The teacher sorted out the definitions related to psychology that appeared in the real questions of the definition and judgment examination over the years, and sorted out some other psychological definitions that have not been tested. The summary is as follows:
1. Responsibility diffusion effect
Responsibility diffusion effect is also called the bystander effect. It means that for a certain matter, if a single individual is asked to complete the task alone, he will have a strong sense of responsibility and will make a positive response. reaction. But if a group is required to complete tasks together, each individual in the group will have a weak sense of responsibility and will tend to shrink when faced with difficulties or responsibilities.
2. Primacy effect
Refers to the impact of the impression formed by the initial exposure to information on people's subsequent behavioral activities and evaluations. The impression left by people in their first interaction forms and occupies a dominant position in the other person's mind. This effect is the primacy effect.
3. Recency effect
Refers to the phenomenon that when people memorize a series of things, the memory effect of the items at the end is better than the items in the middle. This phenomenon is due to the recency effect. The longer the interval between preceding and following information, the more obvious the recency effect. The reason is that previous information is gradually blurred in memory, making recent information more prominent in short-term memory.
4. Catfish effect
Catfish effect, catfish not only disturbs the living environment of small fish, but also activates the survival ability of small fish. The catfish effect is to adopt a means or measure to stimulate some companies to become active and enter the market to actively participate in competition, thereby activating companies in the same industry in the market. Its essence is a negative incentive and the secret to activating the workforce.
5. Halo effect
Also known as halo effect and stereotype effect. It refers to the phenomenon that people’s cognitive judgments of others are first mainly based on personal likes and dislikes, and then other qualities of the cognitive objects are inferred from this judgment. The halo effect is an exaggerated social phenomenon formed in the process of interpersonal interaction. Just like the brilliance of the sun and moon, it expands to the surroundings under the influence of clouds and fog, forming a halo effect.
6. Butterfly effect
It means that in a dynamic system, small changes in initial conditions can drive long-term huge chain reactions of the entire system. This is a chaotic phenomenon. There are fixed numbers and variables in the development of anything. There are rules to follow in the development of things. At the same time, there are also unmeasurable "variables", which are often counterproductive. A small change can affect the development of things and explain the nature of things. Development is complex.
7. Herding effect
Herding effect is also called herding effect: it is the influence or pressure of personal ideas or behaviors due to real or imagined groups. The phenomenon of changing in the direction consistent with the majority of people. It manifests as the adoption of dominant concepts and behaviors in a specific or temporary situation (following the trend) as the acceptance of long-term dominant concepts and behaviors (conforming to customs). People will follow what the public agrees on, deny their own opinions by default, and will not think subjectively about the meaning of events.
8. Matthew Effect
There is a famous saying in the "Bible Matthew": "To everyone who has, more will be given, so that he will have an abundance; but to him who does not have, even he will have an abundance." Everything must be taken away. ?The concept of "Matthew Effect" is derived from it, which is used to describe the polarization phenomenon prevalent in the field of social life.
9. Hawthorne Effect
In the 1920s and 1930s, American researchers conducted experiments on the relationship between working conditions, social factors and production benefits at the Hawthorne Factory of Western Electric Company in Chicago. The experimenter effect was discovered, called the Hawthorne effect. The Hawthorne effect refers to the effect that when people realize that they are being watched or observed, they will deliberately change some behaviors or verbal expressions.
10. Stereotype effect
Also known as the stereotype effect, it means that people use the fixed impression about someone or a certain type of person that is engraved in their minds as a way to judge and evaluate people. based on psychological phenomena. Stereotype is often a kind of prejudice. People tend to regard a specific person as a typical representative of a certain type of people, and regard the evaluation of a certain type of person as an evaluation of a certain person, thus affecting correct judgment.
11. Sour Grapes Effect
Sour Grapes Psychology is when you feel frustrated because your real needs cannot be met. In order to relieve your inner uneasiness, you make up some reasons to comfort yourself. , to eliminate tension, reduce stress, free yourself from negative mental states such as dissatisfaction and uneasiness, and protect yourself from harm.
12. Mushroom Law
The Mushroom Law means that newcomers to the world are often placed in dark corners, ignored or run errands, just like mushroom cultivation, they also have to be watered. Going to the toilet, accepting all kinds of unwarranted criticism, accusations, and suffering on behalf of others, without receiving necessary guidance and support, and is in the process of self-destruction. Mushroom growth must go through such a process, and human growth will certainly go through such a process. This is the mushroom law, or the law of germination.
13. Signature effect
The signature effect refers to the psychological phenomenon that the act of signing may trigger people's sense of self-identity. When faced with some consumption behaviors at the same time, the desire to purchase may be enhanced. .
14. Spotlight Effect
Sometimes we inadvertently magnify our problems to infinity. When we make a fool of ourselves, we always think that others will notice. In fact, this is not the case. , people may notice it at the time but forget it immediately afterwards. No one cares about yourself as much as you do about yourself.
Having summarized so many psychological effects, let’s look at some real questions.
