Xin Qiji's great contribution in the history of Ci lies in the expansion of content and theme. His existing more than 600 poems are about politics, philosophy, feelings of friends and lovers, rural scenery, folk customs and feelings about daily life and reading. It can be said that at that time, he wrote all the poems that could be written in any other style, and the scope was much wider than that of Su Ci. With the changes in the content, theme and emotional tone of Ci, the artistic style of Xin Ci has also changed. Although his ci is mainly vigorous and vigorous, he is also very handy in writing traditional charm words. For example, in the famous "Fishing, Cherishing Spring in the Sea ……", it says Cherishing Spring on the top, and Palace Complaint on the bottom. I used a woman's style, with great twists and turns, euphemistic feelings and delicate brushstrokes, to write the feelings of loneliness and disappointment layer by layer. Many of his works describing rural scenery and farmers' life are so simple, beautiful and full of vitality. Such as "Partridge Day":
"The mountain is far and near, the road is inclined, and the green flag sells wine. The peaches and plums in the city are worried about the wind and rain, and the shepherd's purse in the stream is in spring. " The next sentence of Xijiangyue: "Seven or eight stars are out of the sky, and two or three points of rain are in front of the mountain. In the old days, Maodian was near the forest, and the road turned to Xiqiao. " It is difficult for ordinary people to reach the realm of simplicity and exquisiteness. Therefore, Liu Kezhuang's Preface to Xinjiaxuan said: "Public work, loud, loud and quiet, swept away the Liuhe River, swept away through the ages, never seen in my life. The secret person is not under Xiaoyan and Qin Lang. " This is a relatively comprehensive and fair evaluation.
Xin Qiji and Su Shi are both powerful pioneers of ci language skills. The predecessors said that Su Shi took poetry as his ci, while Xin Qiji took prose as his ci. Of course, this is somewhat simplistic, but it does point out that the language of words is more free and liberated in Xin Qiji's hands, and there is no reason to change it, so there is no rule. In Xin Qiji's poems, there are very popular and naive folk languages, such as "some bottom things lead to misunderstanding." You can't really be homesick "("Partridge Day ")," You have been so worried recently, as if it were coming. Who can help each other? There are also some classical Chinese sentences mixed with many function words, such as "those who don't know the clouds are rain, and those who rain are yin" (Han Gongchun), "I don't hate the ancients for not seeing me, and I hate the ancients for not seeing my crazy ears" (He Xinlang); There are lively dialogues, self-questioning and self-answering, and even yelling, such as "Who is the hero in the world?" "(Nanxiangzi)," Cao Liu, the cup before you came! "There are also quite strict antitheses (Qinyuanchun), such as" Eight Hundred Li-Shao Li, Fifty Strings Over the Great Wall "(Broken Array). To sum up, one of the characteristics of symplectic words in language skills is loose form, coherent semantic flow and long sentences. The way of combining dense images into sentences and skipping conjunctions, which is widely used in literati ci, has been completely broken in Xin ci. But it doesn't mean that Xin Qiji's so-called "taking words as words" no longer has musical rhythm. He uses prose sentence patterns extensively to keep a vivid tone, and at the same time, he can create the rhythm of change through various means. For example, in Hidden Dragon, "The sunset is on the roof, and in the sound of a broken rainbow, you are wandering in the south of the Yangtze River. After reading Wu Gou, no one will meet him. He will come to the scene. "This is a long sentence in the word, but it is striking and powerful. It is by no means just putting an article out in the form of a word.
Another major feature of Xin Ci in language skills is that it widely quotes words, sentences and historical allusions from classics, history books, sub-books and previous poems, and melts or embeds them in its own words. It is easy to cause blunt and difficult problems, but with Xin Qiji's talent, most of them can be used properly, naturally, or with other interests, as A Qing and Liu Xizai said in "Introduction to Art": "Once used, you will get romantic." Take the article "Le Jing Kou Gu Bei Ting Nostalgia in Yongyu" as an example. 100 words describes the deeds of five historical figures, namely Sun Quan, Emperor Wu of Song, Liu Yilong, Tuoba Tao and Lian Po, which is closely related to the author's subjective feelings and ideas. Not only is the connotation extremely rich, but also the tone is flying and the expression is exposed, which is really not easy.
