Nietzsche's full name: Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844101October15-1August 25th, 900). Nietzsche, a German philosopher, extensively criticized and discussed religion, morality, modern culture, philosophy and science in his works. His writing style is unique and he often uses aphorisms and paradoxes. Nietzsche had a great influence on the development of later philosophy, especially existentialism and postmodernism, which responded to Nietzsche's philosophical thought in their own forms. Nietzsche's main idea: Nietzsche's philosophy was once considered as an "action philosophy", a philosophy that claimed to maximize individual needs and desires. His philosophy has the momentum of despising and criticizing everything. This is an important reason why his philosophy is appreciated by postmodernism. Postmodernism either rejects or dispels traditional philosophy and modern philosophy. However, they have a special liking for Nietzsche's philosophy, and postmodernists have absorbed everything they need from Nietzsche's philosophy. Including the basic ideas of Nietzsche's philosophy and even Nietzsche's philosophical style. The digestion tendency in Nietzsche's philosophy has become the spiritual pillar of postmodernism. Nietzsche never thought that he became a theoretical pioneer of postmodernism. For him, philosophical thinking is life and life is philosophical thinking. He founded different forms of strange philosophy and showed his philosophical thoughts. His philosophy does not need reasoning and argumentation, and there is no systematic framework. It is not a theoretical system at all, but his direct perception of the joys and sorrows of life. Nietzsche began to criticize modern civilization in his first academic work The Birth of Tragedy. He pointed out that in capitalist society, despite the increasing material wealth, people have not achieved real freedom and happiness. The rigid mechanical model suppresses people's personality, which is the passion of losing free thought and the impulse to create culture. Modern culture is so decadent, which is the disease of modern civilization, and its root is the atrophy of life instinct. Nietzsche pointed out that to cure modern diseases, we must restore human life instinct, give it a new soul and make a new explanation of the meaning of life. Inspired by Schopenhauer, he also believes that the noumenon of the world is the will of life. Nietzsche violently exposed and criticized traditional Christian morality and modern reason. In epistemology, Nietzsche is an extreme anti-rationalist, who thoroughly criticizes any rational philosophy. He believes that the spiritual life of Europeans for two thousand years is centered on believing in God, and man is God's creation and appendage. The value of life, everything of people is pinned on God. Although the foundation of God's existence has begun to disintegrate since the Enlightenment, people still believe in and worship God because there is no new belief. Nietzsche's famous saying "God is dead" is a heartless and fearless criticism of God. He said that he was the murderer of God through the mouth of a madman, and pointed out that God should be killed. Christian ethics fetters people's minds and suppresses people's instincts. In order to set people free, God must be killed. Nietzsche believes that the decline of Christianity has its historical inevitability, from the religion of the oppressed to the religion of the rulers and oppressors. Killing the god as a god ushered in the god of capital, the god of capital incarnation. Nietzsche ignored a basic fact: being enslaved by capital is not much freer than being enslaved by God. But his cry of "God is dead" and his sober enlightenment value cannot be underestimated. Nietzsche believes that in a world without God, people have gained unprecedented opportunities and must establish new values, values centered on human will. Therefore, it is necessary to liquidate the traditional moral values. The traditional moral concept is God's last fortress, which deeply permeates people's daily life and corrodes people's hearts. Nietzsche claimed to be immoral and anti-Christian. He fiercely criticized Christian morality and virtues advocated by Christianity. Nietzsche also criticized modern reason. He started as a rational philosopher. He pointed out that the first characteristic of philosophers is their lack of sense of history. For thousands of years, everything that philosophers have dealt with has become a conceptual mummy. The role of reason is nothing more than to solidify the flowing history and frame the living reality with some eternal concepts. The result is to stifle the process of birth, aging, illness and death, and to stifle life. In his view, the world is a world full of contingency, uncertainty and unpredictability. He said that there is no reality, and everything is fluid, unpredictable and evasive. The second characteristic of philosophers is to "reject sensory evidence" and turn the real world and the imaginary world upside down. Emotional evidence is true and credible, and only after processing can lies be stuffed in. The third characteristic of philosophers