Let's start with the Renaissance. 14-16th century European Renaissance art, with the goal of adhering to realistic methods and embodying humanistic thoughts, showed firm realism in early Renaissance paintings. With the help of the linear perspective discovered by brunelleschi, the picture gets a real three-dimensional sense; With the help of accurate research on human image, human image has now gained volume; Careful observation of nature faithfully reproduces various earth phenomena. Italy's Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael are the three representatives of Renaissance art.
Baroque art appeared in Europe in the17th century, originated in Italy and was popular all over Europe. It is characterized by the pursuit of passion and sense of movement, emphasizing gorgeous decoration. Different from the solemnity and elegance of Renaissance art in the heyday of16th century. It is a passionate art, which breaks the tranquility and harmony of reason, has a strong romantic color and attaches great importance to the artist's rich imagination; It strongly emphasizes that movement, movement and change can be said to be the soul of baroque art; It attaches great importance to the sense of space and three-dimensional sense of the works; It has a strong religious color, and religious themes occupy a dominant position in baroque art. Rubens is a representative figure of baroque painting, and his passionate and colorful paintings have had a lasting impact on western painting. Contemporary masters of realism, such as Rembrandt in the Netherlands and velazquez in Spain, also have baroque characteristics to some extent.
Rococo style rose in France in the18th century, and then spread to other European countries. Rococo art is characterized by the pursuit of fineness and exquisiteness. This art form has the characteristics of lightness, exquisiteness, delicacy and complexity. The painters on the dining table are French painters Eduardo, Boucher and fragonard.
With the arrival of the French bourgeois revolution in 1789, progressive artists revived the heroic spirit of ancient Greece and Rome again and launched the neoclassical art movement. Classical art under the banner of reviving ancient Greek and Roman art appeared in France as early as17th century. It lasted until the beginning of19th century and became the main trend of thought in European literature and art. The so-called classicism was named after the literature and art of ancient Greece and Rome. By the middle of18th century, the excavation of Pompeii and the spread of German scholar winkelmann's aesthetic thought aroused people's interest in classicism, which was revived, so it was called neoclassicism. The so-called "neo-classicism" first follows the rationalist view, which holds that art must proceed from rationality and exclude the subjective thoughts and feelings of artists, especially when facing the conflicts of interests between society and individuals, individuals should restrain their feelings, obey reason and law, and advocate the perfect morality of citizens is to sacrifice themselves and do their duty for the motherland. The creation of artistic image advocates the ideal beauty of ancient Greece; Pay attention to the integrity and sculptural modeling of classical art forms, pursue elegance, solemnity and harmony, and at the same time insist on rigorous sketch and clear outline, and try to weaken the color elements of painting. The "newness" of "neoclassicism" lies in borrowing the themes and manifestations of ancient heroism, directly depicting major events and heroes in the real struggle, closely cooperating with the real struggle, and directly serving the bourgeoisie to seize and consolidate political power, which has a distinct realistic tendency. Therefore, neoclassicism, also known as revolutionary classicism, has dignified, elegant and obvious characteristics of the times. The neo-classical style, which combines classicality and modernity perfectly, originated in the classical era, but it is not antique or retro, but a belief in spirit. Its main features are: choosing serious and important themes (major events in ancient history and reality), and emphasizing rational rather than perceptual expression in artistic form; Emphasize the integrity of composition; In modeling, pay attention to sketch and outline, pay attention to sculpture figures, but not to color. Its representative painters are David and Angel of France.
Romanticism rose with the decline of neoclassicism. The Raft of Medusa by Gregory of France is regarded as the pioneering work of romantic painting, but Delacroix is the main leader of this movement. His paintings are strong in color, bold and unrestrained in pen, and full of strong passion. His representative works include Shia Island Massacre and Free Leadership of the People.