Example 1 Celebrity effect is the general term for the effect of attracting attention and expanding influence achieved by the appearance of celebrities, or the psychological phenomenon in which people imitate celebrities. According to the above definition, the following are not celebrity effects:
A. A certain TV series was well-received because of a famous actor starring in it, and later the clothes worn by the star in the series began to sell well
B. Sales of a certain product skyrocketed after inviting a sports star to endorse it
C. A famous writer held a book signing in the park, attracting a large number of tourists
D. A certain city Chang was interviewed by reporters from major newspapers about the city's environmental pollution issues
Answer D
Analyzing the first step, looking at the way the question is asked, this question is a multiple-choice question.
The second step is to find key information.
① The effect of attracting attention and expanding influence achieved by the appearance of celebrities;
② A general term for the psychological phenomenon in which people imitate celebrities.
The third step is to analyze the options.
Item A: ?The starring role of a famous actor has received great acclaim? It is the effect of attracting attention and expanding the influence of the celebrity's appearance, which is in line with the key message ①. ?The clothing starts to sell well? It is people's psychology of imitating celebrities. Phenomenon, consistent with key information ②, consistent with the definition, excluded;
Item B: Product sales increased sharply after inviting a certain sports star to endorse? It is the effect of attracting attention and expanding influence achieved by the appearance of a celebrity. Conforms to key information ①, complies with the definition, and is excluded;
Item C: ?A famous writer holds a new book signing event in a park? It is the effect of expanding the influence caused by the appearance of celebrities, complies with the definition, and is excluded;
Item D: The mayor is interviewed by reporters from major newspapers about the city’s environmental pollution issues. First, it is about the answers to the city’s environmental problems. Secondly, the mayor is a government figure, which does not meet the main information of a celebrity. Does not meet the definition.
Therefore, choose option D.
Example 2 The self-fulfilling effect refers to the original wrong expectation, which eventually becomes a realistic behavior.
According to the above definition, the following are self-fulfilling effects:
A. Xiao Jin is not interested in dancing, but the parents feel that the child's interest is the result of the parents' persistence. I hope she will achieve something and have spent a lot of effort to train her, but her performance is mediocre
B. Xiaolin has loved football since he was a child. His parents also discovered his talent in football and hope that he can become a football player in the future. An athlete, under the painstaking cultivation of her parents, Xiao Lin finally got what she wanted
C. Xiao Li is the adopted daughter of a painter. The teacher who was unaware of the adoption thought that she should have artistic talent. With the constant encouragement of the teacher, she really became an athlete. He became a young painter
D. Xiaonan’s academic performance has always been among the best in school. His parents have high expectations for him and think that there is no problem for him to enter a prestigious university. However, Xiaonan performed abnormally in the college entrance examination and missed the prestigious school.
Answer C
The first step of analysis is to determine the correct question according to the question method.
The second step is to find key information.
① The original wrong expectation;
② The wrong expectation becomes reality.
The third step is to analyze the options.
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Item B: Xiao Lin loves football. His parents did not cultivate him with "wrong expectations" and does not meet the definition;
Item C: Xiao Lin is the adopted daughter of a painter, and may not have Artistic talent, but the teacher was unaware of the adoption and thought she should have artistic talent, which met the "wrong expectations". Xiao Li eventually became a painter, which met the "wrong expectations become reality" and met the definition;
Item D: Since Xiaonan’s academic performance has always been among the best, his parents expect him to be admitted to a prestigious university. This is not a “wrong expectation” and does not meet the definition.
Therefore, choose option C.
Example 3 The bystander effect, also known as the diffusion of responsibility effect, refers to the inhibitory effect on rescue behavior caused by the presence of others in an emergency.
According to the above definition, the following situations meet the bystander effect:
A. A truck rolled over on the highway, and everyone helped the truck driver Xiao Yang to protect the goods and prevent looting
B. Occasionally a pedestrian fell down on the road. Seeing that there were no witnesses around, Xiao Li did not dare to help because he was afraid of taking responsibility
C. A fire broke out near the supermarket. Xiao Zhang urged his wife to call the police, but his wife answered others The police must have been called
D. Someone fell into the water at the beach. Lifeguard Xiao Wang ran and shouted, reminding onlookers not to jump into the water to rescue at will
Answer C
The first step of analysis is to look at the question. This question is a multiple-choice question.
The second step is to find key information.
The inhibitory effect on rescue behavior caused by the presence of others in emergencies.
The third step is to analyze the options.
Item A: Everyone helped the truck driver Xiao Yang to protect the goods and prevent looting, which did not reflect the "inhibitory effect on rescue behavior" and did not meet the definition;
Item B: Xiao Li was Failure to help when there is no one around to witness does not meet the definition of the inhibitory effect on rescue behavior caused by the presence of others;
Item C: There was a fire near the supermarket, Zhang’s wife The answer must have been that someone has called the police, which reflects that "other people are present", and Zhang's wife does not intend to call the police for rescue, which meets the "inhibitory effect on rescue behavior" and meets the definition;
Item D: Lifeguard Xiao Li While rescuing, the purpose of reminding onlookers not to enter the water is to ensure the safety of the masses and the smooth progress of the rescue process. It does not meet the definition of "inhibiting the rescue behavior caused by the presence of others".
Therefore, choose option C.