Of course, Xin Qiji's ci often has the defects of scattered culture, too much discussion and so-called "book bag", that is, he uses too many classical sayings, but in any case, he did greatly transform his ci. His words are not only "everything can be said unintentionally", but also that any "meaning" and "thing" can be freely and fully expressed. In this way, the creation of ci completely got rid of the fetters and entered the realm of freedom.
Qi Jiguang (1528-1-12-1588-01-05) was born in Dengzhou, Shandong.
Lieutenant General Zhang Zizhong (1891.8.1-kloc-0/940.5.16) was posthumously awarded the rank of second-class general, a famous anti-Japanese general and a national hero. Han nationality, from Tangyuan Village, Linqing, Shandong Province. 19 1 1 sneaked into the league while studying in Tianjin Law and Politics School, 19 14 joined the army. 19 17 joined Feng Yuxiang's department and served as battalion commander, colonel, brigade commander and teacher. 1930 After the Central Plains War, Feng Yuxiang's military group collapsed and Zhang Zizhong's troops were incorporated by Chiang Kai-shek. 193 1 year later, Zhang Zizhong served as the commander of the 38th division, the commander of the 59th army, the commander-in-chief of the 33rd army, and the commander of the right-wing corps in the 5th theater in 29 army. 1937, after the fall of Shanghai and Nanjing, the Japanese invaders directed their troops at Xuzhou in order to seize this strategic position. 1March 938, the Japanese army invested 70,000 to 80,000 troops and marched into Taierzhuang in the northeast of Xuzhou in two ways. In Linyi and tengxian, there was a fierce battle with the China army. Linyi was guarded by the 3rd Army of Pang Bingxun at that time. Due to the disparity in strength and heavy casualties, Pang Department is in urgent need of reinforcements. Zhang Zizhong sent the 59th Army to reinforce in time at the speed of 180 Ali day and night. Zhang Zizhong and Pang Bingxun used to be feuds, but he put the interests of the country and the nation first, abandoned personal grievances and led his troops to fight side by side with Pompo. Under the cover of planes and artillery, the enemy cooperated with tanks and armored vehicles to attack the Chashan position. Zhang Zizhong, with the determination to "kill the enemy to the death" and "serve the country urgently", waged fierce battles with the enemy and fought hand-to-hand for many times. Chashan Yatou and Liujiahu positions were recovered three or four times, and the situation was extremely tragic. After several days of fierce fighting, the enemy was hit hard and lost ground. China's army recovered Mengyin and Juxian successively, annihilating more than 4,000 people. Soon, the Japanese army sent Sakamoto Brigade to attack Linyi and Sanguan Temple in an attempt to make a breakthrough. Zhang Zizhong and Pang Bingxun fought fiercely. After a night of fierce fighting, the Japanese army suffered heavy losses, and its strategic attempt to reinforce the front line of Taierzhuang was completely shattered, ensuring the victory of the Taierzhuang War.
1940 In May, in order to control the traffic on the Yangtze River and cut off the transportation line to Chongqing, the Japanese army assembled 300,000 troops and launched the Zaoyi Campaign. At that time, only two regiments of the 33rd Army of the Chinese Army were stationed on the west bank of Xianghe. As the commander-in-chief of the group army, Zhang Zizhong could have personally led the troops to attack and fight, but he insisted on being left behind by the deputy commander-in-chief despite repeated dissuasion from his subordinates. On the evening of May 6, he wrote to Feng Zhian, deputy commander-in-chief and commander of the 77th Army:
"My brother is like a friend: due to the total war in the theater and our own responsibilities, we have to cross the river to fight the enemy. Now we have decided to go to the east bank of Xianghe tonight. After arriving in Hedong, if we can get in touch with the 38th Division and the179th Division, we will lead these two divisions to a decisive battle with the enemy who is desperate to advance northward. If we can't get in touch with 179 and 38 divisions, we will take the three regiments of the Horse Division and head north towards our ultimate goal (death). Whatever you do, you should be comforted by your conscience. In the future, my brother will be in charge of public and private affairs. From now on, it will be temporary, forever, I don't know, this is the only one. " He personally led more than 2000 people to cross the river.