/kloc-the middle of the 0/9th century was a period of prosperity for realistic art. As an artistic movement, realism appeared at the same time as 1848 French Revolution. Realistic art advocates objective observation of real life, true reproduction of typical images in typical environments, and reproduction of life according to the original appearance of real life. The most famous realistic painter is Courbet, who has a famous saying: "I can't draw an angel because I have never seen him." This sentence can well embody the spirit of realistic art. Representative painters such as Miller, Kolo and Rousseau.
Impressionism came into being in France in the late19th century. This school of painting appeared with an innovative attitude, which opposed the outdated artistic concepts and rules of the classical academic school at that time, was inspired by modern optics and chromatics, and paid attention to expressing the effect of light in painting. Impressionist painting, also known as impressionism, is an epoch-making art school in the history of western painting. Many people have different views on academic teaching methods and painting styles. They think that classicism is stereotyped and lacks personal style. They advocate realism and outdoor sketching. Impressionism takes the direct description of the scenery in outdoor sunlight, pursues the thinking of trying to figure out the changes of light and color, and attaches the instantaneous light feeling to the canvas according to the processing in the mind. This kind of thinking about light and color has also reached the extreme of the beauty of color and light perception. Impressionist painting replaced the simple lines and surfaces of traditional painting with dots, thus realizing the description of light that traditional painting could not achieve. Impressionist painters are divided into two types because of their different personal interests: emphasizing light and color, emphasizing modeling and sketching. The former is represented by Monet and Renoir, while the latter is represented by Degas, with Camille pissarro in between.
After impressionism, new impressionism (represented by Seurat and Sinek) and post-impressionism (represented by Cezanne, Van Gogh and Gauguin) appeared. In fact, post-impressionism and impressionism are not the same in artistic opinions, or even completely opposite. Among them, Van Gogh's paintings emphasize his strong feelings, with bright colors and bold lines. Gauguin's paintings have symbolic meaning and decorative lines and colors. Cezanne's painting pursues geometric structure, so it is known as "the father of modern art".
Since the 20th century, modern art has shown a variety of schools and styles. 1905 Fauvism painting, represented by Matisse, emphasizes the simplicity and plainness of form and pursues the decoration of the picture. 1908 cubist painting, represented by Braque and Picasso, inherited Cezanne's molding law and decomposed natural objects into geometric blocks, thus fundamentally breaking away from the visual laws and spatial concepts of traditional painting.
With the establishment of 1905 German Bridge Society and 1909 German blue rider Society, expressionism, as an important school, entered the painting world, focusing on expressing the painter's subjective spirit and inner feelings.
1 909, there was a futuristic art movement in Italy. This school of painters was keen on using cubism to decompose objects to express moving objects and feelings. Abstract works of art came into being around 19 10. Representative painters are Russian painter Kandinsky and Dutch painter Peter mondriaan, representing lyric abstraction and geometric abstraction respectively.
Dadaism emerged during the First World War. This school of artists not only opposed war, authority and tradition, but also denied art itself and everything. Duchamp painted a beard on Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa and regarded the urinal as a work of art, which is the embodiment of Dadaism.
With the decline of Dadaism, surrealism appeared on this basis. Based on Bergson's intuitionism, Freud's psychoanalysis and dream psychology, this school of painters tries to express the unconscious and subconscious world. His paintings often combine concrete details and fictional artistic conception to express dreams and hallucinations. Representative painters are Ernst, Rene, Xia, Dali,.
Abstract Expressionism painting, represented by Pollock and De Cunin, which emerged in the United States after World War II, integrated the characteristics of abstraction and expressionism, and emphasized the freedom and automaticity of painter's action.
Pop art, which sprouted in Britain in the early 1950s and flourished in the United States in the mid 1950s, inherited the spirit of Dadaism. In his works, a lot of waste, commercial posters, movie advertisements and various newspaper pictures are used for collage and combination, so it is also named New Dadaism. Representative figures are American painters John, Robert Lawson, Andy Warch and so on.
Surrealism (or photographic realism) movement, which rose in 1970s, is characterized by objective reproduction and realistic description by using photographic results. Representative painters are Close and Perstan, among which Andre and Hansen are the most famous sculptors.
This is just a simple introduction for your reference.