is confusion. They deny the process of growth and evolution. The fourth characteristic of philosophers is to force people to make mistakes by using "rationality" in language. "Yes" and "existence" are confused, and the false becomes true and really becomes false, deceiving ignorant people. In his view, the crazy rational appeal from Socrates to modern people is absurd. The reason why human beings advocate rationality is that they expect rationality to bring freedom and happiness to people. However, on the contrary, reason goes against human instinct everywhere, causing greater pain. The fallacy brought by critical rationality is correct, but the existence, historical position and function of rationality cannot be denied. Rationality is the symbol of human progress and the fruit of human civilization. Some outstanding philosophers in history used rational weapons to observe and understand the world. There is nothing wrong with reason itself, and reason cannot be denied. Without reason, human beings cannot correctly understand the world and truth. Without reason, human beings will fall into a confused and terrible situation. Nietzsche wants to establish a new philosophy, a philosophy that puts the will of life above rationality and an irrational philosophy. As a challenge to reason, he put forward the theory of strong will. Replace the position of God and traditional metaphysics with strong will. The core of the theory of strong will is to affirm life and life. Strong will is not a secular force, but an instinctive, spontaneous and irrational force. It determines the essence and meaning of life. Nietzsche compared the different characteristics of strong will and rationality. The characteristics of rationality are: calm, accurate, logical, straightforward and abstinence; The characteristics of strong will are: passion, desire, wildness, initiative and fighting. Nietzsche believes that a strong will comes from life and belongs to life, which is the real life. Although life is short, as long as you have strong will, create will and become a strong spiritual person, you can realize your own value. As the highest value measure, strong will not only affirms the value of life, but also defends the inequality in the world. In Nietzsche's view, human beings, like natural life, have strong and weak points. The strong are always in the minority, and the weak are in the majority. History and culture are created by a few strong people, who naturally rule the weak. Nietzsche overthrew the hierarchy of God and affirmed the hierarchy of man. Nietzsche also put forward his superman philosophy, that is, the philosophy of building an ideal life. Superman is the symbol of life ideal, the ideal goal pursued by Nietzsche and the realm of life. Nietzsche is very disappointed with modern people and modern life. He dreams of improving people and bringing up new people, that is, superman. Superman is not a concrete person, but an illusory image. Superman has the momentum and style of earth, ocean and lightning. Nietzsche believes that Superman has no real existence and is the ideal image of future people. Superman put forward the value goal for real life; Superman is man's self-transcendence. The purpose of Nietzsche's advocating life is to realize the will to power, expand himself and become a superman who controls everything. Superman is the highest value of human beings, so we should despise all traditional moral concepts, do whatever we want, and realize ourselves by enslaving the weak and the public. At the same time, he especially opposed gender equality, freedom of marriage and women's liberation. In his view, the way people treat women is "don't forget your whip". The philosophical value of Nietzsche's voluntarism is twofold. On the one hand, Nietzsche inherited the essence of the Enlightenment and embodied the awakening of modern consciousness. The positive affirmation of the value of life has caused people to think about the meaning and value of life and reposition life; The negative criticism of instrumental rationality and industrial civilization opened up modern irrationalism. On the other hand, criticizing rationality and denying tradition is also one-sided, which is the appreciation of postmodernism. His ethical thought reflects the interests of the emerging monopoly bourgeoisie. Nietzsche's main works: The Birth of Tragedy, Philosophy in the Age of Greek Tragedy, Improper Investigation, Confessor and Writer David Strauss, Improper Investigation Part II: Utilization and Abuse of History, Improper Investigation Part III: Schopenhauer the Educator, Nietzsche on Schopenhauer, Description of Ancient Rhetoric and Improper Investigation. Too human, the first volume reveals the soul of artists and writers, sunrise, happy knowledge, optimistic wisdom and antichrist, so Zarathustra said, the transcendence of good and evil, the pedigree of morality, Wagner incident, the dusk of idols, the death of God and the death of God. This man, look at this man, Nietzsche's autobiography, Nietzsche's life, look at that man! Will to Power —— An Attempt to Re-evaluate All Values; Nietzsche's Poetry Collection "Happy Wisdom" and "My Sister and Me"