/kloc-In May, 2000, Zhang Zizhong personally told all the troops and generals: "The country has reached such a state that there is no other way but to die for it. I believe that as long as we make up our minds, our country, our 5,000-year-old nation, will never die at the hands of just three island slaves. The determination to die for the country and the nation is unclear, the stone is not rotten, and it will never change. " After Zhang Zizhong led more than 2,000 people to cross the Xianghe River, he fought bravely all the way to stop the Japanese 13 Division. The Japanese army then surrounded and attacked Zhang Zizhong and his men with superior forces. Zhang Zizhong did not flinch, and commanded his troops to annihilate the enemy 10, which was one and a half times more than them. The Japanese suffered heavy casualties.
/kloc-in may of 0/5, 10000 Japanese troops attacked the troops led by Zhang Zizhong in two ways. At the dawn of 16, Zhang Zizhong was forced to retreat to the Pumpkin Shop Shili Changshan Mountain. Under the cover of planes and artillery, the Japanese army stormed the positions of the China army. Fire nine charges day and night. The casualties of Zhang Zizhong's troops rose sharply, and the war situation was unprecedented.
/kloc-Within one day in May of 0/6, Zhang Zizhong kept clamouring for a bid from morning till noon. At noon, he was shot in the left arm and still insisted on commanding the operation. By 2 pm, there were only a few hundred officers and men left in Zhang Zizhong. He transferred all his guards to the front to reinforce, leaving only eight people, including the senior staff officer and the adjutant Ma. He took out his pen and wrote the last report of nearly a hundred words to the theater command. When he handed it to the horse, he said, "I died in a hard battle. I have no conscience for my country and nation." You must work hard to kill the enemy and don't live up to my ambition. " Later, Zhang Zizhong was hit in the waist by a machine gun bullet. He fell to the ground and fought bloody battles, and finally died heroically.
After Zhang Zizhong died, the Japanese army found the body of General Zhang, recognized it as right, worshipped it together, buried it with good wood, and erected a' re sign. The whole army saluted him. Even when his body was transported back to the rear, the Japanese army ordered to stop air strikes for one day, so as not to hurt Zhang Zizhong's loyal bones. It can be seen that the military virtue of General Zhang Zizhong in the Anti-Japanese War moved even the Japanese army which advocated militarism at that time.
Chiang Kai-shek was shocked to hear about Zhang Zizhong's martyrdom, and immediately ordered the 5th Theater to recapture Zhang Zizhong's body at all costs. /kloc-more than 0/00 excellent soldiers took back General Zhang's bones and transported them to Chongqing overnight. When the coffin passed through Yichang, flags were flown at half mast in the city, and more than 100,000 people went to pay their respects. When the coffin arrived in Chongqing, Chiang Kai-shek made a special trip to meet the coffin, caressed the coffin and wept bitterly, and wrote the plaque "Heroes and Heroes for a Thousand Years" in recognition. Mao Zedong wrote a eulogy of "serving the country faithfully". Zhang Zizhong was only 50 years old when he was martyred. His wife, Ms. Li Minhui, fasted for seven days and died. The husband and wife were buried together at the foot of Meihua Mountain in Chongqing. Later, General Zhang Zizhong Cemetery and General Zhang Zizhong Life Story Exhibition Hall were built. Zhou Enlai once personally wrote an article praising Zhang Zizhong's "loyalty and heroism, which can be the soul of China's anti-Japanese soldiers".
Yue Fei has a famous saying: "Civil servants don't love money, and military officers don't hesitate to die, so the world is at peace!" General Zhang Zizhong's Anti-Japanese War embodies the spirit of "military attache willing to die". His last words before he died were:
"I died well and gloriously, and my conscience is safe for the country, the nation and the Chief Executive." On his deathbed, he still remembered "a fair death honors the whole life like this" ... a peaceful conscience. "
1April 6, 982, China people ratified Zhang Zizhong as a "revolutionary martyr".
Li Kuchan (1899.1-1983.6) was born in Gaotang, Shandong.
Ding Zhaozhong's grade is 1. He discovered the butyl particle and won the Nobel Prize in physics.
