing nets is not easy to rot. It is very simple, that is, flat pebbles are punched out on both sides, tied to the edge of the net, the net sinks into the water, and the net opens in the water until the fish throws itself out. It seems that the pottery has been printed with cloth patterns, and Banpo people have already been able to spin and weave, and they will definitely weave fishing nets with thin ropes. They should have this ability. Of course, we should not overestimate the wisdom of our ancestors five or six thousand years ago. After all, it is human childhood, and it has not yet entered the civilized era. On the contrary, it is impossible to underestimate their wisdom and do nothing. How can they be called the spirits of all things? Third, look at value. Banpo people have used a large number of production tools, such as stone shovels, axes, hoes, loggers, etc., and entered a relatively developed stage of primitive agriculture. They cut down trees with stone axes and cutters, weed them, burn them, dig up land with stone shovels, dig holes with stone hoes and sharp sticks, and finally harvest them with stone sickles or pottery sickles. When eating, they peel and crush it with a stone mill and a stone mill stick. At present, the rotten remains of Banpo people's pots and millet have been found, which proves that Banpo people have learned to cultivate, and millet is drought-resistant, easy to grow and easy to store. It not only raised ancestors 6,000 years ago, but is still the main crop planted in northern China. Therefore, China is well-deserved as one of the countries with earlier agricultural development and the first country to cultivate millet. I remember that the people in Shangzhai also used stone axes, shovels, millstones and grinding sticks to pass the identification of grain sporopollen. At that time, primitive agriculture sprouted in Shangzhai area. It is precisely because the life of our ancestors was based on agricultural production 6,000 years ago that they were able to live a relatively stable and long-term settled life, even if they were slash and burn. Otherwise, maybe they will have to help the old and bring the young, wander around in groups and coexist peacefully.
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Banpo painted pottery
Banpo people made a lot of painted pottery. Although it was cultivated in ancient times, it shows fascinating artistic appeal. With naive eyes, they curiously observed and understood the ever-changing colorful world and painted it on colorful pottery. Although the artistic image is simple, it has profound implications and fully reproduces their spiritual world. Generally speaking, these painted pottery or realistic paintings, such as swimming fish and Mercedes-Benz deer, should be a portrayal of their fishing and hunting. Art can't be without water, of course, it will be pinned on the desire to catch more fish and deer. Or aesthetic, painted pottery patterns are mostly on the upper part of the outer wall of pottery, with vivid patterns and smooth strokes, which obviously have decorative effects; Or symbols, such as fish patterns on the face, painted faces, fish in the mouth and triangular headdress, maybe this is the totem and emblem of Banpo clan. In painting, there are many images of fish patterns, and the expression techniques are gradually enriched from simple to realistic, gradually divorced from the natural form of fish and become freehand geometric patterns. Is it a fish or a fish? Or a mermaid? It is conceivable that Banpo clan is probably the totem of fish and aquarium. In that case, will they think they are fish? If so, it is consistent with the scientific research that human beings originated from fish thousands of years later, but it is only consistent. According to legend, dragon pattern is the main totem pattern of Xia tribe (also known as water control). Is it from the deepening of the fish tank of Banpo clan? Many ceramic columns with bird heads have been found in the cultural site of Shangzhaimen, and experts believe that they are sacrificial objects and totems worshipped by the people in the upper house. That totem is a kind of bird. It was once thought that the Shang tribe originated from the southern foot of the Yanshan Mountains. The Shang tribe believed in mysterious birds, namely swallows. The vast and desolate mountains were also called the Yanshan Mountains. I dare not jump to conclusions. The Shang tribe must have been descended from Shanghainese. Will there be some internal connections or even the same strain? Don't know yet. There are no obvious and regular symbols on the pottery unearthed from the cultural site of Shangotaku, but there are symbols on various utensils on Banpo, and the strokes are even and smooth, quite regular. Similar symbols have been found in other sites in Guanzhong area. From the shape, it is very similar to Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the Shang Dynasty. They all appeared in the Central Plains of northern China, but at different times. By accident? Could Oracle Bone Inscriptions come from these carved symbols? In any case, Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a very mature and systematic writing, which will never come into being out of thin air. And what these symbols mean, only ask Banpo people.
Banpo, the representative of Yangshao culture, is too extensive and profound. I only glanced at the door and saw only the footprints of several ancestors. And this footprint, regardless of depth, was left by my mother in ancient times. Besides, although it is thousands of years away from the people living in the house and Wan Li, the footprints are intermittently connected. ...
The picture shows the recovery of Banpo people. The author is Professor Zhao, an expert in crime physiognomy at Shenyang China Criminal Police College.
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Hemudu Culture
Hemudu culture is a typical culture in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and Banpo culture is a typical representative of Yangshao culture in the Yellow River basin. They all belong to the middle Neolithic period. Therefore, a comparative study of these two cultures, especially the choice of residence, is quite beneficial to explore the life laws of prehistoric residents. Mr. Shi Nianhai, a famous historical geographer, pointed out: "Judging from the Neolithic sites that have been discovered, the residential address people chose at that time has shown their adaptation to the geographical environment and their good use. Although times have changed, people should still pay attention to the source of drinking water when choosing their place of residence. ..... Neolithic sites are all over the country. Generally speaking, they are always adjacent to local rivers or lakes. [1] (P6) Mr. Shi's conclusion that "Neolithic sites are all over the country, generally speaking, they are always adjacent to local rivers or lakes" can be said to be a universal law, and it certainly applies to Hemudu people and Banpo people. Hemudu culture is divided into four periods, that is, the fourth cultural layer of Hemudu site is the first period of Hemudu culture (the absolute age is 6500-6900 years ago); The third cultural layer of Hemudu site is the second stage of Hemudu culture (the absolute age is 5900-6200 years ago); The second cultural layer of Hemudu site is the third stage of Hemudu culture (absolute age is 5600-5800 years ago); The first cultural layer of Hemudu site is the fourth stage of Hemudu culture (the absolute age is 4700 90 years ago, without tree ring correction). [2] A shallow wooden well was found on the second floor of Hemudu site, which is the earliest well relic found in China so far. The wellhead is square, with a side length of about 2 meters ... At that time, the bottom of the well was about 1.35 meters away from the wellhead ground ... There was a black silt layer around the remains of the well, and several flat big stones were placed in the corner next to the well. It is speculated that this shallow well was dug in a low-lying place. " [3](P 148)
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The invention of well
For mankind, the invention of the well is undoubtedly a great event! "Since the invention of drilling wells, human beings can live away from surface water sources, which not only greatly expands the scope of activities, but also improves human food hygiene conditions." [4](P2 16) For Hemudu people in Neolithic age, although they invented wells, their wells were not only "dug in low-lying areas", but also "originally may be natural or artificially dug pot bottom puddles, and people used the water in the pits. When the water in the pit is used up, dig a shaft in the pit. " [4](P2 17) Because Hemudu Well was dug in a low-lying place, the bottom of the well was about 1.35 meters away from the wellhead surface (the depth of this well obviously cannot be compared with the two wells discovered in Goujian, Handan, Hebei, because the depth of those two wells has reached as much as 7 meters), which shows that the groundwater level of this well is very high, and this well should be located in Ruo Well.