Since 1965, the experimental group led by Ding Zhaozhong has carried out a series of excellent experiments on quantum electrodynamics and vector mesons (ρ, φ, φ) at the electron synchrotron in Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany (the beam energy is 7.5× 109eV), including the study of photogenerated vector mesons, the decay of vector mesons, and the experimental verification of vector-based models. Experiments also prove the correctness of quantum electrodynamics.
In the summer of 1972, Ding Zhaozhong experimental group used the 3.3× 10 10eV proton accelerator of Brookhaven National Laboratory in the United States to search for long-lived hitting particles with the mass between (1.5 ~ 5.5 )× 109EV.
1974, they discovered a long-lived hit particle, whose mass is about three times that of protons (3. 1× 109eV). When publishing this discovery publicly, Ding Zhaozhong named this new particle J. The shapes of J and D are similar, which means that this particle was discovered in China. At the same time, American B. richter also discovered this kind of particle and named it ψ particle. Later (1975), people called this kind of particle J/ψ particle. J/ψ particles have peculiar properties, and their life span is 5000 times longer than expected. This shows that it has a new internal structure, which cannot be explained by the known three-flavor quarks at that time, and it needs to be explained by introducing the fourth quark-charm quark. The discovery of J/ψ particles greatly promoted the development of particle physics. For this reason, Ding Zhaozhong and Li Xite both won the 1976 Nobel Prize in Physics.
At that time, there was a misunderstanding in the press: J particle was considered to be named Ding particle. In fact, this is purely coincidental. Ding Zhaozhong's original intention was to use this particle to commemorate this important new discovery, which took them 10 years to explore the characteristics of electromagnetic current. In addition, it is customary to use J to represent electromagnetic current in physical literature. Therefore, Ding Zhaozhong named this new particle with the Latin letter "J".
2. Ding Zhaozhong's research focuses on experimental particle physics, quantum electrodynamics and the interaction between light and matter.
Up to now, his major academic contributions are: (1) the discovery of anti-deuterium; (2) In the past 25 years, a series of experiments have been carried out to examine quantum electrodynamics, which show that electrons, muons and τ-ons are point particles with a radius less than 10- 16 cm; (3) the experiment of accurately studying vector mesons; (4) Studying the photogenerated vector mesons and confirming the similarity between photons and vector mesons; (5) the discovery of J particles; (6) Study on the generation of muon pairs; (7) Discovery of gluon injection; (8) Systematic study of gluon physics; (9) The accurate measurement of muon charge asymmetry shows the correctness of the standard electric weak model for the first time; (10) Within the framework of the standard model, it is confirmed that there are only three generations of neutrinos in the universe.
3. Enthusiastically cultivate high-energy physics talents.
Starting from 198 1, Ding Zhaozhong organized and led an international cooperation group-L3 group, and prepared to carry out high-energy physics experiments on the high-energy electron-positron collider LEP which is expected to be built by the European Nuclear Center in 1988, and will analyze the energy of the center of mass system in1kloc-0/65438. At present, L3 Group has nearly 400 physicists from about 13 countries, including China.
Ding Zhaozhong is keen on training high-energy physics talents in China, and often goes back to China to select young scientists to work in the group he leads. He was hired as an honorary professor of China University of Science and Technology and a member of the Academic Committee of Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
4. Lead the experiment of "Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer" to explore antimatter.
1On June 2, 998, at 6: 09 a.m. EDT, the space shuttle Discovery took off, carrying the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer developed by China, the United States and other countries for running experiments, which opened the prelude to the first search for antimatter and dark matter in space.
Alpha magnetic spectrometer experiment is a large-scale international cooperative scientific experiment project. The experiment was led by Professor Ding Zhaozhong, including physicists and engineers from 37 research institutions in the United States, China, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Finland and other countries and regions. There are no fewer than 200 scientists and engineers in China alone, whose purpose is to find antimatter and dark matter in space.
Judging from the received 1% data, the data returned by the "Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer" running on the space shuttle this time is normal, and the expected antiprotons have appeared, but due to the small number, it cannot be said that antimatter has been found. Alpha magnetic spectrometer will return to the ground with the space shuttle on 12 this month. Next time, it will go into space again in 2002 and stay in space for 3-5 years. The Alpha Space Station will be established in the second half of this year, and the first batch of components will go into space for the first time on1998165438+1October 20th.