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Wooden shallow well
Because Hemudu well is only 1.35 meters deep, archaeologists call it shallow wooden well. Even shallow wells, Hemudu people do not advocate digging near the surface water source, let alone far away from the surface water source. Up to now, more than 20 Hemudu cultural sites have been discovered, including Zhu Shan in Longshan Township of Yuyao, Hu Mao in Xiazhuang Lishan, Chen Jiao in Yinxian County, Baziqiao in Ningbo, Miaoshan, Bai Quan in Zhoushan and Tongjiaqiao in longnan county, Cixi [5](P20 1). Although there are more than 20 Hemudu cultural sites, there is only one site with water well remains, which is the wooden shallow well remains mentioned above, and that's all! In this way, although Hemudu people invented the wooden shallow well, because their well is near the surface of the water source, there is no promotion of excavation, and their residence should also be near the surface of the water source. That's exactly what happened. "Yaojiang flows from the west and south of the site, 25 kilometers east of Yaojiang, that is, Ningbo City, 25 kilometers west of Yuyao County, and Siming Mountain in the south, facing Hemudu Village across the river. The site covers an area of about 40,000 square meters. The site is located on a very low terrain with an average elevation of three to four meters. The nearby farmland has a large area of peat under the cultivated land, which may be a low-lying swamp in ancient times. Judging from these circumstances, people live in such a place with its back to the hill and facing the swamp. " [6] The inference made by archaeologists that "people lived in such a place with their backs on hills and facing swamps at that time" cannot be said to be unreasonable.
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Hemudu water for human consumption
Banpo people, like Hemudu people, live near surface water sources. Specifically, more than 6000 years ago, the ancestors of Banpo matriarchal clan commune lived on the second terrace on the east bank of CHN @ ① River in the eastern suburb of Xi. [7] (p10-1) The present Banpo site is 800 meters away from the normal water level of CHN @ ① River, but it was near the banks of CHN @ ① River in Banpo period more than 6,000 years ago. Mr. Shi Nianhai made a thorough analysis of this truth. He said: "By the Neolithic Age in Banpo, the rivers flowing from southwest to northeast to the north of Honggu and Shaoling Fengqi had moved northward. It is precisely because of the migration of rivers that the secondary terraces around Banpo can be used by people at that time. At that time, the first terrace was not formed, so the site of Banpo period was near the bank of CHN @ ① River, unlike the normal water level of CHN @ ① River, which is 800 meters away now. " [8] (page 438)
In the Neolithic Age, the ability of primitive people to conquer and transform nature was still very limited. They have just made a gradual transition from completely relying on nature in the Paleolithic Age to using and even transforming nature in the Neolithic Age. Therefore, both Hemudu people and Banpo people have chosen to live near rivers (or lakes and swamps) and their lives are quite convenient.
Living near rivers (or lakes and swamps) is convenient for people and animals to drink water.
Water is the source of life. No living thing in nature can live without water, and human beings are no exception. Especially in the primitive society with low productivity, human beings' ability to conquer nature is still very limited, and they rely more on nature than transform it. Therefore, in the middle Neolithic period, Hemudu people and Banpo people invariably focused on rivers, lakes and swamps when choosing their places of residence, just for the convenience of drinking water for people and animals. This is reasonable.
Second, living near rivers (or lakes and swamps) is conducive to the development of primitive agriculture.
……
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Ancient people/figures comparison table
Yuanmou people and Hemudu people live in the Yangtze River basin, and Banpo people live in the Yellow River basin. Beijingers live in the Haihe River Basin.
The life time and characteristics of ancient humans/figures
paleolith
About 6.5438+0.7 million years ago, Yuanmou man was the earliest known human being discovered in China.
About 700,000-200,000 years ago, Beijingers kept the characteristics of apes, using forged stone tools and natural and social fires, which promoted the development of human physique and the evolution of the brain, and greatly improved the ability of human beings to adapt to the natural environment. )
new
Stoneboog
appliance
time
About 7000 years ago, Hemudu people in Zhejiang Province were in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province, located in the Yangtze River basin. The climate is warm and humid, and the water network is dense. The Yangtze River basin is full of dry houses (dry houses are ventilated and moisture-proof). They use ground stone tools, grow rice, use bows and arrows, and make bones and pottery (black pottery).
About 6000-5000 years ago, Banpo people in Shaanxi Province were located in xi 'an, Shaanxi Province in the Yellow River valley, where the climate was dry and there was little rain. Semi-crypt houses (only semi-crypt buildings are sheltered from the wind and cold), and millet and painted pottery (painted pottery pots with fish patterns on their faces) are planted.
About 5,000-4,000 years ago, Yao Shunyu, Yan Huang was the ancestor of human beings, and the system of abdication, Dayu controlled water.
—— The above content comes from the Review Outline of the 20 10 Senior High School Entrance Examination of Beijing Normal University (Houba)
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Where Banpo girl lives.
After reading the words "Banpo Girl", you may ask, is Banpo a person's name or a place name? To tell you the truth, Banpo is a place name in the eastern suburb of Xi, Shaanxi Province. It turned out that archaeologists discovered a village where people lived more than 6,000 years ago in Banpo and dug up almost 10,000 items. Because the place here is called Banpo, the people who lived here in those days were called "Banpo people". More than 6000 years ago, no one could understand what human society was like at that time without words. That's great. Banpo village's discovery gave us a clear understanding of people's lives at that time. What did they eat? What to wear? With what? Draw what? What is the house like? How do people live together? Wait a minute. So many things can be explained. Therefore, this village is particularly important. If you want to go to banpo village yourself, it will be fun! Listen to me here first!
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Banpo people's housing
Let's talk about Banpo people's housing first! They built dozens of large and small houses, round and square, on a highland not far from the river. These houses are arranged in a circle, with a square in the middle of the circle, and the doors of each house open towards the square. Do you know why? This is to facilitate people to go to the square. At that time, people would gather in the square several times a day, and people living here would listen to an old woman. How can this old woman have such great authority? This is because 6000 years ago, human society was called primitive commune, and women dominated the clan society, and men had to obey the leadership of women. After about 1000 years, the status of men and women was reversed. At that time, every morning, people put on clothes sewn with linen and took stone knives, axes, bows and arrows and sticks to the square. Grandma assigned people to work: men went hunting and catching fish, and women planted food, vegetables, pigs and dogs, looked after children and cooked. When eating, people will gather in the square again. No matter who gets food, they will give it to grandma, and grandma will distribute it to everyone fairly and enjoy the fruits of labor.
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The building of a house
How was Banpo people's house built? If you build a small house, what can you do to save energy and materials? Banpo people do this: first dig a square or round pit from the ground, use the pit wall as a wall, and then bury some wooden sticks one meter high on the ground along the pit edge. In order to prevent wind and rain, put mud and grass inside and outside the wooden stick to make a mud wall, burn the wall hard with a torch, and finally build an umbrella-like roof, and the house is built. Because this house is half on the ground and half underground, it is called a "semi-crypt" house. Every house also has a threshold. What is this for? It was originally designed to prevent rainwater from flowing into the house when it rained. Did you guess right?
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food
Let's see what they are eating: they are lucky today. They cooked a big pot of porridge and rice, and added fish, venison and a little Chinese cabbage. If you can't catch animals, you can only cook porridge and add some wild vegetables. Because there were few people then. When the weather is warm, it is easy to catch a fish, shoot a deer and find something to eat, but it is difficult in winter. What do you fish with? This question doesn't bother you. You may have known from your parents that you should fish with a hook. Banpo people at that time were very clever. They made fishhooks out of bones and ground barbs on them. In this way, once the fish is hooked, it can't run away. At that time, there were many fish in the river, and you could fish with a harpoon. At first, people could only make straight harpoons and barbless hooks. Usually, the tied fish will pounce and run away. People keep trying to transform tools, and as a result, hooks and harpoons have barbs.
Because Banpo people often see fish, especially when they swim in the water, their posture is very beautiful. Banpo people also love beauty, so they paint like fish. The more you draw, the better. Finally, just draw a triangle and click it, and it will become a fish head. After seeing the fish painted by Banpo people, we invite you to choose three fish with different strokes and give them to us naturally, and you will get a beautiful little gift.
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drink water
People need to drink water every day Let's talk about a pottery bottle used by a Banpo girl to draw water! This pointed-bottom bottle is Banpo girl's favorite water fetching and transporting tool. It has a small mouth, but a big belly and two ears. Why do you think Banpo girl likes to use this bottle? It turns out that this big belly can hold more water; Small mouth, when transporting water, water is not easy to flow out; Put a rope around your ears, just like carrying a schoolbag. You can carry it on your back, slung it over your shoulder, or carrying it on your back. One in each hand, you can carry three bottles of water at a time. Know its benefits! Another advantage is that because the bottom of the bottle is sharp, the top is heavy and the bottom is light, when people put the bottle into the water, it can lie on the water at once, and the water gurgles into the bottle. When the stomach was full of water, the head sank again and the bottle stood up by itself in the water. How clever Banpo people are!
Because Banpo people often see fish, especially when they swim in the water, their posture is very beautiful. Banpo people also love beauty, so they paint like fish swimming. The more you draw, the better. Finally, just draw a triangle and click it, and it will become a fish head.
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The main characteristics of matriarchal clan society
To mom and dad:
The Banpo clan in this story and the Hemudu clan mentioned above are at the same stage in the history of our country, that is, the prosperous period of matriarchal clan society. Clan is a group formed by blood relationship, and all members of this group are descendants of an ancestor. Everyone works together and gets the goods equally distributed. No fixed family, no personal property. Matriarchal clan means that women live in the dominant position of the clan. The main source of people's lives depends on women's labor, and the leader of the clan is the old grandmother. Considering that the children are still young, the concept of matriarchal clan is not mentioned in the story, but people have to listen to the old grandmother, women have to do more work than men every day, and everyone has to hand over their own food and enjoy the fruits of labor together. Through these things, the main characteristics of matriarchal clan society are outlined.
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Banpo museum
Banpo site was discovered in 1953, which was highly valued by the state at that time. By building big houses, all excavated house sites, tombs and pottery kilns for burning pottery have been protected and built. 196 1 year, the State Council approved Banpo site as a national key protection unit.
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The amazing discovery of Banpo site
Many discoveries at Banpo site are shocking. The crops unearthed in Banpo are mainly millet (millet is shelled millet), and the millet seeds more than 6,000 years ago are still preserved in a clay pot. This discovery proves that China is the first country to grow millet in the world. Rapeseed was also found in another clay pot. After identification, some are white rapeseed and some are mustard seeds. Because of these two discoveries, we told the story of Banpo people cooking porridge and rice, in which some Chinese cabbage was put.
Millet evolved from Cynanchum komarovii. The results show that Cynanchum komarovii grows out of the ground every year and will die after heading. Cynanchum komarovii is edible. So people collect grass seeds and cultivate crops cultivated by people.
Bones of pigs, dogs, cows, horses and chickens were found in Banpo, which should be domesticated by people. There are also the bones of deer, foxes, rabbits, badgers and other animals, which are killed by people, among which the bones of deer are the most, probably because they are easier to catch. People use bows and arrows when hunting animals.
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give rise to
I suggest you use the pointed pottery bottle mentioned in the story to inspire children to observe things and think about problems. Because the bottom of this kind of pottery bottle is pointed and the center of gravity is on it, it is easy to fall on the water. When more than half of the water is poured into the bottle, the center of gravity of the water bottle will move down and the water bottle will stand up. At this time, if you fill the bottle with water and the center of gravity moves up, the bottle will not stand on its own, and some water will flow out. People have seen this phenomenon for thousands of years and become accustomed to it. But Confucius was inspired by the sight of this kind of pottery bottled water and said a famous saying: "All bets are off, but humility benefits." You see, the same thing has different results in different people's eyes and hearts. We think of apples falling from trees when they are ripe. People haven't thought about it for thousands of years, but Newton saw the apple fall under the apple tree and was inspired to discover the famous law of gravity. Watt invented the steam engine when he saw the water in the kettle boiling and the steam pushed the lid of the kettle. These three things all show how important it is to think after observation. Let your children learn to use their brains. Someone once said that "children are born scientists". May this sentence come true for your children.
Hemudu people
This culture was first discovered in 1973, and Hemudu site was excavated twice in 1973-74 and 1977-78, with complete data.
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abstract
Six or seven thousand years ago, Hemudu area was still a swamp. When Hemudu people build houses, they first lay wooden stakes with a length of 1 meter, and erect criss-crossing keels (ground beams) on the wooden stakes, and then lay floors with a thickness of 10 cm on the ground beams, and erect columns, beams and roofs on the floors. The floor plays a role in preventing moisture, insects and snakes. It can be used to feed livestock. This floor is the living room. From the height of the column, people can't go in and out upright, but it has made great progress compared with nesting.
One step. The size and internal structure of a house depend on the number of residents. From the perspective of residential buildings, Hemudu people have mastered the technology of logging and processing into piles, columns, beams and slabs. The beams and columns have been connected with tenons and mortises, and the floor is tightly assembled with tongue-and-groove plates. Different tenons and mortises basically meet the stress requirements, which are roughly the same as those of the later wood structure. Wooden components are engraved with decorative patterns such as double circles, straight lines, diagonal lines and plant stems and leaves. Due to the limitation of tools, the processing is rough. Six wooden paddles were also unearthed at the site, and the shape of 1 paddles was basically complete and the outline was clear. They are divided into two parts: the paddle handle and the paddle. They are made of logs, shaped like long-handled leaves, and the handles are engraved with lines and patterns. They are light and practical, roughly similar to the paddles of modern cruise ships. They are the oldest paddles found in China at present. Paddles and a pottery boat prove that Hemudu people have begun to collect people, goods and floating water by boats and rafts. More than 200 wooden products, such as knives, hammers, shovels, spears, bowls, pipes, sticks, handles, spinning wheels and butterfly-shaped vessels, have been unearthed in the third and fourth cultural layers, many of which are rare or unknown in other Neolithic sites. Most of them are used for production. Wooden hammers are hammering tools, wooden tools are hunting and assassination weapons, wooden bowls are daily necessities, and wooden handles are accessories for stone tools to play a greater role. The stick is not only a tool for agricultural acupuncture and sowing, but also a collecting tool for digging roots and planing stems when collecting wild plants. Most wood products are made by cutting, chipping, planing, digging, grinding, painting and fire hardening. The surface has been polished and painted, and it is very shiny when unearthed. More than 20 wooden barrels unearthed are made of whole wood and look like bamboo tubes. The inner and outer walls were polished smoothly, and a shallow groove was chiseled in the inner wall, which was stuffed with logs and some were wrapped with rattan sticks, which might be used as percussion instruments. The discovery of wooden square wells in the second cultural layer proves that Hemudu people have mastered the sinking technology. Many well-preserved woodenware have been unearthed, which provides material data for studying the world's woodenware tools. This culture was first discovered in 1973, and Hemudu site was excavated twice in 1973-74 and 1977-78, with complete data. In terms of architecture, a large number of Ganlan architectural remains were found in the site. In terms of food, plants were found to be artificially cultivated rice. In addition, the rest of the plants are gourd, acorn, water chestnut, jujube and so on. Animals include wild animals such as sheep, deer, monkeys, tigers and bears, as well as domestic animals such as pigs, dogs and buffaloes.
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production level
Among the artificial products, there are few stone tools, mainly hunting tools such as axes and decorations. There are many kinds of woodwork and bone wares, among which the earliest wooden ornament "woodcarving fish" in China was found. Others include plows with wooden handles, cutting tools such as knives and shovels, and a large number of textile tools.
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standard of living
Hemudu people live in the Yangtze River valley, in Hemudu Village, Yuyao City, Zhejiang Province, and live in a dry house.